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Profinite integer

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4828: 4610: 22: 4823:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbb {A} _{\mathbb {Q} }^{\times }/\mathbb {Q} ^{\times }&\cong (\mathbb {R} \times {\hat {\mathbb {Z} }})/\mathbb {Z} \\&={\underset {\leftarrow }{\lim }}\mathbb {(} {\mathbb {R} }/m\mathbb {Z} )\\&={\underset {x\mapsto x^{m}}{\lim }}S^{1}\\&={\hat {\mathbb {Z} }}\end{aligned}}} 4603: 3294: 3611: 505: 1767: 174: 2904: 4494: 2668: 3461: 2473: 3884: 955: 3957: 3037: 1552: 3165: 2065: 3093: 577: 2180: 632: 4455: 1431: 1996: 1900: 3220: 3766: 4023: 1554:
The difference of a profinite integer from an integer is that the "finitely many nonzero digits" condition is dropped, allowing for its factorial number representation to have infinitely many nonzero digits.
4301: 4218: 699: 3534: 804: 400: 231: 4920: 1666: 4615: 1658: 2808: 1352: 1816: 4347: 2325: 4112: 3340: 2961: 1205: 1139: 4486: 2559: 757: 3529: 2516: 2803: 2771: 2739: 2701: 2554: 1073: 375: 2405: 4867: 89: 1271: 994: 3808: 3674: 3494: 3372: 313: 2377: 1940: 876: 4145: 40: 2239: 4391: 3187: 260: 3892: 3799: 3381: 1436: 395: 833: 867: 3211: 2924: 1232: 3886:
from the earlier computation of the profinite Galois group. In addition, there is an embedding of the profinite integers inside the Etale fundamental group of the
3101: 2070: 1375: 592: 4400: 4238: 2259: 2200: 1585: 1014: 723: 280: 4598:{\displaystyle \Psi _{\mathbb {Q} }:\mathbb {A} _{\mathbb {Q} }^{\times }/\mathbb {Q} ^{\times }\to {\text{Gal}}({\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}/\mathbb {Q} )^{ab}} 1945: 1821: 3679: 2966: 3965: 2008: 3050: 510: 1380: 5128: 1593: 4243: 1775: 4031: 58: 4832:
giving the desired relation. There is an analogous statement for local class field theory since every finite abelian extension of
4150: 637: 5148: 5133: 3289:{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} _{\mathbb {Q} }\cong \mathbb {R} \times ({\hat {\mathbb {Z} }}\otimes _{\mathbb {Z} }\mathbb {Q} )} 766: 760: 5092: 188: 4872: 1942:. It should be much clearer that under the inverse limit definition of the profinite integers, we have the isomorphism 1279: 1144:
In the same way, a profinite integer can be uniquely represented in the factorial number system as an infinite string
4306: 2264: 3606:{\displaystyle \operatorname {Gal} ({\overline {\mathbf {F} }}_{q}/\mathbf {F} _{q})\cong {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}} 3309: 4350: 3630: 2929: 3217:. That is, an element is a sequence that is integral except at a finite number of places. There is an isomorphism 1147: 1081: 4460: 1564: 728: 500:{\displaystyle \upsilon =(\upsilon _{1}{\bmod {1}},~\upsilon _{2}{\bmod {2}},~\upsilon _{3}{\bmod {3}},~\ldots )} 3499: 2486: 2776: 2744: 2713: 2675: 2528: 1019: 349: 327: 1762:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /n\cong \mathbb {Z} /p_{1}^{a_{1}}\times \cdots \times \mathbb {Z} /p_{k}^{a_{k}}} 5153: 4365: 870: 169:{\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}=\varprojlim \mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} =\prod _{p}\mathbb {Z} _{p}} 3626: 3464: 2899:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} /\mathbb {Z} \times {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}\to U(1),\,(q,a)\mapsto \chi (qa)} 2480: 5129:
https://web.archive.org/web/20150401092904/http://www.noncommutative.org/supernatural-numbers-and-adeles/
5044: 4965: 4835: 3614: 3096: 1237: 960: 5005: 3635: 3470: 3348: 289: 5158: 2330: 1905: 237: 5123: 4117: 2663:{\displaystyle d(x,y)={\frac {1}{\min\{k\in \mathbb {Z} _{>0}:x\not \equiv y{\bmod {(k+1)!}}\}}}} 4941: 3960: 3456:{\displaystyle {\text{Gal}}(\mathbf {F} _{q^{n}}/\mathbf {F} _{q})\cong \mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} } 2205: 1588: 4374: 3170: 243: 5077: 4361: 3214: 2468:{\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}\subset \prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} } 80: 3771: 380: 3802: 3304: 2519: 809: 846: 5134:
https://euro-math-soc.eu/system/files/news/Hendrik%20Lenstra_Profinite%20number%20theory.pdf
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equipped with the discrete topology (note that it is not the subset topology inherited from
1661: 2909: 1210: 3887: 2704: 2396: 702: 335: 3879:{\displaystyle \pi _{1}^{et}({\text{Spec}}(\mathbf {F} _{q}))\cong {\hat {\mathbb {Z} }}} 2805:, which is not discrete). The Pontryagin dual is explicitly constructed by the function 1818:
will just be a map on the underlying decompositions where there are induced surjections
1357: 950:{\displaystyle n=\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }c_{i}i!\qquad {\text{with }}c_{i}\in \mathbb {Z} } 4936: 4394: 4223: 3192: 2476: 2400: 2244: 2185: 1570: 999: 708: 331: 316: 265: 5142: 4931: 2393: 1563:
Another way to understand the construction of the profinite integers is by using the
323: 180: 3952:{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbb {Z} }}\hookrightarrow \pi _{1}^{et}(\mathbb {G} _{m})} 3032:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} /\mathbb {Z} \to U(1),\,\alpha \mapsto e^{2\pi i\alpha }} 4369: 3343: 1547:{\displaystyle (\cdots c_{3}c_{2}c_{1})_{!}\mapsto \sum _{i=1}^{k-1}c_{i}i!\mod k!} 283: 5099: 72: 4488:
