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1047:), which depicts various animals (the nightingale, the cuckoo, the cat) in a humoristic manner. However, a distinction may be drawn between "representational" music and program music properly speaking, as well as between "imitation" and "representation. Finally, there is the question of whether a deliberate expressive character is sufficient to rank as a "program".
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is program music, too, with titled movements and instrumental depictions of bird calls, country dances, and a storm. His fifteenth string quartet, Opus 132, contains a middle movement titled "Heiliger
Dankgesang eines Genesenen an die Gottheit, in der lydischen Tonart" ('A Convalescent's Holy Song of
316:. For the latter work, the composer provided this written description of the sections: "Souldiers sommons, marche of footemen, marche of horsmen, trumpetts, Irishe marche, bagpipe and the drone, flute and the droome, marche to the fighte, the battels be joyned, retreat, galliarde for the victorie."
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More traditional listeners often reject these views sharply, asserting that music can be meaningful, as well as deeply emotional, while being essentially about itself (notes, themes, keys, and so on), and without any connection to the political and societal conflicts of our own day, but consciously
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describing Wagner's Operas as a fusion of many arts (set design, choreography, poetry and so on), although it relies solely on musical aspects to illustrate a multi-faceted artistic concept such as a poem or a painting. Composers believed that the dynamics of sound that were newly possible in the
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A good deal of program music falls in between the realm of purely programmatic and purely absolute, with titles that clearly suggest an extramusical association, but no detailed story that can be followed and no musical passages that can be unequivocally identified with specific images. Examples
484:) that the "whole work can be perceived without description – it is more an expression of feelings rather than tone-painting".. Yet the work clearly contains depictions of bird calls, a babbling brook, a storm, and so on. Beethoven later returned to program music with his
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period of the 19th century, during which the concept was popular, but pieces which fit the description have long been a part of music. The term is usually reserved for purely instrumental works (pieces without singers and lyrics), and not used, for example for
1067:, which is a musical description of ascending and descending a mountain, with 22 section titles such as "Night", "Sunrise", "By the Waterfall", "In Thicket and Underbrush on the Wrong Path", "Summit", "Mists Rise" and "Storm and Descent".
355:'s earlier symphonies may be program music; for example, the composer once said that one of his earlier symphonies represents "a dialogue between God and the Sinner". It is not known which of his symphonies Haydn was referring to. His
813:. Instrumental pieces in popular music often have a descriptive title which suggests that they could be categorized as program music, and several instrumental albums are completely devoted to some programmatic idea (for example,
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During the late-nineteenth and twentieth century, the increased influence of modernism and other anti-Romantic trends contributed to a decline in esteem for program music, but audiences continued to enjoy such pieces as
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redefined the symphonic movie score) have followed the programmatic model and solidified motion picture soundtrack as its own programmatic genre. Music's power for pictorial suggestion may be said to have culminated in
276:, argue that so-called "abstract" techniques and structures are actually highly politically and socially charged, specifically, even gendered. This may be linked to a more general argument against abstraction, such as
660:
280:'s argument that it is, "necessary...for abstract meaning...to have a bodily basis". However, a more specific definition of absolute music is: music which was composed without programmatic intent, or narrative.
630:", Op. 35, after the Arabian Nights entertainments (where the heroine is depicted by a violin and whose stories include "Sinbad the Sailor") and any number of orchestral suites from his operas, including
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619:(which portrays episodes in the composer's own married life, including putting the baby to bed). Strauss is reported to have said that music can describe anything, even a teaspoon.
976:, as is suggested by titles which often consist simply of the type of composition, a numerical designation within the composer's oeuvre, and its key. Johann Sebastian Bach's
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Indeed, an entire genre sprang up in the 1920s, particularly in the Soviet Union, of picturesque music depicting machines and factories. Well-known examples include
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era. As it can invoke in the listener a specific experience other than sitting in front of a musician or musicians, it is related to the purely
Romantic idea of the
336:
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Thanksgiving to the
Divinity, in the Lydian Mode'), suggesting to some auditors that the entire work can be heard as a tonal evocation of sickness and recovery.
626:, whose colorful "musical pictures" include "Sadko", Op. 5, after the Russian Bylina, about the minstrel who sings to the Tsar of the Sea, the very famous "'
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One of the most famous programs, because it has never been definitively identified, is the secret non-musical idea or theme – the "Enigma" – that underlies
210:. Following Strauss, the genre declined and new works with explicitly narrative content are rare. Nevertheless the genre continues to exert an influence on
805:, although some popular music does have aspects in common with program music. The tradition of purely orchestral program music is continued in pieces for
1233:, and others, motion picture soundtrack took up the banner of programmatic music following the advent of "talkies". Many film composers, including
268:) music" and that music always at least conveys or evokes emotions. While non-professional listeners often claim that music has meaning (to them),
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Some composers of the
Baroque era used to design titles for their music in a fashion resembling that of Romantic program music, called the
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was a musical narration of a hyperbolically emotional love story, the main subject being an actress with whom he was in love at the time.
