29:
619:
371:, a 126-seat aircraft that can travel 1,860 nmi (3,450 km; 2,140 mi) with 11,430 kg payload (25,200 lb; 11.43 t; 12.60-short-ton), which would be powered by two Progress D-236 propfans with a specific fuel burn of 0.46 lb/lbf/h (13 g/kN/s), a cruise thrust of 1.6 tonnes-force (16 kN; 3,500 lbf), and a static thrust of 8 to 9 tf (78 to 88 kN; 18,000 to 20,000 lbf)
605:
183:
DM engines had about half the rated power of the D-236. However, the anticipated improvements in takeoff performance and noise reduction did not materialize. The noise at cruise speeds reached 115 to 120 decibels, which was even higher than the noise levels produced by the lighter
Aerosila AV-68DM
347:
aircraft with twin propfan engines. The D-236 test engine replaced the right-sided D-36 aft engine that normally was used on the Yak-42 aircraft. The Yak-46 would have a base capacity of 150 seats, a range of 1,900 nautical miles (3,500 km; 2,200 mi), and a cruise speed of Mach 0.75
338:
of 10.5–11 tonnes-force (103–108 kilonewtons; 23,000–24,000 pounds-force), and an output power of 8,900 kW (12,000 hp), although it was limited to 7,050 kW (9,450 hp) on this testbed. The Yak-42E-LL testbed aircraft was flown to the 1991
417:
plunged the successor states into financial troubles, which prevented further development of the D-236 and aircraft that would use that powerplant. One post-Soviet aircraft would eventually enter service with propfans, but the
1159:"Yakovlev takes propfan lead: While development of fuel-saving propfan engines languishes in the West, work continues in the Soviet Union where recent fuel shortages have underscored the need for new engine technology"
314:
with the D-236 engine was also flown to the
Hannover ILA 90 airshow, with the engine now having eight blades on the front propeller and six blades on the back propeller. The Soviets claimed the D-236 had a true
156:
turbofan, the D-236 was the first Soviet propfan, and as of 2019 it is still one of only four different unshrouded, contra-rotating propfan engines to have flown in service or in flight testing.
409:
was to meet with a Soviet aerospace delegation to discuss involvement in the D-236 project, the engine never made it into service. Only the Tu-334 was built, but it was produced with D-436
323:. In addition, the Soviets revealed that the D-236 was intended for an unidentified four-propfan aircraft. (This aircraft was probably the An-70, which in 1990 was altered to use four
1084:
389:
airliner; proposed in 1984, the aircraft would instead be powered by two D-236 propfans, with the eight-bladed front propeller on each engine rotating at a speed of 1,100
184:
propellers typically attached on the AI-20DM. The increased noise affected radio communications and crew working conditions, so the propeller testing was quickly ended.
1687:
1209:
1865:
348:(460 kn; 850 km/h; 530 mph; 240 m/s; 780 ft/s). The D-236 finished testing on the Yak-42E-LL testbed before the end of 1991.
327:
engines instead of the previous quad-engine D-236 configuration.) In total, the D-236 flew 36 times for a total of 70 flight test hours on the Il-76.
195:
in June 1985. At that time, the propellers had 16 blades with a diameter of 4.56 metres (14.95 ft; 456 cm; 179.4 in). The blades had a
141:. Also known as the Lotarev D-236T, the three-shaft geared engine was designed in the 1980s and 1990s to power proposed propfan aircraft such as the
1234:
1048:
246:
airliner and be connected to the D-236 engine, which would be rated at 7,500 shaft kilowatts (10,000 hp). The engine was scheduled to start
1549:
242:
was not fast enough to be a propfan, and that it was simply an advanced propeller. The propfan/advanced propeller would power an unspecified
1529:
1599:
1574:
1092:
757:
929:
1680:
1105:
1347:
963:
897:
686:
726:
1312:
1124:"Yakovlev strikes back: Propfan and other high-technology derivatives of the Yak-42 airliner (NATO codename Clobber) are planned"
580:
334:
E-LL starting on March 15, 1991. The engine now had a diameter of 4.2 m (14 ft; 420 cm; 170 in), a takeoff
1034:
from the original on May 18, 2019 – via A.S. Yakovlev design bureau, Kryl'ia Rodiny (Wings of the
Motherland) magazine.
