1437:, political scientist Matthew Cole highlights two problems with technocracy: that it creates "unjust concentrations of power" and relies on a "flawed theory of knowledge". With respect to the first point, Cole argues that technocracy excludes citizens from policy-making processes while advantaging elites. With respect to the second, he argues that the value of expertise is overestimated in technocratic systems, and points to an alternative concept of "smart democracy" which enlists the knowledge of ordinary citizens.
816:
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903:, where the ablest are in charge, ostensibly without the influence of special interest groups. Critics have suggested that a "technocratic divide" challenges more participatory models of democracy, describing these divides as "efficacy gaps that persist between governing bodies employing technocratic principles and members of the general public aiming to contribute to government decision making".
3171:
1269:). Veblen believed technological developments would eventually lead to a socialistic reorganization of economic affairs. Veblen saw socialism as one intermediate phase in an ongoing evolutionary process in society that would be brought about by the natural decay of the business enterprise system and the rise of the engineers.
872:, the notion that elected representatives should be the primary decision-makers in government, though it does not necessarily imply eliminating elected representatives. Decision-makers are selected based on specialized knowledge and performance rather than political affiliations, parliamentary skills, or popularity.
1311:
Historian
William E. Akin rejects this conclusion. Instead, Akin argues that the movement declined in the mid-1930s due to the technocrats' failure to devise a 'viable political theory for achieving change'. Akin postulates that many technocrats remained vocal, dissatisfied, and often sympathetic to
995:
can refer to someone exercising governmental authority because of their knowledge, "a member of a powerful technical elite", or "someone who advocates the supremacy of technical experts". McDonnell and
Valbruzzi define a prime minister or minister as a technocrat if "at the time of their appointment
1068:
represents a sort of technocracy in which the state is run by those with specialist knowledge, in this case, knowledge of the Good rather than scientific knowledge. The
Platonic claim is that those who best understand goodness should be empowered to lead the state, as they would lead it toward the
864:
in which the decision-makers are selected based on their expertise in a given area of responsibility, particularly with regard to scientific or technical knowledge. Technocracy follows largely in the tradition of other meritocracy theories and assumes full state control over political and economic
1214:
is perhaps the best advertisement for technocracy: the political and expert components of the governing system there seem to have merged completely. This was underlined in a 1993 article in "Wired" by Sandy
Sandfort, where he describes the information technology system of the island even at that
1081:
and related applications. The administrative scientist Gunnar K. A. Njalsson theorizes that technocrats are primarily driven by their cognitive "problem-solution mindsets" and only in part by particular occupational group interests. Their activities and the increasing success of their ideas are
1320:
Critics have suggested that a "technocratic divide" exists between a governing body controlled to varying extents by technocrats and members of the general public. Technocratic divides are "efficacy gaps that persist between governing bodies employing technocratic principles and members of the
1234:
The prices of all inputs vary with market forces, thereby upsetting the engineer's careful calculations. As a result, the engineer loses control over projects and must continually revise plans. To maintain control over projects, the engineer must attempt to control these outside variables and
1034:, a Russian scientist and social theorist, also anticipated a conception of technocratic process. Both Bogdanov's fiction and his political writings, which were highly influential, suggest that he was concerned that a coming revolution against capitalism could lead to a technocratic society.
1403:
In each of the three analytical levels, Gunnell foretells technology's infiltration of political processes and suggests that the entanglement of the two (i.e. technology and politics) will inevitably produce power concentrations around those with advanced technological training, namely the
1428:), coupled with the "decline in mainstream engagement", imperil the "networked young citizen" to inconspicuous coercion and indoctrination by algorithmic mechanisms, and, less insidiously, to the persuasion of particular candidates based predominantly on "Social Media engagement".
1292:
and proposed that money be replaced by energy certificates. The group argued that apolitical, rational engineers should be vested with the authority to guide an economy into a thermodynamically balanced load of production and consumption, thereby doing away with unemployment and
1016:. This was expressed by the belief in state ownership over the economy, with the state's function being transformed from pure philosophical rule over men into a scientific administration of things and a direction of production processes under scientific management. According to
996:
to government, they: have never held public office under the banner of a political party; are not a formal member of any party; and are said to possess recognized non-party political expertise which is directly relevant to the role occupied in government". In Russia, the
3174:
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The decisive difference between Marx and Veblen lay in their respective attitudes on socialism. For while Marx regarded socialism as the ultimate goal for civilization, Veblen saw socialism as but one stage in the economic evolution of
1449:, an alternative form of government or social ordering where the usage of computer algorithms is applied to regulations, law enforcement, and generally any aspect of everyday life such as transportation or land registration
899:. A government in which elected officials appoint experts and professionals to administer individual government functions, and recommend legislation, can be considered technocratic. Some uses of the word refer to a form of
1187:. The term 'technocratic' has been applied to governments where a cabinet of elected professional politicians is led by an unelected prime minister, such as in the cases of the 2011-2012 Greek government led by economist
1364:
journal article, "The
Technocratic Image and the Theory of Technocracy", John G. Gunnell writes: "...politics is increasingly subject to the influence of technological change", with specific reference to the advent of
1024:"St. Simon's vision of industrial society, a vision of pure technocracy, was a system of planning and rational order in which society would specify its needs and organize the factors of production to achieve them."
967:
he founded, the term technocracy came to mean 'government by technical decision making', using an energy metric of value. Scott proposed that money be replaced by energy certificates denominated in units such as
943:
in 1919 to describe "the rule of the people made effective through the agency of their servants, the scientists and engineers", although the word had been used before on several occasions. Smyth used the term
3110:. Electronic Participation: Third IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, ePart 2011, Delft, The Netherlands, August 29 â September 1, 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 6847. pp. 25â35.
1231:. Because of their perceptions of market demand, the profit-conscious, non-technical managers of firms where the engineers work often impose limits on the projects that engineers desire to undertake.
1171:
have been labelled 'technocratic' based on the participation of unelected experts ('technocrats') in prominent positions. Since the 1990s, Italy has had several such governments (in
Italian,
2103:
NjĂĄlsson, Gunnar K. A. (2005). "From
Autonomous to Socially Conceived Technology: Toward a Causal, Intentional and Systematic Analysis of Interests and Elites in Public Technology Policy".