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Romantic orchestra of the era allowed them to focus on emotions and other intangible aspects of life much more than during the
Baroque or
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composed a number of tone poems in the 1910s and 1920s, notably three works on different aspects of the city of Rome. Gustav Holst's "
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era. At that time, perhaps more than any other, music achieved drama from its own internal resources, notably in works written in
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has poetic inscriptions in the score referring to each of the seasons, evoking spring, summer, autumn, and winter. While many
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Music that is composed to accompany a ballet is often program music, even when presented separately as a concert piece.
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897:", "La Villa Strangiato" "Red Barchetta", and "YYZ" also show their experimentalism with program music, as do parts of "
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composed for piano a series of pieces describing seeing a gallery of ten of his friend's paintings and drawings in his
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Progressive rock groups and musicians during the 1970s in particular experimented with program music, among which was
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employs the same function. This music for large orchestra depicts a train moving in the mountains of Italy.
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from 1784–1785 is another 18th century example, anticipating
Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony by twenty years.
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was thought for years to be abstract music, but in 1977 it was discovered that it was in fact dedicated to
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also includes a movement named "La tempesta" that represents a storm. A minor
Classical-era composer,
1427:, edited by Friedrich Kerst. London: Gay and Bird. (archive from 5 March 2016; accessed 11 May 2020).
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of 1899. The composer disclosed it to certain friends, but at his request they never made it public.
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161:. The narrative itself might be offered to the audience through the piece's title, or in the form of
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did provide explicit programs for many of his piano pieces and he was also the inventor of the term
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Le portrait musical de la nature, ou Grande sinfonie (Musical
Portrait of Nature or Grand Symphony)
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and the orchestration in operas are very often program music, and some film scores, such as
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Spring", the title having been a last-minute thought, but it is certainly program music.
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Composers and some theorists argue that there is indeed no such thing as true "absolute (
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Possibly the most adept at musical depiction in his program music was German composer
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associated with non-musical ideas, images, or events (poems, art works, etc.)
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218:. Similar compositional forms also exist within popular music, including the
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991:(representative) style. Some of the most notable examples were composed by
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contain programmatic elements, an example of outright program music is his
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music. Bluegrass has at least one outstanding bit of program music called
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felt a certain reluctance in writing program music, and said of his 1808
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1138:(The Steel Step, 1926). An example from outside of the Soviet Union is
939: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
773: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
429: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
214:, especially where this draws upon the techniques of 19th-century late
246:. Single-movement orchestral pieces of program music are often called
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1019:– the shepherdess) or, most notably, aspects of nature and meteors (
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492:, which depicts the departure and return of his close friend the
589:(based on episodes in the career of the legendary German figure
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The Arts
Entwined: Music and Painting in the Nineteenth Century
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Beethoven, the Man and the Artist, as Revealed in His own Words
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The term "program music" is not generally used with regard to
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40:
1625:, a musical interpretation of Japanese ghost stories by the
1537:: Paradoxes and Contradictions of Pictorial Musicalism", in
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was amused when a listener said that when she listened to
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Part of the music from the Baroque and Classical eras is
534:
wrote many short pieces of program music which he called
296:
wrote a fair amount of program music, especially for the
1459:, p. 24. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
893:("My Homeland") (1874–1879). In addition, Rush's songs "
1486:. California: University of California Press. pp.
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The term is almost exclusively applied to works in the
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Programmatic programmatic works by American composers
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Program music was perhaps less often composed in the
1541:, eds. M. L. Morton and P. L. Schmunk, p. 28–29
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or recorder concertos bear titles inspired by human
575:(portraying a dying man and his entry into heaven),
373:(not to be confused with twentieth-century composer
383:), which falls into this category. German composer
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
978:Concerto for two harpsichords in C minor, BWV 1060
157:that attempts to musically render an extramusical
1109:similarly depicted a rural steam-driven train in
526:, later orchestrated by many composers including
1035:– the sea storm). Another well-known example is
671:legend in several tone poems, most famously in
337:Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother
178:The genre culminates in the symphonic works of
1457:Feminine Endings: Music, Gender, and Sexuality
735:, suppressed by the composer for publication.