1673:
1442:
1500:
414:
176:
784:
1411:
1651:
1767:
239:
188:
1509:
1028:
1860:
1809:
1799:
703:
231:
227:
786:
Multi-disciplinary preliminary design assessments of pusher counter-rotating open rotors for civil aviation
28:
1372:
1279:
1261:
1158:
1123:
1067:
987:
857:
1020:
826:
681:
496:
446:
382:
tactical transporter that would be powered by two 8,200 kW (11,000 hp) Progress D-236 propfans
282:, the world's most powerful helicopter in production. The D-136 itself had a core that was based on the
1743:
1707:
219:
168:
propellers, was first investigated in 1979 as the powerplant for the first version of the
Ukrainian
1715:
1616:
624:
406:
203:
1568:
691:
207:
1593:
751:
266:
on the Il-76, now traveling at speeds up to Mach 0.75 with good efficiency. The D-236 used the
1696:
1639:
1631:
1604:
1579:
1555:
1545:
1521:
1416:
1391:
1383:
1353:
1343:
1294:
1253:
1245:
1201:
1174:
1166:
1139:
1131:
1097:
1059:
998:
969:
959:
903:
893:
868:
839:
831:
762:
398:
379:
275:
70:
921:
303:
1699:
1617:"Cost efficient, reliable, maintainable — these are today's primary aircraft requirements"
642:
637:
610:
475:
469:
299:
165:
1193:
1839:
1819:
1804:
1794:
1762:
1757:
1725:
1720:
1395:
1178:
722:
664:
632:
464:
455:
386:
340:
307:
259:
192:
180:
142:
90:
1257:
1143:
843:
803:
1854:
1824:
1772:
1752:
1665:
669:
659:
441:
435:
423:
419:
324:
291:
271:
267:
173:
169:
117:
1829:
1814:
824:
DiMaria, Eugene (June 10, 1985). "Soviets claim advanced propfan delivery by '89".
654:
393:
and the six-bladed back propeller turning at 1,000 rpm to lower noise and vibration
283:
200:
153:
887:
316:
278:
to drive the propellers. The
Lotarev D-136 debuted earlier in the decade on the
263:
247:
235:
196:
222:. Soviet engineers claimed that the engine would be delivered by 1989 and help
210:, and they had about 45 degrees of twist. The propellers would rotate at 1,100
1735:
1540:
Yakubovich, Nikolay
Vasilevich (2009). "Chapter 12. Plane for high altitude".
600:
286:, a 6,500 kilograms-force (14,000 pounds-force; 64 kilonewtons) static thrust
1635:
1608:
1583:
1559:
1525:
1434:
1420:
1387:
1298:
1249:
1205:
1170:
1135:
1101:
1063:
1002:
872:
835:
766:
319:
efficiency of 28 percent and a fuel savings of 30 percent over an equivalent
1739:
1643:
1578:. Vol. 130, no. 24. Zaporozhye, USSR. June 12, 1989. p. 311.
1357:
1096:. Vol. 134, no. 26. Le Bourget, France. July 1, 1991. p. 44.
973:
907:
320:
279:
134:
1492:
1382:. Vol. 140, no. 4290. Los Angeles, California, USA. p. 11.
1782:
1476:
410:
375:
287:
146:
130:
94:
1460:
1021:"ОРЛИНЫЙ ГЛАЗ ФЛОТА Самолет радиолокационного дозора и наведения Як-44Э"
804:"Antonov An-32 Cline twin-engined turboprop military transport aircraft"
1786:
1023:[Eagle eye fleet: Yak-44E radar patrol and guidance aircraft].
499:
426:, which was a larger, more powerful, and more advanced propfan engine.
402:
365:
357:
243:
223:
215:
138:
60:
48:
1290:
571:
368:
344:
335:
331:
40:
E-LL testbed aircraft, on static display at the 1991 Paris Air Show.