and the group of profinite integers. In particular, there is a map, called the
2399:, coming from the fact that it can be seen as a closed subset of the infinite 1770: 5020:
Questions on some maps involving rings of finite adeles and their unit groups
2060:{\displaystyle \phi :\prod _{p}\mathbb {Z} _{p}\to {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}} 4489: 3088:{\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}\otimes _{\mathbb {Z} }\mathbb {Q} } 572:{\displaystyle m\ |\ n\implies \upsilon _{m}\equiv \upsilon _{n}{\bmod {m}}} 3160:{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} _{\mathbb {Q} ,f}={\prod _{p}}'\mathbb {Q} _{p}} 2175:{\displaystyle \phi ((n_{2},n_{3},n_{5},\cdots ))(k)=\prod _{q}n_{q}\mod k} 627:{\displaystyle \eta :\mathbb {Z} \hookrightarrow {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}} 5019: 4450:{\displaystyle {\text{Gal}}({\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}/\mathbb {Q} )^{ab}} 3625:
This construction can be re-interpreted in many ways. One of them is from
1426:{\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}\to \mathbb {Z} /k!\,\mathbb {Z} } 1991:{\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}\cong \prod _{p}\mathbb {Z} _{p}} 3531:, so its Galois group is isomorphic to the group of profinite integers 1895:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /p_{i}^{a_{i}}\to \mathbb {Z} /p_{i}^{b_{i}}} 4605:
which is an isomorphism. This quotient can be determined explicitly as
2392:
The set of profinite integers has an induced topology in which it is a
589:
embeds into the ring of profinite integers by the canonical injection:
586: 3761:{\displaystyle \pi _{1}^{et}(X)=\lim _{i\in I}{\text{Aut}}(X_{i}/X)} 5082: 582:
Pointwise addition and multiplication make it a commutative ring.
5124:
http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/profinite+completion+of+the+integers
4018:{\displaystyle (\cdot )^{n}:\mathbb {G} _{m}\to \mathbb {G} _{m}} 4296:{\displaystyle \pi _{1}^{et}(\mathbb {G} _{m}/{\text{Spec(k)}})} 15: 2630: 670: 654: 560: 476: 450: 424: 4368:
studying the abelian field extensions of a field. Given the
4213:{\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{m}={\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {Z} )} 694:{\displaystyle n\mapsto (n{\bmod {1}},n{\bmod {2}},\dots ).} 3805:. Then, the profinite integers are isomorphic to the group 3378:
the Galois group can be computed explicitly. From the fact
4720: 334:. In addition, it provides a basic tractable example of a 3621:
Relation with Etale fundamental groups of algebraic tori
799:{\displaystyle g:{\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}\rightarrow H} 4457:
is intimately related to the associated ring of adeles
3299:
Applications in Galois theory and Etale homotopy theory
36: 1078:
Its factorial number representation can be written as
226:{\displaystyle \varprojlim \mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} } 4915:{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{p^{n}}/\mathbb {F} _{p}} 4875: 4838: 4613: 4497: 4463: 4403: 4377: 4309: 4246: 4226: 4153: 4120: 4034: 3968: 3895: 3811: 3774: 3682: 3638: 3537: 3502: 3473: 3384: 3351: 3312: 3223: 3195: 3173: 3104: 3053: 2969: 2932: 2912: 2811: 2779: 2747: 2716: 2678: 2562: 2531: 2489: 2408: 2333: 2267: 2247: 2208: 2188: 2073: 2011: 1948: 1908: 1824: 1778: 1669: 1596: 1573: 1439: 1383: 1360: 1282: 1240: 1213: 1150: 1084: 1022: 1002: 963: 879: 849: 812: 769: 731: 711: 640: 595: 513: 403: 383: 352: 322:. This group is important because of its relation to 292: 268: 246: 191: 92: 4220:. If the algebraic torus is considered over a field 2672:
Since addition of profinite integers is continuous,
2703:is a compact Hausdorff abelian group, and thus its 1653:{\displaystyle n=p_{1}^{a_{1}}\cdots p_{k}^{a_{k}}} 31:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
4914: 4861: 4822: 4597: 4480: 4449: 4385: 4341: 4295: 4232: 4212: 4139: 4106: 4017: 3951: 3878: 3793: 3760: 3668: 3605: 3523: 3488: 3455: 3366: 3334: 3288: 3205: 3181: 3159: 3087: 3031: 2955: 2918: 2898: 2797: 2765: 2733: 2695: 2662: 2548: 2510: 2467: 2371: 2319: 2253: 2233: 2194: 2174: 2059: 1990: 1934: 1894: 1810: 1761: 1652: 1579: 1546: 1425: 1377:. More specifically, there is a ring homomorphism 1369: 1346: 1265: 1226: 1199: 1133: 1067: 1008: 988: 949: 861: 827: 798: 751: 717: 693: 626: 571: 499: 389: 369: 307: 274: 254: 225: 168: 2926:is the character of the adele (introduced below) 1354:determine the value of the profinite integer mod 1347:{\displaystyle c_{1},c_{2},c_{3},\ldots ,c_{k-1}} 3714: 2590: 1811:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /n\to \mathbb {Z} /m} 4342:{\displaystyle {\text{Gal}}({\overline {k}}/k)} 3467:, the Galois group of the algebraic closure of 2320:{\displaystyle k=\prod _{i=1}^{l}p_{i}^{d_{i}}} 4107:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {Z} \to \mathbb {Z} } 3335:{\displaystyle {\overline {\mathbf {F} }}_{q}} 4992: 4357:Class field theory and the profinite integers 3676:as the profinite completion of automorphisms 2956:{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} _{\mathbb {Q} ,f}} 83:(sometimes pronounced as zee-hat or zed-hat) 8: 3496:is given by the inverse limit of the groups 2654: 2593: 1200:{\displaystyle (\cdots c_{3}c_{2}c_{1})_{!