457:Program music particularly flourished in the
182:that include narrations of the adventures of
27:Instrumental musical rendition of a narrative
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1055:Program music was quite popular during the
351:. It is thought, however, that a number of
1483:The Operas of Alban Berg: Volume Two, Lulu
884:" (1980), which shows clear influences of
661:The Legend of The Invisible City of Kitezh
622:Another composer of programmatic music is
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955:Learn how and when to remove this message
789:Learn how and when to remove this message
445:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1221:Influenced by the late Romantic work of
687:Variations on an Original Theme (Enigma)
552:is perhaps best known for his tone poem
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7:
937:adding citations to reliable sources
771:adding citations to reliable sources
599:(portraying episodes in the life of
427:adding citations to reliable sources
69:adding citations to reliable sources
538:. His most famous are probably the
1099:'s incomplete orchestral fragment
723:are based on the melodic series A–
25:
809:, most notably several pieces by
705:" is another well-known example.
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1263:. Disney gave us, too, the term
984:are examples of absolute music.
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586:Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks
579:(based on the ancient legend of
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1419:Beethoven, Ludwig van (1905). “
1112:The Little Train of the Caipira
982:Piano Sonata in C major, K. 545
924:needs additional citations for
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414:needs additional citations for
56:needs additional citations for
1544:PĂ©rez-Sobrino, Paula B. 2014.
1011:– the pleasure), occupations (
739:Popular music as program music
569:. His symphonic poems include
324:In the Baroque era, Vivaldi's
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1434:"Richard Strauss: Biography"
380:Six Metamorphoses after Ovid
361:Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
194:the composer's domestic life
1508:(2001). "Programme music".
545:the Carnival of the Animals
542:and several movements from
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1533:Junod, Philippe. "The New
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572:Death and Transfiguration
555:The Sorcerer's Apprentice
523:Pictures at an Exhibition
1472:McClary, Susan (1999). .
231:European classical music
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1432:Gifford, Katya (2012).
1306:List of symphonic poems
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633:The Tale of Tsar Saltan
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865:and various genres of
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385:Justin Heinrich Knecht
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1573:, Essentials of Music
1551:Journal of Pragmatics
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1301:List of program music
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1041:Sonata representativa
505:Symphonie fantastique
306:The Fall of the Leafe
200:'s philosophy of the
1588:, for string quartet
1037:Heinrich Ignaz Biber
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905:In the Western canon
767:improve this article
717:Hanna Fuchs-Robettin
486:Piano Sonata Op. 81a
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423:improve this article
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1665:Musical terminology
1616:, Art of the States
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674:The Swan of Tuonela
643:The Golden Cockerel
616:Symphonia Domestica
601:Miguel de Cervantes
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1567:, Encyclopedia.com
1511:Grove Music Online
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18:Program Music
1670:Musical form
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1441:. Retrieved
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1404:Scruton 2001
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1380:Gifford 2012
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1356:McClary 1991
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1344:McClary 1999
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931:Please help
926:verification
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824:
814:
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785:
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765:Please help
760:verification
757:
719:. Important
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58:verification
55:
1608:Dawn Upshaw
1599:Lyric Suite
1586:Lyric Suite
1269:Max Steiner
1255:Walt Disney
1176:Film scores
1166:she "could
1148:(1923–24).
1102:Train Music
1092:Pacific 231
855:jazz fusion
851:black metal
843:space music
712:Lyric Suite
703:The Planets
605:Don Quixote
596:Don Quixote
516:. In 1874,
510:Franz Liszt
349:sonata form
340:, BWV 992.
314:The Battell
298:harpsichord
294:Renaissance
184:Don Quixote
1659:Categories
1392:Perle 1985
1332:References
1291:Film music
1250:soundtrack
1235:Paul Smith
1009:Il piacere
721:leitmotifs
707:Alban Berg
550:Paul Dukas
536:Tone Poems
490:Les Adieux
272:, such as
258:Definition
224:rock opera
212:film music
202:Ăśbermensch
91:newspapers
1248:Star Wars
1180:Prokofiev
1069:Beethoven
1013:La caccia
886:Smetana's
847:surf rock
468:Classical
345:Classical
159:narrative
155:art music
121:July 2017
1629:Ensemble
1592:AllMusic
1535:Paragone
1480:(1985).
1455:(1991).
1443:28 April
1275:See also
1260:Fantasia
1115:(1930).
1045:continuo
1027:La notte
974:absolute
945:May 2020
890:Má vlast
863:art rock
821:Vangelis
669:Kalevala
581:Don Juan
577:Don Juan
482:Pastoral
459:Romantic
1627:Kitsune
1413:Sources
1005:affects
839:new-age
835:ambient
105:scholar
1635:Portal
1494:
1463:
1423:”. In
1241:, and
1210:Eroica
1197:Dvořák
997:violin
895:Xanadu
878:Rush's
867:techno
658:, and
560:Goethe
470:eras.
244:lieder
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
1606:with
1488:18–29
1394:, 18.
1001:flute
816:China
240:opera
112:JSTOR
98:books
1492:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1445:2021
1172:feel
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365:Ovid
308:and
222:and
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1590:at
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