37:
1058:. Vol. 140, no. 4272. June 26 – July 2, 1991. p. 16.
588:: 0.2096 kg/(hp⋅h) (0.2811 kg/kWh; 0.462 lb/(hp⋅h));
230:
standards, although they were still working on a solution to lower
592:: 0.1628 kg/(hp⋅h) (0.2183 kg/kWh; 0.359 lb/(hp⋅h))
311:
295:
1594:"Progress Engine Design Bureau responsible for wide product line"
1244:. Vol. 138, no. 4237. October 10–16, 1990. p. 28.
810:(in Russian). No. 3. 2016. p. 10 – via Aviapress.
1621:
1669:
1628:
ICAO Journal: Official
Magazine of International Civil Aviation
886:
Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitriy; Komissarov, Sergey (2005).
752:"Experimental tractor propfan flight tested on Ilyushin Il-76"
390:
262:
testbed in 1987. By June 1989, it had accumulated 50 hours of
211:
1603:. Vol. 130, no. 23. Zaporozhye, USSR. p. 48.
997:. Vol. 137, no. 4217. May 23–29, 1990. p. 9.
761:. Vol. 130, no. 23. Zaporozhye, USSR. p. 51.
290:
that entered service in the previous decade and powered the
234:. The gently curved blades were efficient up to a speed of
1317:
867:. Vol. 127, no. 3963. June 8, 1985. p. 12.
258:
However, the engine didn't fly until it was mounted on an
576:
10.5–11 tf (103–108 kN; 23,000–24,000 lbf)
330:
The D-236 engine also was tested in flight on a
Yakovlev
238:
0.7, which led some
American engineers to claim that the
949:
947:
129:
was an experimental aircraft engine, a hybrid between a
1630:. Vol. 43, no. 7. July 1988. pp. 51–54.
1340:
Ilyushin IL-18/-20/-22: A versatile turboprop transport
1130:. Vol. 137, no. 4215. pp. 61–62, 65–66.
830:. Vol. 93. Euromoney Trading Limited. p. 12.
401:
propeller manufacturing division (and inventor of the
385:
The Ilyushin Il-118, an upgrade to the four-turboprop
1409:"Soviet Union may use own engines on BAe airliners".
1085:"Yakovlev displays propfan testbed at Paris Air Show"
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
356:
In addition, the Soviet Union considered using D-236
1781:
1734:
1706:
792:(PhD thesis). Cranfield University. pp. 21–22.
525:: 4.2 m (14 ft; 420 cm; 170 in)
1592:
1567:
889:Mil's heavylift helicopters: Mi-6/Mi-10/V-12/Mi-26
750:
36:The Progress D-236 propfan engine attached to the
1569:"Engine facility developing new propfan engines"
1165:. Vol. 139, no. 4267. pp. 27–28.
1014:
1012:
1194:"С.В. Дроздов. Авиационный "спецназовец" Ил-76"
778:
776:
892:. Red Star. Vol. 22. Midland Publishing.
819:
817:
1681:
1520:(in Russian). No. 9–10. pp. 54–72.
1512:[An-70: You can't close the program]
360:engines on these publicly proposed aircraft:
8:
1461:"Yakovlev Yak-42LL: Registration CCCP-42525"
1043:
1041:
956:Ilyushin IL-76: Russia's versatile airlifter
1338:Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitriy (2003).
954:Komissarov, Dmitriy; Gordon, Yefim (2001).
1688:
1674:
1666:
1200:(in Russian). No. 3. pp. 39–45.
1656:International Civil Aviation Organization
1510:"Ан-70: строить нельзя закрыть программу"
378:Il-88, a successor to the four-turboprop
302:Soviet airliners. A model of the propfan
449:(BAe-146) (proposed twin-engine variant)
172:. The front propeller was tested on the
714:
270:of the 8,500 kW (11,400 shp)
1503:from the original on October 21, 2018.
1477:"Ilyushin Il-76LL: Registration 76529"
1278:Postlethwaite, Alan (April 29, 1989).