}} 1134:{\displaystyle (\cdots c_{3}c_{2}c_{1})_{!}} 5076:(2015). "Geometry of the arithmetic site". 4481:{\displaystyle \mathbb {A} _{\mathbb {Q} }} 752:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {Z} \rightarrow H} 377:can be constructed as the set of sequences 3524:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} } 2511:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} } 535: 531: 5081: 4959: 4957: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4895: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4869:is induced from a finite field extension 4853: 4849: 4848: 4842: 4837: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4786: 4773: 4757: 4740: 4739: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4709: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4665: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4586: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4438: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4404: 4402: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4328: 4318: 4310: 4308: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4225: 4195: 4178: 4177: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4131: 4119: 4092: 4075: 4074: 4059: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3979: 3967: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3922: 3917: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3847: 3842: 3833: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3779: 3773: 3747: 3741: 3729: 3717: 3692: 3687: 3681: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3536: 3517: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3463:where the automorphisms are given by the 3449: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3423: 3418: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3385: 3383: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3279: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3242: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3194: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3134: 3129: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3081: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3014: 3003: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2911: 2862: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2798:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} /\mathbb {Z} } 2791: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2766:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} /\mathbb {Z} } 2759: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2734:{\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}} 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2696:{\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}} 2683: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2633: 2629: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2584: 2561: 2549:{\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}} 2536: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2504: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2483:. Note the topology on each finite group 2461: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2441: 2430: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2363: 2338: 2332: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2289: 2278: 2266: 2246: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2207: 2187: 2168: 2167: 2157: 2147: 2113: 2100: 2087: 2072: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2010: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1970: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1926: 1913: 1907: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1595: 1572: 1537: 1536: 1520: 1504: 1493: 1480: 1470: 1460: 1450: 1438: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1359: 1332: 1313: 1300: 1287: 1281: 1251: 1239: 1218: 1212: 1191: 1181: 1171: 1161: 1149: 1125: 1115: 1105: 1095: 1083: 1068:{\displaystyle c_{1},c_{2},c_{3},\ldots } 1053: 1040: 1027: 1021: 1001: 974: 962: 943: 942: 933: 924: 911: 901: 890: 878: 848: 811: 780: 779: 777: 776: 768: 739: 738: 730: 710: 673: 669: 657: 653: 639: 614: 613: 611: 610: 603: 602: 594: 563: 559: 553: 540: 520: 512: 479: 475: 469: 453: 449: 443: 427: 423: 417: 402: 382: 370:{\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}} 357: 356: 354: 353: 351: 299: 295: 294: 291: 267: 248: 247: 245: 219: 218: 210: 206: 205: 192: 190: 160: 156: 155: 148: 137: 136: 128: 124: 123: 110: 97: 96: 94: 93: 91: 59:Learn how and when to remove this message 43:, without removing the technical details. 4953: 701:It is canonical since it satisfies the 3959:since the covering maps come from the 703:universal property of profinite groups 5031: 41:make it understandable to non-experts 7: 2202:ranges over all prime-power factors 1660:of non-repeating primes, there is a 4973:Mathematical Association of America 4240:, then the Etale fundamental group 2707:must be a discrete abelian group. 