389:
581:"The Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance, 2020 applies to everyone belonging to any religion, provides for the regulation of conversion through prescribed declaration and giving notice to authorities for ruling out unlawful conversions based on misrepresentation, force, undue influence, coercion, allurement, fraudulent means, marriages etc. It rightly provides that the marriages done for sole purpose of unlawful conversion can be declared void by the family courts on a petition by any of the two parties in a marriage"
420:' would be passed by his government. Following the publication of the draft and assent of the bill, some commentators distanced themselves from attaching the phrase "love jihad" to the bill. While some media reported that the law was related to "love jihad", even calling the ordinance the 'love jihad law' and 'love jihad ordinance'; the law itself contains no mention of love jihad. Days before the ordinance, on 17 October, the Yogi Adityanath government launched 'Mission Shakti', a six-month campaign for the safety and security of women in the state.
29:
542:, a mob chased the family of an accused in a case where the 'victim' has denied allegations of 'love jihad' while the police is still searching for the accused. There were also reports of Uttar Pradesh police refusing to register cases under the provisions of 'love jihad law' when the complainants were muslim women who converted to Hinduism for marrying Hindu men but were later rejected by their husbands after marriage.
398:
522:
was to
Christianity. In 8 cases, the women gave statements saying that they are a friend or in a relationship with the accused person and in one case, there was a married couple. The onus to prove that the conversions were not forced was placed on the convert and the accused. In only 2 cases, the complaint was made by girls themselves, including one case in
509:"It is a fact that the two were in love. She knew that he was a Muslim and went to the court to marry him, Now that we received a complaint of forceful conversion, we registered the case and made the arrest. Whether it is justified or not, is for the court to decide. In such cases, the girl's statement is sacrosanct."
521:
and used by them to stop interfaith marriages between consenting adults and prosecute them for it. Within 1 month of passing the law, 14 cases were initiated and 51 arrests made. Of these, 13 cases alleged that Hindu women were converted to Islam and in the one case it was alleged that the conversion
479:
The law makes conversion non-bailable with up to 10 years of jail time if undertaken unlawfully, that is if "done through misrepresentation, force, undue influence, coercion, allurement, fraudulent means" or solely for marriage. The ordinance also lays down provisions related to mass conversions. The
242:
An amendment to the ordinance was passed in July 2024, strengthening it. There will now be harsher provisions in the anti-conversion laws, such as life in prison. The legislation has changed to specifically for anyone who threaten, attack, marry, promise to marry, plot, or traffic women, minors, or
500:
A few hours after the ordinance came into effect, the first case was filed. Muskan Jahan, then 3 months pregnant, was the first woman detained under the new ordinance. She was sent to a 'protection home' after her husband was arrested where she suffered a miscarriage allegedly due to negligence by
370:
In 2019, the Uttar
Pradesh State Law Commission under Justice Aditya Nath Mittal had compiled a report on unlawful religious conversion and proposed a draft Uttar Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 2019. The long title of the draft bill stated: "to provide freedom of religion by prohibition of
533:
In another incident, Uttar
Pradesh police stopped a Muslim wedding ceremony and detained the couple for a night inside the police station mistaking the bride as a converted Hindu woman on the basis of rumours. An interfaith couple has also fled Uttar Pradesh and sought protection in
388:
54:
An
Ordinance to provide for prohibition of unlawful conversion from one religion to another by misrepresentation, force, undue influence, coercion, allurement or by any fraudulent means or by marriage and for the matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
335:
have said that conversion is not a casual matter. In 2014, the
Allahabad High Court stated in a judgement that if conversion "is resorted to merely with the object of creating a ground for some claim of right" it would be "a fraud upon the law". The
371:
conversion from one religion to another by misrepresentation, force, undue influence, coercion, allurement or by any fraudulent means or by marriage and for the matters connected therewith or incidental thereto." The commission stated that the
1259:
570:. The criticism is largely focused on denying the right to freedom of religion and restricting women's rights to choose their partner. In December 2020, 104 former bureaucrats have written an open letter to Chief minister
223:
The law makes religious conversion non-bailable with up to 10 years of jail time if undertaken through misinformation, unlawfully, forcefully, allurement or other allegedly fraudulent means. The law also requires that
239:. However, the law itself contains no mention of love jihad. The ordinance was passed days after the Yogi Adityanath government launched 'Mission Shakti', a campaign for the safety and security of women in the state.
1863:
451:: means any gift, gratification, easy money or material benefit either in cash or kind, employment, free education in a reputed school run by any religious body ,a etter lifestyle, divine pleasure ,,r otherwise.
1921:
1153:
1425:
359:
574:
asking him to repeal the law. They alleged that UP "has become the epicentre of politics of hate, division and bigotry and the institutions of governance are now steeped in communal poison".