1057:, Bogdanov proposed unifying all social, biological, and physical sciences by considering them as systems of relationships and seeking organizational principles that underlie all systems.
5171:
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path of happiness. Whilst knowledge of the Good differs from knowledge of science, rulers are here appointed based on a certain grasp of technical skill rather than democratic mandate.
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was coined, technocratic or quasi-technocratic ideas involving governance by technical experts were promoted by various individuals, most notably early socialist theorists such as
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general public aiming to contribute to government decision making." Technocracy privileges the opinions and viewpoints of technical experts, exalting them into a kind of
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technocrats. Forty years after the publication of
Gunnell's writings, technology and government have become, for better or for worse, increasingly intertwined.
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William Henry Smyth, Technocracy Parts I-IV., Working
Explosively, A Protest Against Mechanistic Efficiency. Working Explosively Versus Working Efficiently.
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Technocrats are individuals with technical training and occupations who perceive many important societal problems as being solvable with the applied use of
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as a "technocratic authority", holding a "legislative monopoly" over the EU lawmaking process. The briefing suggests that this system, which elevates the
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to a vetoing and amending body, was "originally rooted in the mistrust of the political process in post-war Europe". This system is unusual since the
61:
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Cheng, Li; White, Lynn (1990). "Elite
Transformation and Modern Change in Mainland China and Taiwan: Empirical Data and the Theory of Technocracy".
275:
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1639:. Studies in Energy and the American Economy, discussion paper 11. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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has often nominated ministers based on technical expertise from outside political circles, and these have been referred to as "technocrats".
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used to be mostly professional engineers. According to surveys of municipal governments of cities with a population of 1 million or more in
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William Henry Smyth, Technocracy Part I., Human Instincts in Reconstruction: An Analysis of Urges and Suggestions for Their Direction.,
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Citing the ideas of St. Simon, Bell concludes that the "administration of things" by rational judgment is the hallmark of technocracy.
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1395:, the crusading spirit in religion, bigotry, censorship, racism, persecution, immigration and emigration restrictions, tariffs, and
1304:. By the mid-1930s, interest in the movement was declining. Some historians have attributed the decline to the rise of Roosevelt's
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population that surpasses any terrestrial nation. In a broader sense, critics fear that the rise of social media networks (e.g.
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William Henry Smyth, Technocracy Part II., National Industrial Management: Practical Suggestions for National Reconstruction.,
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1788:"Closing the Technocratic Divide? Activist Intermediaries, Digital Form Letters, and Public Involvement in FCC Policy Making"
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Following Samuel Haber, Donald Stabile argues that engineers were faced with a conflict between physical efficiency and
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3101:"Social Media and Political Participation: Are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube Democratizing Our Political Systems?"
2420:"Italy's new prime minister â The full Monti: Mario Monti holds out for a technocratic government until 2013"
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thought to be a crucial factor behind the modern spread of technology and the largely ideological concept of the "
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From 1913 until 1922, Bogdanov immersed himself in writing a lengthy philosophical treatise of original ideas,
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Norris, P. (2002). Democratic phoenix: Reinventing democratic activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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William Henry Smyth, Technocracy Part III., "Technocracy" - Ways and Means To Gain Industrial Democracy.,
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and the Czech Republic's 2009â2010 caretaker government presided over by the state's chief statistician,
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1634:"From technocracy to net energy analysis: engineers, economists and recurring energy theories of value"
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and customer counts, critiques of technocratic government in the 21st century see its manifestation in
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The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement, Information
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1377:. Gunnel goes on to add three levels of analysis that delineate technology's political influence:
1145:, a class of technocrats in finance and economics are replaced in favor of high-tech technocrats.
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2218:"Why do Chinese leaders have a degree in engineering and American leaders have degrees in law?"
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1387:"Technology (and science) constitute a new legitimizing ideology", as well as triumphing over "
1125:, it has been found that over 80% of government personnel had a technical education. Under the
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in his 1919 article "'Technocracy'âWays and Means to Gain Industrial Democracy" in the journal
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956:: a movement to integrate workers into decision-making through existing firms or revolution.
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Thorstein Veblen and His Critics, 1891-1963: Conservative, Liberal, and Radical Perspectives
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939:. William Henry Smyth, a California engineer, is usually credited with inventing the word
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2284:"A new breed of technocratic elites in the Xi era: Countdown to the 20th Party Congress"
1881:"Technocracy facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Technocracy"
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Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China's New Class
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1175:) in times of economic or political crisis, including the formation in which economist
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William Henry Smyth, Technocracy Part IV., Skill Economics for Industrial Democracy.,
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Gunnell, John G. (July 1982). "The Technocratic Image and the Theory of Technocracy".
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Building socialism in Bolshevik Russia: ideology and industrial organization 1917-1921
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The technocracy movement was briefly popular in the US in the early 1930s during the
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Human communication as narration: Toward a philosophy of reason, value and action
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can be considered a technocratic microcosm, a "technocratic nation-state" with a
1384:"Technology has become autonomous" and thus impenetrable by political structures.
1195:. In December 2013, in the framework of the national dialogue facilitated by the
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not as an "authoritarian nightmare of oppression and violence" but rather as an
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Stabile, Donald R. (1986). "Veblen and the Political Economy of the Engineer".
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The Ghost of the Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union
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to solving social problems. In its most extreme form, technocracy is an entire
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3054:"Hillary Clinton: Mark Zuckerberg Has 'Authoritarian' Views on Misinformation"
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1958:"If Putin Died Tomorrow, Who Would Take Over? These Technocrats Have a Chance"
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Technocracy: An Alternative Social System â Arvid Peterson â (1980)
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in the new corporate capitalist enterprises of the late nineteenth-century
3233:, New York, 1st Edition, 1934; 5th Edition, 1940, 4th printing, July 1945.
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on monetary policy and society and the role of energy in economic systems
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The new Italian Republic: from the fall of the Berlin Wall to Berlusconi
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1094:" whose problem-solution mindsets differ from those of the technocrats.