1559:Using the Chinese Remainder theorem 869:has a unique representation in the 4862:{\displaystyle K/\mathbb {Q} _{p}} 4499: 2442: 902: 14: 3613:which gives a computation of the 2327:for some different prime numbers 1266:{\displaystyle 0\leq c_{i}\leq i} 989:{\displaystyle 0\leq c_{i}\leq i} 3843: 3669:{\displaystyle \pi _{1}^{et}(X)} 3573: 3551: 3489:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{q}} 3476: 3419: 3395: 3367:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{q}} 3354: 3317: 3226: 3107: 2935: 2710:In fact, the Pontryagin dual of 1769:from the theorem. Moreover, any 705:that, given any profinite group 308:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{p}} 20: 2372:{\displaystyle p_{1},...,p_{l}} 2163: 2005:Explicitly, the isomorphism is 1935:{\displaystyle a_{i}\geq b_{i}} 1532: 923: 4810: 4766: 4744: 4714: 4686: 4680: 4661: 4583: 4557: 4549: 4435: 4409: 4336: 4315: 4290: 4265: 4207: 4204: 4182: 4174: 4140:{\displaystyle x\mapsto x^{n}} 4124: 4101: 4079: 4071: 4068: 4046: 4000: 3976: 3969: 3946: 3931: 3910: 3904: 3870: 3856: 3853: 3838: 3830: 3785: 3755: 3734: 3707: 3701: 3663: 3657: 3583: 3544: 3429: 3390: 3283: 3260: 3249: 3007: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2863: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2646: 2634: 2578: 2566: 2556:can be defined by the metric, 2137: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2080: 2077: 2040: 1857: 1792: 1486: 1477: 1440: 1398: 1188: 1151: 1122: 1085: 790: 743: 685: 647: 644: 607: 532: 521: 494: 410: 1: 4397:of its absolute Galois group 2234:{\displaystyle p_{i}^{d_{i}}} 1567:. Recall that for an integer 839:Using Factorial number system 4567: 4419: 4386:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } 4323: 3555: 3321: 3182:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } 1016:, and only finitely many of 255:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } 5045:"Class field theory - lccs" 4759: 4711: 1998:with the direct product of 725:and any group homomorphism 397:of residues represented as 5175: 5091:Milne, J.S. (2013-03-23). 4353:in etale homotopy theory. 4351:fundamental exact sequence 3794:{\displaystyle X_{i}\to X} 2475:which is compact with its 4993:Connes & Consani 2015 4966:"Profinite number theory" 1565:Chinese remainder theorem 1234:is an integer satisfying 390:{\displaystyle \upsilon } 828:{\displaystyle f=g\eta } 759:, there exists a unique 5149:Algebraic number theory 5006:The character group of 4366:algebraic number theory 3631:Etale fundamental group 871:factorial number system 862:{\displaystyle n\geq 0} 346:The profinite integers 4916: 4863: 4824: 4599: 4482: 4451: 4387: 4343: 4303:contains an action of 4297: 4234: 4214: 4141: 4108: 4019: 3953: 3880: 3795: 3762: 3670: 3607: 3525: 3490: 3465:Frobenius endomorphism 3457: 3368: 3336: 3290: 3207: 3183: 3161: 3089: 3033: 2957: 2920: 2900: 2799: 2767: 2735: 2697: 2664: 2550: 2512: 2469: 2446: 2388:Topological properties 2373: 2321: 2294: 2255: 2235: 2196: 2176: 2061: 1992: 1936: 1896: 1812: 1763: 1654: 1581: 1548: 1515: 1427: 1371: 1348: 1267: 1228: 1201: 1135: 1069: 1010: 990: 951: 906: 863: 829: 800: 753: 719: 695: 628: 573: 501: 391: 371: 309: 276: 256: 227: 170: 5049:www.math.columbia.edu 5034:, Ch. I Example A. 5. 4917: 4864: 4825: 4600: 4483: 4452: 4388: 4344: 4298: 4235: 4215: 4142: 4109: 4020: 3954: 3881: 3796: 3763: 3671: 3627:Etale homotopy theory 3615:absolute Galois group 3608: 3526: 3491: 3458: 3369: 3337: 3291: 3208: 3184: 3162: 3097:ring of finite adeles 3090: 3034: 2958: 2921: 2919:{\displaystyle \chi } 2901: 2800: 2768: 2741:is the abelian group 2736: 2698: 2665: 2551: 2513: 2470: 2426: 2374: 2322: 2274: 2256: 2236: 2197: 2177: 2062: 1993: 1937: 1897: 1813: 1764: 1655: 1582: 1549: 1489: 1428: 1372: 1349: 1268: 1229: 1227:{\displaystyle c_{i}} 1202: 1136: 1070: 1011: 991: 952: 886: 864: 830: 801: 754: 720: 696: 629: 574: 502: 392: 372: 328:étale homotopy theory 310: 277: 257: 228: 171: 79:is an element of the 5093:"Class Field Theory" 4873: 4836: 4611: 4495: 4461: 4401: 4375: 4307: 4244: 4224: 4151: 4118: 4032: 3966: 3893: 3809: 3772: 3680: 3636: 3535: 3500: 3471: 3382: 3349: 3310: 3221: 3193: 3171: 3102: 3051: 3043:Relation with adeles 2967: 2930: 2910: 2809: 2777: 2745: 2714: 2676: 2560: 2529: 2487: 2406: 2331: 2265: 2245: 2206: 2186: 2071: 2009: 1946: 1906: 1822: 1776: 1667: 1594: 1571: 1437: 1381: 1358: 1280: 1238: 1211: 1148: 1082: 1020: 1000: 961: 877: 847: 810: 767: 729: 709: 638: 593: 511: 401: 381: 350: 290: 266: 244: 238:profinite completion 189: 90: 4942:Supernatural number 4636: 4531: 4264: 3930: 3829: 3700: 3656: 3617:of a finite field. 3047:The tensor product 2481:Tychonoff's theorem 2316: 2230: 1902:since we must have 1891: 1856: 1758: 1717: 1649: 1624: 1589:prime factorization 763:group homomorphism 4964:Lenstra, Hendrik. 