162:
Unlawful
Conversion, Unlawful inter-faith marriages, Allurement, Convincing for Conversion, Force, Fraudulent, Coercion, Undue Influence, Minor, Religion, Mass Conversion, Religion Convertor
406:(Left) Chief Minister Adityanath told a gathering on 31 October 2020 that his government will make a law to curb "love jihad". (Right) The law was given assent by Governor Anandiben Patel.
946:
1346:
1661:
1128:
1399:
868:
1837:
501:
authorities. Both were later released after a court found no evidence of 'love jihad'. In relation to another case being brought before the police, a senior police officer in
1713:
602:
In 2007 "the
Himachal Pradesh High Court struck down section 4 of the Act and Rules 3 and 5 of the Himachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Rules 2007, which implement the Act."
1688:
265:
including Kota, Patna, Surguja, Udaipur, and
Kalahandi passed laws restricting religious conversions "in an attempt to preserve Hindu religious identity against Muslims."
1260:"'Right To Choose A Partner Of Choice A Fundamental Right': Allahabad High Court Says The Judgments Which Held 'Conversion For The Purpose Of Marriage Only' Not Good Law"
1561:
785:
492:. But experts point out that the vague framing of law makes it easy for the police to interrogate any interfaith marriage and harass Muslim men and interfaith couples.
243:
anybody else with the objective of converting them. These acts are now classified as serious crimes. Penalties for such offenses range from 20 years to life in prison.
720:
577:
In
January 2021, 224 retired judges, civil servants, diplomats, armed forces veterans wrote a letter to the CM in support of the UP law against 'unlawful conversion'.
436:
judgement in 2020 as one of the basis for the new law. However, the court later commented on the same judgement, overriding it by saying that it was "not good law".
1636:
1282:
67:
1233:
232:. The law also encompasses strict action for mass conversion, including cancellation of registration of social organisation involve in mass religious conversion.
840:
893:
1609:
1371:
1320:
1043:
813:
1887:
1583:
550:
In the first conviction under the Uttar
Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021 (Anti-Love Jihad Act), a Muslim youth in the state's
351:
nulled the marriage on the basis that if someone "feigns to have adopted another religion just for some worldly gain or benefit" it was "religious bigotry".
1812:
1181:
1762:
752:
688:
1787:
1940:
1456:
1481:
1950:
475:: refers to a person of any religion who converts to another, regardless of the title they go by, such as Mulla, Father, Karmkandi, or Maulvi.
1893:(Report) (Updated ed.). Library of Congress. The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center. (published 2017). Archived from
998:
1737:
1206:
635:
457:: forcing someone to do something against their will by employing physical force or psychological coercion that threatens or injures them.
1514:
554:
district was given a five-year prison sentence for attempting to marry a Hindu girl under false pretenses by concealing his religion.
213:
1296:
1102:
502:
1006:
355:
305:
142:
1076:
328:
government in Himachal Pradesh in 2006. The 2020 UP ordinance contains similar grounds as what was mentioned in these laws.
1864:"Over 200 retired judges, civil servants, diplomats, armed forces veterans support UP law against 'unlawful conversion'"
362:(USCIRF) "no individual has been convicted of forced conversions in India" and the "laws have resulted in few arrests".
252:
1945:
209:
125:
1894:
114:
1662:"UP's 'love jihad law' partisan towards muslim women? Police refuses to take cognisance of cases involving them"
947:"'Love jihad' laws: Announcements by BJP state govts raise political storm; myths, half-truths add fuel to fire"
562:
Numerous experts have described the law as unconstitutional including former Law Commission chairman Justice
1539:
348:
190:
216:
cleared the ordinance on 24 November 2020 following which it was approved and signed by state Governor
526:
where a woman was brought by the Bajrang Dal to file a case who claimed that she was enchanted with a
1234:"'Not good in law': Allahabad HC overrides order that held conversion just for marriage unacceptable"
481:
433:
332:
225:
1515:"1 month of love jihad law in UP: 51 arrests made, 14 cases lodged, only 2 complaints from victims"
786:"Religious conversions bill: UP cabinet passes ordinance to check 'unlawful' religious conversions"
489:
485:
229:
205:
1689:"UP Court Sentences Man To Five Years In Jail In First Conviction Under UP 'Anti Love Jihad' Law"
539:
1584:"Love jihad: UP police stop muslim couple's wedding based on rumours, groom allegedly beaten up"
1838:"104 ex bureaucrats write to Yogi Adityanadh; UP is now epicentre of politics of hate, bigotry"
1714:"Muslim youth sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment in first conviction under UP 'Love Jihad' law"
1763:"UP's anti-love jihad law has many defects, cannot be sustained, says ex-SC judge Madan Lokur"
1540:"1 month of UP 'love jihad' law: 14 cases, 49 in jail, woman 'victim' complainant in only two"
901:
760:
696:
563:
488:. Uttar Pradesh Law Commission says that the proposed law does not include any restriction on
372:
814:"Draft UP law on 'love jihad' proposes 5-yr jail, marriage annulment for 'forced conversion'"
1129:"'Your Ram Naam Satya journey will begin': CM Yogi's warning on 'love jihad', conversations"
535:
1426:"Love Jihad: no evidence, court allows release of man; ultrasound confirms wife miscarried"
1182:"Yogi govt approves 'love jihad' ordinance with 3-10 years of jail term, Rs 50,000 penalty"
869:"Uttar Pradesh: Yogi Adityanath launches Mission Shakti for security of women in the state"
571:
429:
413:
321:
217:
109:
337:
262:
181:
1610:"Fearing love jihad allegations, interfaith couple flees UP; seek protection in delhi"
611:
As of November 2020, 'Love jihad' is a term not recognized by the Indian legal system.