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Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900-1941.
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while marginalizing the opinions and viewpoints of the general public.
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1927:"Defining and classifying technocrat-led and technocratic governments"
1698:"Who, What, Why: What can technocrats achieve that politicians can't?"
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2978:"Jeff Bezos Says Tech Shouldn't Turn Against the Federal Government"
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2266:"Why Chinese leader Xi Jinping wants more technocrats in key roles"
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Oxford English Dictionary 3rd edition (Word from 2nd edition 1989)
1381:"Political power tends to gravitate towards technological elites".
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This article is about the form of government. For other uses, see
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Brian D. Loader, Ariadne Vromen & Michael A. Xenos (2014)
2570:. introd. Thorstein Veblen. New York: Routledge. p. 369.
1604:"What Is Technocracy? Definition, How It Works, and Critiques"
1562:'s speculative fiction novel describing a technocratic society
1152:
library briefing on its legislative structure referred to the
969:
3106:. In Efthimios Tambouris; Ann Macintosh; Hans Bruijn (eds.).
3099:
Effing, Robin; Van Hillegersberg, Jos; Huibers, Theo (2011).
1253:
was an early advocate of technocracy and was involved in the
2568:
The life of Thorstein Veblen and perspectives on his thought
887:
running as a technical or engineering problem and is mostly
2819:"Why replacing politicians with experts is a reckless idea"
1210:
The article "Technocrats: Minds Like Machines" states that
1106:
has been referred to as a technocracy. Soviet leaders like
2621:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 186.
2366:"'Electoral Transition' and party system change in Italy"
891:. In more practical use, technocracy is any portion of a
3029:"Facebook As The Ultimate Government Surveillance Tool?"
1129:
of the People's Republic of China, projects such as the
976:, equivalent in total amount to an appropriate national
3004:"Opinion | Facebook is looking a lot like a government"
1810:"Who Is A Technocrat? â Wilton Ivie â (1953)"
1328:
As major multinational technology corporations (e.g.,
3229:
Marion King Hubbert, Howard Scott, Technocracy Inc.,
879:
was initially used to signify the application of the
2149:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp.
1863:"Technocracy - Define Technocracy at Dictionary.com"
1764:"History and Purpose of Technocracy by Howard Scott"
5843:
5629:
5398:
5333:
5245:
5210:
5187:
4984:
4753:
4401:
4134:
4014:
3933:
3845:
3836:
3702:
3536:
3465:
3294:
2933:"The Long Boom: A History of the Future, 1980â2020"
2852:"How All Our Tech Heroes Turned into Tech Villains"
2697:Nelson, Daniel (1978). "Technocratic Abundance. ".
2393:MacKenzie, James; Moody, Barry (16 November 2011).
1540:, the practice of basing public policies on science
1203:agreed to install a technocratic government led by
987:There is in common usage found the derivative term
2649:. State University of New York Press. p. 32.
2142:
2082:. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh press.
2016:
1974:. Intersection Project. 2017-08-15. Archived from
1494:(possible umbrella term, encompassing technocracy)
1265:(the latter of whom later developed the theory of
1110:often had a technical background. In 1986, 89% of
2595:Bell, Daniel (1963). "Veblen and the New Class".
2105:Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory
1838:Sleepers, Wake! Technology and the Future of Work
1162:Commission's sole right of legislative initiative
2364:D'Alimonte, Roberto; Bartolini, Stefano (1997).
1164:is a power usually associated with Parliaments.
984:population, according to resource availability.
2767:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
2504:. Vol. 1, no. 4 (September/October).
980:budget, and then distributed equally among the
2784:Journal of Technical Writing and Communication
2330:Gundle, Stephen; Parker, Simon, eds. (1996) .
1758:
1756:
1215:early date making it effectively intelligent.
5165:
3272:
2446:"Q&A: Greece's 'technocratic' government"
2370:In: Crisis and transition in Italian politics
2136:
2134:
1848:
1846:
838:
8:
3778:
2778:McKenna, Bernard J.; Graham, Philip (2000).
2368:. In Bull, Martin J; Rhodes, Martin (eds.).
1925:McDonnell, Duncan; Valbruzzi, Marco (2014).
1520:, a French technocratic movement founded by
3714:
2931:Peter Schwartz; Peter Leyden (1997-07-01).
2538:American Journal of Economics and Sociology
2526:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.
2472:"Tunisia's new prime minister takes office"
2244:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
5172:
5158:
5150:
3842:
3279:
3265:
3257:
1476:, formed by French former students of the
1086:". Technocrats may be distinguished from "
845:
831:
765:
567:
301:
73:
36:
3115:
2673:Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise
1692:
1690:
1688:
1644:
1582:, a book by Nobel prize-winning chemist
1039:Tectology: Universal Organization Science
62:List of countries by system of government
1627:
1625:
1623:
1273:sees an affinity between Veblen and the
4862:Reflections on the Revolution in France
2010:
2008:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1595:
1249:The American economist and sociologist
959:In the 1930s, through the influence of
915:is derived from the Greek words ÏÎÏΜη,
714:
675:
599:
570:
493:
450:
372:
304:
257:
214:
137:
76:
47:
2395:"Italy gets new technocrat government"
1931:European Journal of Political Research
1904:Wickman, Forrest (November 11, 2011).
1792:International Journal of Communication
1781:
1779:
1777:
1235:transform them into constant factors.
868:This system explicitly contrasts with
2875:
2873:
2871:
2302:"Parliament's legislative initiative"
2055:"Bogdanov, technocracy and socialism"
2019:The Coming Of Post-industrial Society
7:
1972:"The plight of Russia's technocrats"
1574:containing a critique of technocracy
1141:have been completed. During China's
5666:Digital media use and mental health
5380:Sociology of the history of science
4972:The End of History and the Last Man
4882:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3231:Technocracy Study Course Unabridged
3080:, Communication & Society, 17:2
1312:anti-New Deal third-party efforts.
27:Form of government ruled by experts
3143:""What's Wrong with Technocracy"?"
2780:"Technocratic Discourse: A Primer"
2550:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1986.tb01899.x
2309:Library of the European Parliament
1840:, Oxford University Press, p. 214.