4912: 4859: 4820: 4818: 4780: 4717: 4618: 4595: 4513: 4478: 4447: 4383: 4362:Class field theory 4339: 4293: 4247: 4230: 4210: 4137: 4104: 4015: 3949: 3913: 3876: 3812: 3791: 3758: 3728: 3683: 3666: 3639: 3629:which defines the 3603: 3521: 3486: 3453: 3364: 3332: 3286: 3215:restricted product 3203: 3179: 3157: 3139: 3085: 3029: 2953: 2916: 2896: 2795: 2763: 2731: 2693: 2660: 2546: 2508: 2465: 2369: 2317: 2295: 2251: 2231: 2209: 2192: 2172: 2152: 2057: 2027: 1988: 1975: 1932: 1892: 1870: 1835: 1808: 1759: 1737: 1696: 1650: 1628: 1603: 1577: 1544: 1423: 1370:{\displaystyle k!} 1367: 1344: 1263: 1224: 1197: 1131: 1065: 1006: 986: 947: 859: 825: 796: 749: 715: 691: 624: 569: 497: 387: 367: 330:, and the ring of 305: 272: 252: 223: 200: 166: 153: 118: 5074:Consani, Caterina 4813: 4758: 4710: 4683: 4570: 4555: 4422: 4407: 4349:as well from the 4326: 4313: 4288: 4233:{\displaystyle k} 4172: 4027:commutative rings 3907: 3873: 3836: 3732: 3713: 3600: 3558: 3388: 3324: 3305:algebraic closure 3263: 3206:{\displaystyle '} 3189:where the symbol 3130: 3065: 2841: 2728: 2690: 2658: 2543: 2520:discrete topology 2420: 2254:{\displaystyle k} 2195:{\displaystyle q} 2143: 2054: 2018: 1966: 1960: 1580:{\displaystyle n} 1395: 1009:{\displaystyle i} 927: 787: 718:{\displaystyle H} 621: 527: 519: 490: 464: 438: 364: 275:{\displaystyle p} 193: 144: 111: 104: 77:profinite integer 69: 68: 61: 5166: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5104: 5098:. Archived from 5097: 5087: 5085: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4718: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4623: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4469: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4405: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4332: 4327: 4319: 4314: 4311: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4263: 4255: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4203: 4202: 4181: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4078: 4067: 4066: 4045: 4025:from the map of 4024: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4008: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3929: 3921: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3820: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3784: 3783: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3699: 3691: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3655: 3647: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3512: 3507: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3444: 3439: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3389: 3386: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3245: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3027: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2585: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2525:The topology on 2518:is given as the 2517: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2499: 2494: 2477:product topology 2474: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2440: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2343: 2342: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2303: 2293: 2288: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2217: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2162: 2161: 2151: 2118: 2117: 2105: 2104: 2092: 2091: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2002:-adic integers. 1997: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1974: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1918: 1917: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1878: 1869: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1843: 1834: 1829: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1788: 1783: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1745: 1736: 1731: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1704: 1695: 1690: 1679: 1674: 1662:ring isomorphism 1659: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1636: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1611: 1586: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1525: 1524: 1514: 1503: 1485: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1465: 1464: 1455: 1454: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1410: 1405: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1318: 1317: 1305: 1304: 1292: 1291: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1186: 1185: 1176: 1175: 1166: 1165: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1129: 1120: 1119: 1110: 1109: 1100: 1099: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1045: 1044: 1032: 1031: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1007: 995: 993: 992: 987: 979: 978: 956: 954: 953: 948: 946: 938: 937: 928: 925: 916: 915: 905: 900: 868: 866: 865: 860: 834: 832: 831: 826: 805: 803: 802: 797: 789: 788: 783: 778: 758: 756: 755: 750: 742: 724: 722: 721: 716: 700: 698: 697: 692: 678: 677: 662: 661: 633: 631: 630: 625: 623: 622: 617: 612: 606: 578: 576: 575: 570: 568: 567: 558: 557: 545: 544: 525: 524: 517: 506: 504: 503: 498: 488: 484: 483: 474: 473: 462: 458: 457: 448: 447: 436: 432: 431: 422: 421: 396: 394: 393: 388: 376: 374: 373: 368: 366: 365: 360: 355: 314: 312: 311: 306: 304: 303: 298: 281: 279: 278: 273: 261: 259: 258: 253: 251: 232: 230: 229: 224: 222: 214: 209: 201: 175: 173: 172: 167: 165: 164: 159: 152: 140: 132: 127: 119: 106: 105: 100: 95: 64: 57: 53: 50: 44: 24: 23: 