1223:– via Ilyushin Aviation Complex.
1122:Postlethwaite, Alan (May 9–15, 1990).
988:"Soviets show Il-76 mounted 'propfan'"
729:from the original on December 3, 2013.
191:for the D-236 engine was shown at the
18:
1445:from the original on October 9, 2018.
1196:[Aviation 'commando' Il-76].
922:"D-36, series 1, 1A, 2A, 3A turbofan"
164:The D-236, an engine with unshrouded
7:
1600:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1575:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1508:Drozdov, Sergey Valerievich (2014).
1215:from the original on August 27, 2018
1093:Aviation Week & Space Technology
758:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1373:"Soviet/US engine deals take shape"
1371:Norris, Guy (October 23–29, 1991).
343:as a demonstration for the planned
152:Based on the core of the Ukrainian
1866:Ivchenko-Progress aircraft engines
1535:from the original on July 4, 2019.
1280:"Tupolev unveils propfan airliner"
858:"Soviet propeller 'not a propfan'"
687:Pratt & Whitney/Allison 578-DX
226:airliners meet the strictest U.S.
14:
1235:"TU-134 replacement decision due"
932:from the original on 13 July 2021
539:: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb);
413:engines instead of propfans. The
1289:. Vol. 135, no. 4162.
1157:Rybak, Boris (May 22–28, 1991).
783:Bellocq, Pablo (December 2012).
749:Fink, Donald E. (June 5, 1989).
617:
603:
27:
1025:Oboronnyy Zakaz (Defense Order)
547:: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb)
543:: 900 kg (2,000 lb);
422:aircraft would instead use the
397:Although in November 1991, the
274:turboshaft engine, but added a
179:in 1980, as the An-32's normal
1487:– via RussianPlanes.net.
1471:– via RussianPlanes.net.
1:
1597:. Soviet Aerospace Industry.
1591:Fink, Donald (June 5, 1989).
1572:. Soviet Aerospace Industry.
1049:"Yak propfan pops into Paris"
755:. Soviet Aerospace Industry.
723:"History - Ivchenko Progress"
1293:, Soviet Union. p. 10.
1019:Abidin, Vadim (March 2008).
149:Il-118, and Ilyushin Il-88.
1027:(in Russian). No. 18.
958:. Aerofax. pp. 43–45.
415:breakup of the Soviet Union
177:military transport aircraft
1882:
189:contra-rotating propellers
581:Specific fuel consumption
405:concept in the 1970s) of
310:that month. The Ilyushin
240:contra-rotating propeller
35:
26:
21:
1313:"Ilyushin Il-276 (SVTS)"
1240:. Moscow Aerospace '90.
1192:Drozdov, Sergey (2013).
704:List of aircraft engines
250:by the end of the year.
187:An early version of the
1342:. Aerofax. p. 47.
487:General characteristics
1161:. Commercial Engines.
160:Design and development
1744:auxiliary power units
1544:(in Russian). Eksmo.
1415:. September 7, 1989.
1054:. Paris Show Report.
827:American Metal Market
682:General Electric GE36
497:tractor-configuration
447:British Aerospace 146
306:was displayed at the
1380:Flight International
1287:Flight International
1267:on 25 November 2019.
1242:Flight International
1163:Flight International
1128:Flight International
1073:on 25 November 2019.
1056:Flight International
995:Flight International
926:SE Ivchenko-Progress
865:Flight International
649:Related development
625:Soviet Union portal
495:Three-shaft geared
407:United Technologies
206:shell over a metal
1090:. Paris Air Show.
692:Rolls-Royce RB3011
676:Comparable engines
537:Engine and gearbox
523:Propeller diameter
86:Major applications
1848:
1847:
1697:Ivchenko-Progress
1551:978-5-699-32738-6
1378:. Air Transport.