1733:"Technocrats: Minds like machines"
1197:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
25:
5375:Sociology of scientific ignorance
5220:History and philosophy of science
5202:Economics of scientific knowledge
3239:, Technocracy: An Interpretation
3052:LaFrance, Adrienne (2020-01-25).
2676:. SAGE Publications. p. 86.
1766:. Technocracy.org. Archived from
5968:
5967:
5942:
4942:The Open Society and Its Enemies
3169:
1167:Several governments in European
1045:anticipated many basic ideas of
952:(57). Smyth's usage referred to
814:
3749:Family as a model for the state
1956:Peleschuk, Dan (14 June 2017).
1579:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt
1431:In a 2022 article published in
5181:Science and technology studies
5099:Separation of church and state
4997:Collectivism and individualism
4952:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2817:Runciman, David (2018-05-01).
523:Intergovernmental organisation
478:Separation of church and state
1:
5139:Category:Political philosophy
5012:Critique of political economy
2850:Blum, Sam (16 January 2020).
2076:Remington, Thomas F. (1984).
1453:Bright green environmentalism
1131:National Trunk Highway System
1102:The former government of the
5728:Normalization process theory
5285:Philosophy of social science
5037:Institutional discrimination
5032:History of political thought
3764:Negative and positive rights
2738:History of Political Economy
1812:. 2001-03-11. Archived from
1666:. 1943-04-14. Archived from
1482:engineer school in the 1930s
1135:China high-speed rail system
320:(socio-political ideologies)
32:Technocracy (disambiguation)
5047:Justification for the state
4832:Two Treatises of Government
3180:public domain audiobook at
3117:10.1007/978-3-642-23333-3_3
2967:(New York, 1978), p. 6, 59.
2796:10.2190/56FY-V5TH-2U3U-MHQK
2699:Reviews in American History
2643:Burris, Beverly H. (1993).
388:(socio-economic ideologies)
58:List of forms of government
6047:
5351:construction of technology
3717:Bellum omnium contra omnes
2965:The Republic of Technology
2372:. Routledge. p. 226.
1786:Obar, Jonathan A. (2016).
1358:" executives. In his 1982
1354:and the entire cohort of "
1242:
29:
5938:
5883:Politicization of science
5134:
3246:Technocracy and Socialism
2750:10.1215/00182702-10-4-682
2188:10.1017/S0305741000013497
2141:Graham, Loren R. (1993).
1995:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica,
1632:Berndt, Ernst R. (1982).
1169:parliamentary democracies
509:(geo-cultural ideologies)
5290:Philosophy of technology
4922:The Revolt of the Masses
2732:McNulty, P. J. (1978). "
2498:"The Intelligent Island"
2496:Sandfort, Sandy (1993).
2270:South China Morning Post
1836:(1995, fourth edition).
1706:. BBC. November 14, 2011
1682:p.35 (p.44 of PDF), p.35
1567:The Revolt of the Masses
1290:Technocracy Incorporated
1114:members were engineers.
870:representative democracy
6016:Politics and technology
4902:The Communist Manifesto
3828:Tyranny of the majority
3739:Consent of the governed
3108:Human Media Interaction
2670:Fischer, Frank (1990).
2117:10.3167/th.2005.5210805
2023:. Basic Books. p.
1943:10.1111/1475-6765.12054
1369:and the genesis of the
1199:, political parties in
1119:Chinese Communist Party
772:Administrative division
716:International relations
6031:Management cybernetics
5363:Sociology of knowledge
3779:
3729:Clash of civilizations
3715:
3178:by William Henry Smyth
2882:Technology and Culture
2736:By William E. Akin ".
2288:Think China, Singapore
2238:Andreas, Joel (2009).
2220:. Gigazine. 2016-03-01
2015:Bell, Daniel (2008) .
1906:"What's a Technocrat?"
1361:Technology and Culture
1143:20th National Congress
1026:
5930:Transition management
5920:Technology assessment
5888:Regulation of science
5863:Evidence-based policy
5748:Sociotechnical system
5597:Traditional knowledge
5477:Psychology of science
5450:Mapping controversies
5356:shaping of technology
5315:Social constructivism
5280:Philosophy of science
5237:History of technology
3744:Divine right of kings
2763:Fisher, W.R. (1987).
2615:Tilman, Rick (1992).
2524:Efficiency and Uplift
1518:Redressement Français
1508:Post-scarcity economy
1469:Evidence-based policy
1022:
950:Industrial Management
782:Democratic transition
645:Self-governing colony
242:Military dictatorship
6021:Technocracy movement
5835:Women in engineering
5681:Financial technology
5661:Digital anthropology
5430:Criticism of science
5343:Actorânetwork theory
5305:Religion and science
5197:Economics of science
4892:Democracy in America
4271:political philosophy
4254:political philosophy
4069:political philosophy
3898:political philosophy
3808:Separation of powers
3769:Night-watchman state
3754:Monopoly on violence
3288:Political philosophy
2963:Boorstin, Daniel J.
2597:The American Scholar
1885:www.encyclopedia.com
1816:on December 30, 2004
1572:José Ortega y Gasset
1528:Scientific communism
1486:Imperial examination
1275:Technocracy movement
1245:Technocracy movement
1239:Technocracy movement
1049:, later explored by
1014:Henri de Saint-Simon
965:technocracy movement
954:Industrial democracy
5676:Engineering studies
5646:Cyborg anthropology
5435:Demarcation problem
5320:Social epistemology
5082:Right-wing politics
4962:A Theory of Justice
4932:The Road to Serfdom
4852:The Social Contract
3559:Christian democracy
2646:Technocracy at Work
2176:The China Quarterly
1479:Ecole Polytechnique
1375:1973â1975 recession
1286:Marion King Hubbert
1158:European Parliament
1084:information society
998:President of Russia
907:History of the term
821:Politics portal
706:Supranational union
615:Dependent territory
528:National government
6026:Technology systems
5956:History of science
5873:Funding of science
5743:Skunkworks project
5440:Double hermeneutic
5225:History of science
5094:Political violence
5089:Political theology
5072:Left-wing politics
5067:Political spectrum
3212:go to page 9 of 38
2452:. 11 November 2011
2426:. 19 November 2011
2059:worldsocialism.org
1914:. The Slate Group.