16: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5139: 5138: 5120: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5072:Connes, Alain; 5071: 5068: 5063: 5062: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4928: 4900: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4870: 4847: 4834: 4833: 4817: 4816: 4793: 4792: 4782: 4769: 4762: 4748: 4747: 4700: 4699: 4654: 4642: 4609: 4608: 4582: 4537: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4434: 4399: 4398: 4373: 4372: 4364:is a branch of 4359: 4305: 4304: 4268: 4242: 4241: 4222: 4221: 4191: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4127: 4116: 4115: 4088: 4055: 4030: 4029: 4003: 3988: 3975: 3964: 3963: 3961:polynomial maps 3934: 3891: 3890: 3888:algebraic torus 3841: 3807: 3806: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3737: 3678: 3677: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3571: 3547: 3533: 3532: 3498: 3497: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3417: 3400: 3393: 3380: 3379: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3266: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3169: 3168: 3145: 3128: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3068: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3010: 2965: 2964: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2908: 2907: 2807: 2806: 2775: 2774: 2743: 2742: 2712: 2711: 2705:Pontryagin dual 2674: 2673: 2602: 2589: 2558: 2557: 2527: 2526: 2485: 2484: 2404: 2403: 2397:Hausdorff space 2390: 2385: 2359: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2305: 2263: 2262: 2243: 2242: 2219: 2204: 2203: 2184: 2183: 2153: 2109: 2096: 2083: 2069: 2068: 2028: 2007: 2006: 1976: 1944: 1943: 1922: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1880: 1845: 1820: 1819: 1774: 1773: 1747: 1706: 1665: 1664: 1638: 1613: 1592: 1591: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1516: 1476: 1466: 1456: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1379: 1378: 1356: 1355: 1328: 1309: 1296: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1247: 1236: 1235: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1187: 1177: 1167: 1157: 1146: 1145: 1121: 1111: 1101: 1091: 1080: 1079: 1049: 1036: 1023: 1018: 1017: 998: 997: 970: 959: 958: 929: 907: 875: 874: 845: 844: 841: 808: 807: 765: 764: 727: 726: 707: 706: 636: 635: 591: 590: 549: 536: 509: 508: 465: 439: 413: 399: 398: 379: 378: 348: 347: 344: 336:profinite group 315:is the ring of 293: 288: 287: 264: 263: 242: 241: 187: 186: 154: 88: 87: 65: 54: 48: 45: 37:help improve it 34: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5154:P-adic numbers 5151: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5119: 5118:External links 5116: 5115: 5114: 5088: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5036: 5024: 5012: 4997: 4985: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4937:Ring of adeles 4934: 4927: 4924: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4501: 4474: 4468: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4395:abelianization 4381: 4358: 4355: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4229: 4209: 4206: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3790: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3622: 3619: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3483: 3478: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3392: 3361: 3356: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3300: 3297: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3201: 3198: 3177: 3154: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3083: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3060: 3044: 3041: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2915: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2727: 2723: 2689: 2685: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2542: 2538: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2415: 2401:direct product 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2250: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2212: 2191: 2171: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1955: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1576: 1560: 1557: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1366: 1363: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1221: 1217: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1064: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1005: 985: 982: 977: 973: 969: 966: 945: 941: 936: 932: 922: 919: 914: 910: 904: 899: 896: 893: 889: 885: 882: 858: 855: 852: 843:Every integer 840: 837: 824: 821: 818: 815: 795: 792: 786: 782: 775: 772: 748: 745: 741: 737: 734: 714: 690: 687: 684: 681: 676: 672: 668: 665: 660: 656: 652: 649: 646: 643: 620: 616: 609: 605: 601: 598: 566: 562: 556: 552: 548: 543: 539: 534: 530: 523: 516: 496: 493: 487: 482: 478: 472: 468: 461: 456: 452: 446: 442: 435: 430: 426: 420: 416: 412: 409: 406: 386: 363: 359: 343: 340: 320:-adic integers 302: 297: 282:runs over all 271: 250: 236:indicates the 234: 233: 221: 217: 213: 208: 204: 199: 196: 177: 176: 163: 158: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 122: 117: 114: 109: 103: 