399:Hamilton Standard
380:Antonov An-12 Cub
276:planetary gearbox
123:
122:
97:Il-88 and Il-118
71:Ivchenko-Progress
1873:
1700:aircraft engines
1690:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1659:
1647:
1625:
1612:
1596:
1587:
1571:
1563:
1536:
1534:
1515:
1504:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1447:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1260:. Archived from
1239:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1104:. Archived from
1089:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1066:. Archived from
1053:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1016:
1007:
1006:
992:
984:
978:
977:
951:
942:
941:
939:
937:
918:
912:
911:
883:
877:
876:
863:. Paris Report.
862:
854:
848:
847:
821:
812:
811:
800:
794:
793:
791:
780:
771:
770:
754:
746:
731:
730:
719:
627:
622:
621:
620:
613:
608:
607:
606:
304:testbed aircraft
114:
104:
87:
57:
31:
19:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1861:Propfan engines
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1777:
1730:
1702:
1694:
1664:
1650:
1619:
1615:
1590:
1566:
1552:
1542:Unknown Antonov
1539:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:on 5 July 2019.
1108:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1010:
990:
986:
985:
981:
966:
953:
952:
945:
935:
933:
920:
919:
915:
900:
885:
884:
880:
860:
856:
855:
851:
823:
822:
815:
802:
801:
797:
789:
782:
781:
774:
748:
747:
734:
721:
720:
716:
712:
643:Kuznetsov NK-93
638:Kuznetsov NK-12
623:
618:
616:
611:Aviation portal
609:
604:
602:
599:
566:
554:
489:
484:
476:Yakovlev Yak-46
470:Yakovlev Yak-42
452:Ilyushin Il-118
432:
354:
352:Other proposals
300:Yakovlev Yak-42
256:
228:community noise
218:and 960 rpm at
166:contra-rotating
162:
112:
102:
93:
85:
56:National origin
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1708:Piston engines
1704:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1652:"ICAO Journal"
1613:
1588:
1564:
1550:
1537:
1518:Kryl'ia Rodiny
1505:
1499:(in Russian).
1489:
1473:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:(in Russian).
1426:
1401:
1363:
1348:
1330:
1304:
1270:
1226:
1198:Kryl'ia Rodiny
1184:
1149:
1114:
1076:
1037:
1008:
979:
964:
943:
913:
898:
878:
849:
813:
808:AviaKollektsia
795:
772:
732:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
695:
694:
689:
684:
673:
672:
667:
665:Progress D-436
662:
657:
646:
645:
640:
635:
633:Europrop TP400
629:
628:
614:
598:
595:
594:
593:
577:
565:
562:
561:
560:
553:
550:
549:
548:
531:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
488:
485:
483:
482:Specifications
480:
479:
478:
473:
467:
465:Tupolev Tu-334
462:
461:Ilyushin Il-88
459:
456:Ilyushin Il-76
453:
450:
444:
439:
431:
428:
395:
394:
387:Ilyushin Il-18
383:
372:
353:
350:
341:Paris Air Show
308:Paris Air Show
260:Ilyushin Il-76
255:
252:
193:Paris Air Show
181:Ivchenko AI-20
161:
158:
143:Tupolev Tu-334
127:Progress D-236
121:
120:
115:
113:Developed from
109:
108:
105:
99:
98:
91:Tupolev Tu-334
88:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
16:Propfan engine
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1878:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
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670:Progress D-27
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424:Progress D-27
421:
420:Antonov An-70
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292:Antonov An-72
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272:Lotarev D-136
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268:gas generator
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170:Antonov An-70
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154:Progress D-36
150:
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118:Lotarev D-136
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1481:. Retrieved
1479:(in Russian)
1465:. Retrieved
1463:(in Russian)
1453:Bibliography
1438:
1429:
1412:The Engineer
1410:
1404:
1379:
1366:
1339:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1319:(in Russian)
1316:
1307:
1286:
1273:
1262:the original
1241:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1197:
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1152:
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1106:the original
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1068:the original
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1024:
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934:. Retrieved
925:
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697:
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675:
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655:Lotarev D-36
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589:
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579:
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557:
544:
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504:
492:
430:Applications
396:
355:
329:
284:Lotarev D-36
264:flight tests
257:
254:Flight tests
248:flight tests
201:carbon fiber
186:
163:
151:
126:
124:
103:Number built
1736:Turboshafts
564:Performance
558:Compressor:
534:Dry weight:
317:aerodynamic
232:cabin noise
197:glass fiber
137:known as a
1855:Categories
1740:turboprops
710:References
552:Components
77:First run
1783:Turbofans
1636:1014-8876
1609:0005-2175
1584:0005-2175
1560:436878639
1526:0130-2701
1421:0013-7758
1396:A11411898
1388:0015-3710
1323:April 23,
1299:0015-3710
1250:0015-3710
1206:0130-2701
1179:A10813997
1171:0015-3710
1136:0015-3710
1102:0005-2175
1064:0015-3710
1003:0015-3710
873:0015-3710
836:0002-9998
767:0005-2175
541:Propeller
529:Diameter:
472:(testbed)
458:(testbed)
438:(testbed)
321:turboprop
280:Mil Mi-26
204:composite
135:turboprop
1787:propfans
1644:22283622
1530:Archived
1501:Archived
1483:July 14,
1467:July 14,
1443:Archived
1358:52195311
1258:A8987476
1219:July 15,
1210:Archived
1144:A8494186
1029:Archived
974:47676935
930:Archived
908:62343294
844:A3810423
727:Archived
597:See also
570:Maximum
411:turbofan
376:Ilyushin
288:turbofan
147:Ilyushin
131:turbofan
95:Ilyushin
1493:"An-32"
1435:"D-236"
936:27 July
586:Takeoff
505:Length:
500:propfan
403:propfan
366:Tupolev
358:propfan
244:Antonov
224:Antonov
216:takeoff
139:propfan
61:Ukraine
49:Propfan
1810:AI-322
1800:AI-222
1768:AI-450
1642:
1634:
1607:
1582:
1558:
1548:
1524:
1497:Airwar
1439:Airwar
1419:
1394:
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1291:Moscow
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906:
896:
871:
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834:
765:
590:Cruise
572:thrust
517:Height
369:Tu-334
345:Yak-46
336:thrust
332:Yak-42
298:, and
220:cruise
133:and a
38:Yak-42
22:D-236
1840:D-436
1835:D-236
1820:D-18T
1805:AI-25
1795:AI-22
1773:D-136
1763:AI-24
1758:AI-20
1746:(APU)
1726:AI-26
1721:AI-14
1533:(PDF)
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1376:(PDF)
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1265:(PDF)
1238:(PDF)
1213:(PDF)
1109:(PDF)
1088:(PDF)
1071:(PDF)
1052:(PDF)
1032:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
790:(PDF)
545:Total
511:Width
493:Type:
312:Il-76
296:An-74
80:1985
45:Type
1830:D-36
1825:D-27
1815:DV-2
1785:and
1753:AI-9
1742:and
1716:AI-4
1640:OCLC
1632:ISSN
1622:DjVu
1605:ISSN
1580:ISSN
1556:OCLC
1546:ISBN
1522:ISSN
1485:2019
1469:2019
1417:ISSN
1392:Gale
1384:ISSN
1354:OCLC
1344:ISBN
1325:2019
1295:ISSN
1254:Gale
1246:ISSN
1221:2019
1202:ISSN
1175:Gale
1167:ISSN
1140:Gale
1132:ISSN
1098:ISSN
1060:ISSN
999:ISSN
970:OCLC
960:ISBN
938:2021
904:OCLC
894:ISBN
869:ISSN
840:Gale
832:ISSN
763:ISSN
374:The
364:The
236:Mach
208:spar
199:and
125:The
507:N/A
391:rpm
214:at
212:rpm
1857::
1654:.
1638:.
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1495:.
1437:.
1390:.
1352:.
1315:.
1285:.
1252:.
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1173:.
1138:.
1126:.
1040:^
1011:^
993:.
968:.
946:^
928:.
924:.
902:.
838:.
816:^
806:.
775:^
735:^
725:.
294:,
145:,
107:5
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1689:e
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1620:(
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1301:.
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1005:.
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910:.
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846:.
769:.
583::
574::
519::
513::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