1741:. 19 November 2011
1255:Technical Alliance
1032:Alexander Bogdanov
5998:
5997:
5925:Technology policy
5656:Dematerialization
5465:black swan events
5147:
5146:
5057:Philosophy of law
5002:Conflict theories
4842:The Spirit of Law
4749:
4748:
3798:Original position
3127:978-3-642-23332-6
3002:Editorial Board.
2984:. 17 October 2018
2577:978-0-415-07487-2
2379:978-0-7146-4366-3
2343:978-0-415-12162-0
1770:on 22 April 2009.
1338:American politics
1066:philosopher-kings
881:scientific method
855:
854:
806:
805:
777:Democracy indices
752:
751:
555:
554:
364:Semi-presidential
289:
288:
16:(Redirected from
6038:
5971:
5970:
5946:
5898:Right to science
5878:Horizon scanning
5853:Academic freedom
5753:Technical change
5614:Women in science
5609:Unity of science
5390:Strong programme
5174:
5167:
5160:
5151:
5062:Political ethics
5052:Machiavellianism
4992:Authoritarianism
4977:
4967:
4957:
4947:
4937:
4927:
4917:
4907:
4897:
4887:
4877:
4867:
4857:
4847:
4837:
4827:
4817:
4807:
4797:
4787:
4777:
4767:
3843:
3784:
3720:
3710:Balance of power
3684:Social democracy
3679:Social Darwinism
3654:Multiculturalism
3599:Environmentalism
3574:Communitarianism
3281:
3274:
3267:
3258:
3221:
3173:
3172:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3105:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3027:Leetaru, Kalev.
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2877:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2612:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2148:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2061:. Archived from
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2022:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1841:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1783:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1694:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1629:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1600:
1513:Project Cybersyn
1373:, following the
1302:Great Depression
1251:Thorstein Veblen
1179:presided over a
1139:Three Gorges Dam
1047:systems analysis
1008:Before the term
847:
840:
833:
819:
818:
766:
610:Associated state
568:
543:Internationalism
533:World government
510:
389:
321:
302:
276:Free association
263:
224:
143:
86:
74:
37:
21:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5934:
5893:Research ethics
5839:
5738:Reverse salient
5632:
5625:
5401:
5394:
5385:Sociotechnology
5329:
5241:
5206:
5183:
5178:
5148:
5143:
5130:
5119:Totalitarianism
4980:
4975:
4965:
4955:
4945:
4935:
4925:
4915:
4905:
4895:
4885:
4875:
4865:
4855:
4845:
4835:
4825:
4815:
4805:
4795:
4792:Treatise on Law
4785:
4775:
4765:
4745:
4403:
4397:
4136:
4130:
4016:
4010:
3929:
3832:
3818:State of nature
3813:Social contract
3793:Ordered liberty
3781:Noblesse oblige
3698:
3532:
3461:
3290:
3285:
3219:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3141:Cole, Matthew.
3140:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3008:Washington Post
3001:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2982:www.govtech.com
2976:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2894:10.2307/3104485
2879:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2711:10.2307/2701484
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2614:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2578:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2522:Haber, Samuel.
2521:
2517:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1584:Frederick Soddy
1549:Thermoeconomics
1544:Techno-populism
1443:
1352:Mark Zuckerberg
1346:: a democratic
1318:
1263:M. King Hubbert
1247:
1241:
1225:cost efficiency
1221:
1189:Lucas Papademos
1173:governo tecnico
1127:five-year plans
1117:Leaders of the
1108:Leonid Brezhnev
1100:
1075:
1073:Characteristics
1006:
909:
851:
813:
808:
807:
794:Democratisation
787:Autocratization
763:
755:
754:
753:
710:
671:
650:Tributary state
640:Satellite state
595:
565:
564:Power structure
557:
556:
508:
507:
489:
460:
446:
437:Totalitarianism
387:
386:
368:
319:
318:
299:
291:
290:
285:
261:
253:
218:
210:
141:
133:
80:
71:
70:Source of power
48:Basic forms of
42:Politics series
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6044:
6042:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6003:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5903:Science policy
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5858:Digital divide
5855:
5849:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:Technological
5772:
5771:
5770:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5651:Design studies
5648:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5594:
5589:
5587:Scientometrics
5584:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5460:Paradigm shift
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5345:
5339:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5300:Postpositivism
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5260:Antipositivism
5257:
5251:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5230:and technology
5222:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5109:Social justice
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5017:Egalitarianism
5014:
5009:
5007:Contractualism
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4958:
4948:
4938:
4928:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4888:
4878:
4868:
4858:
4848:
4838:
4828:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Overton window
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Libertarianism
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3251:Paul Blanshard
3242:
3234:
3227:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3184:
3165:
3164:External links
3162:
3160:
3159:
3133:
3126:
3091:
3082:
3069:
3044:
3019:
2994:
2969:
2956:
2923:
2888:(3): 392â416.
2867:
2842:
2809:
2790:(3): 223â251.
2770:
2755:
2744:(4): 682â683.
2724:
2705:(1): 104â108.
2689:
2682:
2662:
2655:
2635:
2627:
2603:(4): 616â638.
2587:
2576:
2555:
2528:
2515:
2488:
2463:
2437:
2411:
2385:
2378:
2356:
2342:
2322:
2293:
2275:
2257:
2250:
2230:
2209:
2166:
2159:
2130:
2111:(108): 56â81.
2095:
2088:
2068:
2065:on 2007-09-26.
2046:
2034:978-0465097135
2033:
2004:
1988:
1963:
1948:
1937:(4): 654â671.