99: 67: 66: 28: 26: 19: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5171: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5105:on 2013-06-19 5101: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4932:p-adic number 4930: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4907: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4854: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4799: 4797: 4787: 4783: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4754: 4752: 4736: 4732: 4706: 4704: 4690: 4669: 4658: 4656: 4649: 4638: 4632: 4606: 4590: 4587: 4573: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4510: 4491: 4442: 4439: 4425: 4396: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4333: 4329: 4320: 4281: 4275: 4260: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4227: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4166: 4161: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4038: 4035: 4028: 4010: 3995: 3985: 3980: 3972: 3962: 3941: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3889: 3859: 3848: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3804: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3660: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3597: 3586: 3578: 3567: 3561: 3541: 3538: 3513: 3509: 3481: 3466: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3424: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3377: 3359: 3345: 3327: 3306: 3298: 3296: 3267: 3246: 3238: 3216: 3199: 3197: 3152: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3098: 3069: 3062: 3042: 3040: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2976: 2948: 2945: 2913: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2827: 2818: 2786: 2754: 2725: 2708: 2706: 2687: 2670: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2599: 2596: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2540: 2523: 2521: 2500: 2496: 2482: 2478: 2457: 2453: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2248: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2210: 2189: 2169: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2051: 2035: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2003: 2001: 1983: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1805: 1801: 1789: 1785: 1772: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1663: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1590: 1574: 1566: 1558: 1556: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1481: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1392: 1364: 1361: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1260: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1219: 1215: 1207:, where each 1192: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1142: 1126: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1076: 1075:are nonzero. 1062: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1003: 983: 980: 975: 971: 967: 964: 939: 934: 930: 920: 917: 912: 908: 897: 894: 891: 887: 883: 880: 872: 856: 853: 850: 838: 836: 822: 819: 816: 813: 793: 784: 773: 770: 762: 746: 735: 732: 712: 704: 688: 682: 679: 674: 666: 663: 658: 650: 641: 618: 599: 596: 588: 583: 580: 564: 554: 550: 546: 541: 537: 528: 514: 491: 485: 480: 470: 466: 459: 454: 444: 440: 433: 428: 418: 414: 407: 404: 384: 361: 341: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 324:Galois theory 321: 319: 300: 285: 284:prime numbers 269: 239: 215: 211: 202: 197: 194: 185: 184: 183: 182: 181:inverse limit 161: 149: 145: 141: 133: 129: 120: 115: 112: 107: 101: 86: 85: 84: 82: 78: 74: 63: 60: 52: 42: 38: 32: 29:This article 27: 18: 17: 5107:. Retrieved 5100:the original 5052:. Retrieved 5048: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5007: 5000: 4988: 4976:. Retrieved 4972: 4831: 4607: 4370:global field 4360: 3624: 3375: 3344:finite field 3302: 3046: 2709: 2671: 2524: 2391: 2004: 1999: 1562: 1275: 1143: 1077: 842: 585:The ring of 584: 581: 345: 342:Construction 317: 262:, the index 235: 178: 76: 70: 55: 46: 30: 5159:Ring theory 5004:K. Conrad, 3803:Etale cover 2963:induced by 2261:, that is, 1276:The digits 73:mathematics 5143:Categories 5109:2020-06-07 5083:1502.05580 5066:References 5054:2020-09-25 5032:Milne 2013 1771:surjection 996:for every 926:with  761:continuous 507:such that 179:where the 4978:11 August 4811:^ 4767:↦ 4715:← 4681:^ 4670:× 4659:≅ 4650:× 4633:× 4568:¯ 4550:→ 4545:× 4528:× 4500:Ψ 4490:Artin map 4420:¯ 4324:¯ 4249:π 4197:− 4125:↦ 4094:− 4072:→ 4061:− 4001:→ 3973:⋅ 3915:π 3911:↪ 3905:^ 3871:^ 3860:≅ 3814:π 3786:→ 3722:∈ 3685:π 3641:π 3598:^ 3587:≅ 3556:¯ 3542:⁡ 3433:≅ 3374:of order 3322:¯ 3268:⊗ 3261:^ 3247:× 3239:≅ 3132:∏ 3070:⊗ 3063:^ 3025:α 3019:π 3008:↦ 3005:α 2986:→ 2914:χ 2882:χ 2879:↦ 2845:→ 2839:^ 2828:× 2726:^ 2688:^ 2600:∈ 2541:^ 2443:∞ 2428:∏ 2424:⊂ 2418:^ 2383:Relations 2276:∏ 2145:∏ 2123:⋯ 2075:ϕ 2052:^ 2041:→ 2020:∏ 2013:ϕ 1968:∏ 1964:≅ 1958:^ 1920:≥ 1858:→ 1793:→ 1725:× 1722:⋯ 1719:× 1684:≅ 1626:⋯ 1509:− 1491:∑ 1487:↦ 1444:⋯ 1399:→ 1393:^ 1337:− 1323:… 1258:≤ 1245:≤ 1155:⋯ 1089:⋯ 1063:… 981:≤ 968:≤ 940:∈ 903:∞ 888:∑ 854:≥ 823:η 791:→ 785:^ 744:→ 683:… 645:↦ 619:^ 608:↪ 597:η 551:υ 547:≡ 538:υ 533:⟹ 492:… 467:υ 441:υ 415:υ 405:υ 385:υ 362:^ 203:⁡ 198:← 146:∏ 121:⁡ 116:← 102:^ 4995:, § 2.4. 