1917:
1896:
1872:
1867:Dictionary.com
1854:
1842:
1826:
1801:
1773:
1752:
1717:
1684:
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1619:
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1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1522:Ernest Mercier
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1474:Groupe X-Crise
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:Continentalism
1455:
1450:
1442:
1439:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1382:
1343:Ă©minence grise
1317:
1314:
1243:Main article:
1240:
1237:
1220:
1217:
1150:European Union
1099:
1096:
1074:
1071:
1060:Arguably, the
1005:
1002:
982:North American
908:
905:
853:
852:
850:
849:
842:
835:
827:
824:
823:
810:
809:
804:
803:
802:
801:
799:Hybrid regimes
796:
791:
790:
789:
779:
774:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
730:Regional power
727:
719:
718:
712:
711:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
680:
679:
673:
672:
670:
669:
664:
659:
652:
647:
642:
637:
635:Puppet monarch
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
604:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
588:
583:
575:
574:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
553:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
512:
511:
506:
505:
500:
494:
491:
490:
488:
487:
486:
485:
480:
470:
468:State religion
462:
461:
459:
458:
455:
451:
448:
447:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
373:
370:
369:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
339:Constitutional
336:
331:
323:
322:
317:
316:
311:
305:
300:
298:Power ideology
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
286:
284:
283:
278:
273:
265:
264:
262:(rule by none)
255:
254:
252:
251:
246:
245:
244:
234:
226:
225:
212:
211:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
145:
144:
135:
134:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
114:Representative
111:
106:
101:
96:
88:
87:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
53:
52:
45:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6043:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5763:Technoscience
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5733:Media studies
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:Early adopter
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:Co-production
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:communication
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Pseudoscience
5470:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5420:Boundary-work
5418:
5416:
5415:Bibliometrics
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5325:Transhumanism
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Jurisprudence
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4872:Rights of Man
4869:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4782:De re publica
4779:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4402:20th and 21st
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:18th and 19th
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
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3991:Nizam al-Mulk
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3674:Republicanism
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3148:
3147:Boston Review
3144:
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3123:
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2683:9780803933798
2679:
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2663:
2658:
2656:9780791414958
2652:
2648:
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2639:
2636:
2630:
2628:9781400862863
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2424:The Economist
2421:
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2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
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2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2345:
2339:
2336:. Routledge.
2335:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2311:. 24 Oct 2013
2310:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2290:. 2022-09-30.
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2272:. 2022-05-17.
2271:
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2258:
2253:
2251:9780804760775
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2234:
2231:
2219:
2213:
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2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:(121): 1â35.
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2160:9780674354364
2156:
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2147:
2146:
2137:
2135:
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2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2089:0-8229-3809-X
2085:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1978:on 2019-04-25
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1949:
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1932:
1928:
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1918:
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1774:
1769:
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1757:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1738:The Economist
1734:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1673:on 2019-03-31
1669:
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1609:
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1580:
1576:
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1561:
1560:Kurt Vonnegut
1557:
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1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
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1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:Post-politics
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
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1459:
1456:
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1451:
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1436:
1435:
1434:Boston Review
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:The Long Boom
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1315:
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1303:
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1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1238:
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1232:
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1229:United States
1226:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:professionals
1183:of unelected
1182:
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1021:
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999:
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985:
983:
979:
975:
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966:
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957:
955:
951:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
906:
904:
902:
898:
897:technologists
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
866:
863:
860:is a form of
859:
848:
843:
841:
836:
834:
829:
828:
826:
825:
822:
817:
812:
811:
800:
797:
795:
792:
788:
785:
784:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
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769:
768:
767:
759:
758:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
720:
717:
713:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:Confederation
684:
683:
682:
681:
678:
674:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:
653:
651:
648:
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638:
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633:
631:
628:
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623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
602:
598:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:Unitary state
579:
578:
577:
576:
573:
569:
561:
560:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
484:
483:State atheism
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
473:Secular state
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
456:
453:
452:
449:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
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415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
383:
380:
378:
377:Authoritarian
375:
374:
371:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
354:Parliamentary
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
324:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:
295:
294:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
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260:
256:
250:
247:
243:
240:
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233:
230:
229:
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217:
213:
207:
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199:
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192:
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182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
142:(rule by few)
140:
136:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
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84:
79:
75:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
46:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5978:Associations
5813:criticism of
5757:
5723:Leapfrogging
5706:linear model
5592:Team science
5582:Scientocracy
5505:Neo-colonial
5255:Anthropocene
5123:
5022:Elite theory
4970:
4960:
4950:
4940:
4930:
4920:
4910:
4900:
4890:
4880:
4870:
4860:
4850:
4840:
4830:
4820:
4810:
4800:
4790:
4780:
4770:
4760:
4059:Guicciardini
4015:Early modern
3838:Philosophers
3788:Open society
3724:Body politic
3594:Distributism
3584:Conservatism
3579:Confucianism
3522:
3498:Gerontocracy
3488:Dictatorship
3442:Sovereigntyâ
3432:Ruling class
3322:Emancipation
3307:Citizenshipâ
3245:
3237:Stuart Chase
3175:
3150:. Retrieved
3146:
3136:
3107:
3094:
3085:
3072:
3061:. Retrieved
3058:The Atlantic
3057:
3047:
3036:. Retrieved
3032:
3022:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2997:
2986:. Retrieved
2981:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2948:. Retrieved
2936:
2926:
2885:
2881:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2823:The Guardian
2822:
2812:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2764:
2758:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2672:
2665:
2645:
2638:
2617:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2567:
2558:
2544:(1): 41â52.
2541:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2501:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2475:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2449:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2423:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2369:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2332:
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2308:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2240:
2233:
2222:. Retrieved
2212:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2144:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2078:
2071:
2063:the original
2058:
2049:
2038:. Retrieved
2018:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:the original
1966:
1951:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1909:
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1837:
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:the original
1804:
1795:
1791:
1768:the original
1743:. Retrieved
1736:
1708:. Retrieved
1701:
1675:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1655:
1611:. Retrieved
1608:Investopedia
1607:
1598:
1577:
1570:, a book by
1565:
1555:Player Piano
1553:
1538:Scientocracy
1477:
1432:
1430:
1410:cyberspatial
1402:
1359:
1350:directed by
1341:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1299:
1282:Howard Scott
1279:
1259:Howard Scott
1248:
1233:
1222:
1209:
1172:
1166:
1147:
1116:
1104:Soviet Union
1101:
1076:
1059:
1054:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1009:
1007:
992:
988:
986:
961:Howard Scott
958:
949:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:and ÎșÏÎŹÏÎżÏ,
920:
916:
912:
910:
889:hypothetical
876:
874:
867:
857:
856:
735:Middle power
662:Vassal state
656:Buffer state
654:
630:Puppet state
625:Protectorate
601:Client state
591:Principality
417:Distributism
359:Presidential
237:Dictatorship
200:
161:Gerontocracy
83:rule by many
56:
40:Part of the
18:Technocratic
5823:theories of
5808:and society
5804:Technology
5798:transitions
5788:determinism
5783:convergence
5758:Technocracy
5540:controversy
5526:Scientific
5510:post-normal
5455:Metascience
5425:Consilience
5410:Antiscience
5275:Neo-Luddism
5270:Fuzzy logic
4896:(1835â1840)
4776:(c. 350 BC)
4766:(c. 375 BC)
4383:Tocqueville
4348:Saint-Simon
4313:Montesquieu
4164:Bolingbroke
4096:Machiavelli
3976:Ibn Khaldun
3941:Alpharabius
3934:Middle Ages
3759:Natural law
3734:Common good
3659:Nationalism
3619:Imperialism
3589:Corporatism
3564:Colonialism
3544:Agrarianism
3523:Technocracy
3503:Meritocracy
3483:Bureaucracy
3473:Aristocracy
3191:archive.org
3176:Technocracy
2481:17 November
2456:21 February
2430:19 February
2404:19 February
2349:21 February
1997:Saint Simon
1834:Barry Jones
1745:21 February
1646:1721.1/2023
1463:Cyberocracy
1393:nationalism
1334:market caps
1323:aristocracy
1271:Daniel Bell
1219:Engineering
1205:Mehdi Jomaa
1193:Jan Fischer
1177:Mario Monti
1148:In 2013, a
1092:bureaucrats
1051:cybernetics
1018:Daniel Bell
1010:technocracy
991:. The word
946:Technocracy
941:technocracy
913:technocracy
901:meritocracy
893:bureaucracy
877:technocracy
858:Technocracy
740:Great power
725:Small power
667:Viceroyalty
538:Nationalism
402:Colonialism
382:Libertarian
344:Directorial
221:rule by one
201:Technocracy
196:Stratocracy
176:Meritocracy
166:Kleptocracy
156:Aristocracy
6005:Categories
5961:Technology
5913:science of
5908:history of
5793:revolution
5701:disruptive
5691:Innovation
5686:Hype cycle
5631:Technology
5602:ecological
5575:skepticism
5565:misconduct
5550:enterprise
5368:scientific
5295:Positivism
5265:Empiricism
5247:Philosophy
5104:Separatism
4912:On Liberty
4812:The Prince
4541:Huntington
4044:Campanella
3971:al-Ghazali
3920:Thucydides
3878:Lactantius
3823:Statolatry
3649:Monarchism
3629:Liberalism
3554:Capitalism
3537:Ideologies
3518:Plutocracy
3466:Government
3422:Revolution
3407:Propaganda
3357:Legitimacy
3332:Government
3152:12 October
3063:2020-06-13
3038:2020-06-13
3013:2020-06-13
2988:2020-06-13
2950:2020-06-13
2861:2020-06-13
2836:2020-06-13
2613:(cited in
2564:Wood, John
2224:2018-03-18
2040:2014-11-02
1982:2018-01-07
1890:2017-01-09
1820:2012-05-16
1677:2008-05-04
1613:2024-01-11
1591:References
1498:Positivism
1397:chauvinism
1257:, as were
1154:Commission
1137:, and the
1088:econocrats
1079:technology
1004:Precursors
993:technocrat
989:technocrat
978:net energy
933:governance
885:government
862:government
745:Superpower
701:Superstate
696:Federation
691:Devolution
677:Federalism
518:City-state
191:Plutocracy
186:Particracy
50:government
6011:Oligarchy
5868:Factor 10
5696:diffusion
5535:consensus
5530:community
5495:education
5335:Sociology
5310:Scientism
5189:Economics
4822:Leviathan
4802:Monarchia
4796:(c. 1274)
4631:Oakeshott
4576:Mansfield
4571:Luxemburg
4556:Kropotkin
4451:Bernstein
4404:centuries
4318:Nietzsche
4261:Jefferson
4189:Condorcet
4137:centuries
4116:Pufendorf
3981:Marsilius
3868:Confucius
3853:Aristotle
3846:Antiquity
3774:Noble lie
3694:Third Way
3689:Socialism
3614:Feudalism
3569:Communism
3549:Anarchism
3528:Theocracy
3513:Oligarchy
3493:Democracy
3478:Autocracy
3392:Pluralism
3377:Obedience
3342:Hierarchy
3302:Authority
2945:1059-1028
2831:0261-3077
2804:142939905
2510:1059-1028
2476:AlJazeera
2204:154544102
2001:Socialism
1710:April 23,
1533:Scientism
1447:Algocracy
1426:Pinterest
1422:Instagram
1389:tribalism
1316:Critiques
1280:In 1932,
1212:Singapore
1112:Politburo
1055:Tectology
1043:Tectology
911:The term
875:The term
572:Unitarism
548:Globalism
454:Religious
442:Tribalism
432:Socialism
427:Feudalism
412:Despotism
407:Communism
397:Anarchism
334:Communist
281:Stateless
271:Anarchism
232:Despotism
216:Autocracy
206:Theocracy
171:Kritarchy
139:Oligarchy
124:Socialist
78:Democracy
5988:Scholars
5983:Journals
5973:Category
5947:Portals
5828:transfer
5818:dynamics
5768:feminist
5570:priority
5555:literacy
5515:rhetoric
5481:Science
5445:Logology
5077:Centrism
4772:Politics
4762:Republic
4731:Voegelin
4711:Spengler
4696:Shariati
4671:Rothbard
4626:Nussbaum
4526:Habermas
4501:Fukuyama
4491:Foucault
4416:Ambedkar
4393:Voltaire
4363:de Staël
4338:Rousseau
4219:Franklin
4194:Constant
4154:Beccaria
3986:Muhammad
3966:Gelasius
3951:Averroes
3925:Xenophon
3905:Polybius
3858:Chanakya
3703:Concepts
3669:Populism
3639:Localism
3624:Islamism
3609:Feminism
3508:Monarchy
3412:Property
3402:Progress
3367:Monopoly
3337:Hegemony
3182:LibriVox
2918:41734855
2910:11611029
2609:41209141
2583:society.