4926:See also 4114:sending 3303:For the 3200:′ 3142:′ 2624:≢ 1433:sending 587:integers 49:May 2023 4287:Spec(k) 3095:is the 2394:compact 35:Please 4393:, the 4147:since 3801:is an 3768:where 3213:means 2906:where 2182:where 957:where 634:where 526:  518:  489:  463:  437:  332:adeles 286:, and 5103:(PDF) 5096:(PDF) 5078:arXiv 4969:(PDF) 4948:Notes 3342:of a 1587:with 806:with 4980:2022 4171:Spec 3835:Spec 2610:> 81:ring 75:, a 4760:lim 4712:lim 4554:Gal 4406:Gal 4312:Gal 3731:Aut 3715:lim 3539:Gal 3387:Gal 3167:of 2631:mod 2591:min 2479:by 2241:of 2165:mod 2067:by 1534:mod 873:as 671:mod 655:mod 561:mod 477:mod 451:mod 425:mod 240:of 195:lim 113:lim 71:In 39:to 5145:: 5047:. 4971:. 4956:^ 4922:. 3376:q, 3039:. 2522:. 2379:. 1273:. 1141:. 835:. 579:. 338:. 326:, 5112:. 5086:. 5080:: 5057:. 5022:. 5008:Q 4982:. 4908:p 4903:F 4897:/ 4889:n 4885:p 4879:F 4855:p 4850:Q 4844:/ 4840:K 4807:Z 4800:= 4788:1 4784:S 4775:m 4771:x 4764:x 4755:= 4745:) 4741:Z 4737:m 4733:/ 4727:R 4721:( 4707:= 4696:Z 4691:/ 4687:) 4677:Z 4666:R 4662:( 4645:Q 4639:/ 4627:Q 4621:A 4591:b 4588:a 4584:) 4579:Q 4574:/ 4564:Q 4558:( 4540:Q 4534:/ 4522:Q 4516:A 4511:: 4505:Q 4473:Q 4467:A 4443:b 4440:a 4436:) 4431:Q 4426:/ 4416:Q 4410:( 4380:Q 4337:) 4334:k 4330:/ 4321:k 4316:( 4291:) 4282:/ 4276:m 4271:G 4266:( 4261:t 4258:e 4253:1 4228:k 4208:) 4205:] 4200:1 4193:x 4189:, 4186:x 4183:[ 4179:Z 4175:( 4167:= 4162:m 4157:G 4133:n 4129:x 4122:x 4102:] 4097:1 4090:x 4086:, 4083:x 4080:[ 4076:Z 4069:] 4064:1 4057:x 4053:, 4050:x 4047:[ 4043:Z 4039:: 4036:f 4011:m 4006:G 3996:m 3991:G 3986:: 3981:n 3977:) 3970:( 3947:) 3942:m 3937:G 3932:( 3927:t 3924:e 3919:1 3901:Z 3867:Z 3857:) 3854:) 3849:q 3844:F 3839:( 3831:( 3826:t 3823:e 3818:1 3789:X 3781:i 3777:X 3756:) 3753:X 3749:/ 3743:i 3739:X 3735:( 3725:I 3719:i 3711:= 3708:) 3705:X 3702:( 3697:t 3694:e 3689:1 3664:) 3661:X 3658:( 3653:t 3650:e 3645:1 3594:Z 3584:) 3579:q 3574:F 3568:/ 3562:q 3552:F 3545:( 3518:Z 3514:n 3510:/ 3505:Z 3482:q 3477:F 3450:Z 3446:n 3442:/ 3437:Z 3430:) 3425:q 3420:F 3414:/ 3406:n 3402:q 3396:F 3391:( 3360:q 3355:F 3328:q 3318:F 3284:) 3280:Q 3273:Z 3257:Z 3250:( 3243:R 3233:Q 3227:A 3176:Q 3153:p 3148:Q 3136:p 3126:= 3121:f 3118:, 3114:Q 3108:A 3082:Q 3075:Z 3059:Z 3022:i 3016:2 3012:e 3001:, 2998:) 2995:1 2992:( 2989:U 2982:Z 2977:/ 2972:Q 2949:f 2946:, 2942:Q 2936:A 2894:) 2891:a 2888:q 2885:( 2876:) 2873:a 2870:, 2867:q 2864:( 2860:, 2857:) 2854:1 2851:( 2848:U 2835:Z 2824:Z 2819:/ 2814:Q 2792:Z 2787:/ 2782:R 2760:Z 2755:/ 2750:Q 2722:Z 2684:Z 2655:} 2650:! 2647:) 2644:1 2641:+ 2638:k 2635:( 2627:y 2621:x 2618:: 2613:0 2605:Z 2597:k 2594:{ 2587:1 2582:= 2579:) 2576:y 2573:, 2570:x 2567:( 2564:d 2537:Z 2505:Z 2501:n 2497:/ 2492:Z 2462:Z 2458:n 2454:/ 2449:Z 2438:1 2435:= 2432:n 2414:Z 2365:l 2361:p 2357:, 2354:. 2351:. 2348:. 2345:, 2340:1 2336:p 2311:i 2307:d 2301:i 2297:p 2291:l 2286:1 2283:= 2280:i 2272:= 2269:k 2249:k 2225:i 2221:d 2215:i 2211:p 2190:q 2170:k 2159:q 2155:n 2149:q 2141:= 2138:) 2135:k 2132:( 2129:) 2126:) 2120:, 2115:5 2111:n 2107:, 2102:3 2098:n 2094:, 2089:2 2085:n 2081:( 2078:( 2048:Z 2036:p 2031:Z 2024:p 2016:: 2000:p 1984:p 1979:Z 1972:p 1954:Z 1928:i 1924:b 1915:i 1911:a 1886:i 1882:b 1876:i 1872:p 1867:/ 1862:Z 1851:i 1847:a 1841:i 1837:p 1832:/ 1827:Z 1806:m 1802:/ 1797:Z 1790:n 1786:/ 1781:Z 1753:k 1749:a 1743:k 1739:p 1734:/ 1729:Z 1712:1 1708:a 1702:1 1698:p 1693:/ 1688:Z 1681:n 1677:/ 1672:Z 1644:k 1640:a 1634:k 1630:p 1619:1 1615:a 1609:1 1605:p 1601:= 1598:n 1575:n 1542:! 1539:k 1530:! 1527:i 1522:i 1518:c 1512:1 1506:k 1501:1 1498:= 1495:i 1482:! 1478:) 1472:1 1468:c 1462:2 1458:c 1452:3 1448:c 1441:( 1420:Z 1415:! 1412:k 1408:/ 1403:Z 1389:Z 1365:! 1362:k 1340:1 1334:k 1330:c 1326:, 1320:, 1315:3 1311:c 1307:, 1302:2 1298:c 1294:, 1289:1 1285:c 1261:i 1253:i 1249:c 1242:0 1220:i 1216:c 1193:! 1189:) 1183:1 1179:c 1173:2 1169:c 1163:3 1159:c 1152:( 1127:! 1123:) 1117:1 1113:c 1107:2 1103:c 1097:3 1093:c 1086:( 1060:, 1055:3 1051:c 1047:, 1042:2 1038:c 1034:, 1029:1 1025:c 1004:i 984:i 976:i 972:c 965:0 944:Z 935:i 931:c 921:! 918:i 913:i 909:c 898:1 895:= 892:i 884:= 881:n 857:0 851:n 820:g 817:= 814:f 794:H 781:Z 774:: 771:g 747:H 740:Z 736:: 733:f 713:H 689:. 686:) 680:, 675:2 667:n 664:, 659:1 651:n 648:( 642:n 615:Z 604:Z 600:: 565:m 555:n 542:m 529:n 522:| 515:m 495:) 486:, 481:3 471:3 460:, 455:2 445:2 434:, 429:1 419:1 411:( 408:= 358:Z 318:p 301:p 296:Z 270:p 249:Z 220:Z 216:n 212:/ 207:Z 162:p 157:Z 150:p 142:= 138:Z 134:n 130:/ 125:Z 108:= 98:Z 62:) 56:( 51:) 47:( 33:.

Index

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mathematics
ring
inverse limit
profinite completion
prime numbers
p-adic integers
Galois theory
étale homotopy theory
adeles
profinite group
integers
universal property of profinite groups
continuous
factorial number system
Chinese remainder theorem
prime factorization
ring isomorphism
surjection
compact
Hausdorff space
direct product
product topology
Tychonoff's theorem
discrete topology
Pontryagin dual
ring of finite adeles
restricted product

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