2566:(1993).
2450:BBC News
2125:41802302
1703:BBC News
1492:Noocracy
1441:See also
1406:Facebook
1371:Internet
1356:Big Tech
1332:) swell
1306:New Deal
1288:founded
1267:peak oil
1098:Examples
1064:idea of
1062:Platonic
963:and the
931:, as in
927:meaning
919:meaning
865:issues.
620:Dominion
349:Legalist
329:Absolute
314:Republic
309:Monarchy
181:Noocracy
151:Anocracy
104:Economic
94:Demarchy
5951:Science
5633:studies
5545:dissent
5485:citizen
5402:studies
5400:Science
5347:Social
5212:History
5114:Statism
5027:Elitism
4985:Related
4786:(51 BC)
4716:Strauss
4691:Scruton
4686:Schmitt
4676:Russell
4596:Michels
4591:Maurras
4586:Marcuse
4546:Kautsky
4516:Gramsci
4511:Gentile
4481:Dworkin
4471:Du Bois
4466:Dmowski
4461:Chomsky
4456:Burnham
4441:Benoist
4411:Agamben
4378:Thoreau
4368:Stirner
4358:Spencer
4303:Mazzini
4293:Maistre
4288:Madison
4283:Le Play
4214:Fourier
4179:Carlyle
4159:Bentham
4149:Bastiat
4144:Bakunin
4121:Spinoza
4111:MĂŒntzer
4081:Leibniz
4054:Grotius
4034:Bossuet
4001:Plethon
3946:Aquinas
3915:Sun Tzu
3883:Mencius
3873:Han Fei
3644:Marxism
3604:Fascism
3437:Society
3362:Liberty
3347:Justice
3327:Freedom
3225:YouTube
2902:3104485
2719:2701484
2399:Reuters
1524:in 1925
1418:YouTube
1414:Twitter
1201:Tunisia
1181:cabinet
1090:" and "
895:run by
762:Related
457:Secular
422:Fascism
259:Anarchy
249:Tyranny
109:Liberal
5845:Policy
5778:change
5711:system
5560:method
5500:normal
4976:(1992)
4966:(1971)
4956:(1951)
4946:(1945)
4936:(1944)
4926:(1929)
4916:(1859)
4906:(1848)
4886:(1820)
4876:(1791)
4866:(1790)
4856:(1762)
4846:(1748)
4836:(1689)
4826:(1651)
4816:(1532)
4806:(1313)
4736:Walzer
4726:Taylor
4681:Sartre
4646:Popper
4641:Pareto
4636:Ortega
4621:Nozick
4611:Mouffe
4561:Laclau
4521:Guénon
4506:Gandhi
4446:Berlin
4436:Bauman
4431:Badiou
4421:Arendt
4388:Tucker
4278:Le Bon
4239:Herder
4229:Haller
4224:Godwin
4209:Fichte
4204:Engels
4199:Cortés
4169:Bonald
4126:SuĂĄrez
4101:Milton
4091:Luther
4064:Hobbes
4049:Filmer
4039:Calvin
4024:Boétie
4017:period
3996:Ockham
3863:Cicero
3664:Nazism
3452:Utopia
3427:Rights
3417:Regime
3387:People
3372:Nation
3124:
3033:Forbes
2943:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2829:
2802:
2717:
2680:
2653:
2625:
2607:
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2340:
2315:24 May
2248:
2202:
2196:654061
2194:
2157:
2123:
2086:
2031:
1960:. Ozy.
1133:, the
974:joules
925:kratos
917:tekhne
586:Empire
498:Global
129:Others
119:Social
99:Direct
5125:Index
4754:Works
4741:Weber
4706:Spann
4701:Sorel
4666:Röpke
4661:Rawls
4616:Negri
4606:Mosca
4601:Mises
4566:Lenin
4536:Hoppe
4531:Hayek
4496:Fromm
4486:Evola
4476:Dugin
4373:Taine
4353:Smith
4333:Renan
4328:Paine
4249:Iqbal
4234:Hegel
4184:Comte
4174:Burke
4086:Locke
4076:James
4029:Bodin
3961:Dante
3956:Bruni
3910:Shang
3893:Plato
3447:State
3397:Power
3382:Peace
3317:Elite
3295:Terms
3249:, by
3104:(PDF)
2937:Wired
2914:S2CID
2898:JSTOR
2800:S2CID
2715:JSTOR
2605:JSTOR
2502:Wired
2305:(PDF)
2200:S2CID
2192:JSTOR
2153:-74.
2121:JSTOR
1911:Slate
1671:(PDF)
1664:(PDF)
1637:(PDF)
1348:cabal
1330:FAANG
1123:China
1053:. In
935:, or
929:power
921:skill
503:Local
5716:user
5619:STEM
5520:wars
4656:Rand
4651:Qutb
4551:Kirk
4426:Aron
4343:Sade
4323:Owen
4308:Mill
4298:Marx
4266:Kant
4244:Hume
4106:More
4006:Wang
3888:Mozi
3312:Duty
3154:2022
3122:ISBN
2941:ISSN
2906:PMID
2827:ISSN
2678:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2572:ISBN
2506:ISSN
2483:2015
2458:2012
2432:2012
2406:2012
2374:ISBN
2351:2012
2338:ISBN
2317:2019
2246:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2084:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1747:2012
1712:2013
1295:debt
1284:and
1261:and
970:ergs
937:rule
4721:Sun
4581:Mao
3457:War
3352:Law
3223:on
3189:at
3112:doi
2890:doi
2792:doi
2746:doi
2707:doi
2546:doi
2184:doi
2180:121
2113:doi
1939:doi
1641:hdl
972:or
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