28:
1934:
1788:"UP's anti-conversion law attacks muslims, infantilises women and curbs dalit rights"
1321:"Muslim teenager in UP arrested under love jihad law for walking with a hindu friend"
664:
1457:""We operate freely now": How hindu groups are driving UP's crackdown on love jihad"
841:"Mission Shakti — UP: 400 cases of crimes against women, children on priority list"
397:
1482:"UP: Despite consensual marriage, muslim man arrested under new 'love jihad law'"
1044:"UP clears 'love jihad' law: 10-year jail, cancelling marriage if for conversion"
971:"Smt. Noor Jahan Begum ... vs State Of U.P. & 4 Others on 16 December, 2014"
721:"UP Governor Anandiben Patel gives assent to ordinance on 'unlawful conversion'"
567:
518:
342:
258:
417:
236:
45:
905:
764:
700:
340:
government in Uttar Pradesh at the time took a similar stand. In the case of
197:
Uttara Pradēśa Vidhi Virudha Dharma Saṁparivartana Pratiśēdha Adhyādēśa, 2020
1637:"Firozabad: woman denies love jihad charge, mob chases man's family members"
1347:"Uttar Pradesh files first case within hours of getting anti-conversion law"
651:
Most media reports have referred to it as an ordinance against 'love jihad'
1400:"Woman detained under UP's new law against love jihad suffers miscarriage"
1283:
Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020
1207:"Allahabad HC says previous orders on interfaith marriages not 'good law'"
178:
Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020
22:
Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020
1562:"About 35 arrests, dozen FIRs as UP 'love jihad' law completes one month"
970:
665:"India's Biggest State Passes Law Based on Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theory"
636:"What UP govt's new anti-conversion law says, and origin of 'love jihad'"
538:
from Uttar Pradesh police applying the law against them. In a village in
514:
325:
320:
Laws prohibiting conversion have been passed under various governments —
999:"State Government in India's Uttar Pradesh Proposes Anti-Conversion Law"
1738:"UP love jihad law must be struck down immediately: Justice A. P. Shah"
1372:"First case under religious conversion law registered in UP's Bareilly"
1154:"UP clears ordinance to 'stop love jihad'; provision for 1-5 year jail"
551:
523:
235:
The ordinance was passed amid media publicity and heated debate over
1103:"UP CM to Make 'Love Jihad' Law, Warns of 'Ram Naam Satya' Journey"
469:: means impersonation by false name, surname, of religious symbols.
1813:"Love Jihad: A present day variant of the anti-miscegenation laws"
463:: by renouncing one's own religion and adopting another religion.
186:उत्तर प्रदेश धर्म विधि विरुद्ध धर्म संपरिवर्तन प्रतिषेध अध्यादेश
273:
Prior legislation passed in India to check conversion include:
894:"UP govt passes stricter 'love jihad' law, includes life term"
923:
921:
1077:"Adityanath Cabinet Approves Ordinance Against 'Love Jihad'"
753:"Jail term, fine for 'illegal' conversions in Uttar Pradesh"
689:"Jail term, fine for 'illegal' conversions in Uttar Pradesh"
1297:"Uttar Pradesh ordinance on Religious Conversion explained"
360:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
228:
for marriage in Uttar Pradesh has to be approved by a
195:
156:
131:
121:
105:
97:
89:
81:
73:
63:
35:
21:
484:for marriage in Uttar Pradesh to be approved by a
366:Uttar Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 2019 draft
1152:Gaur, Vatsala; Sharma, Aman (24 November 2020).
1066:The Uttar Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 2019.
1886:Ahmad, Tariq; Kumar, Supreetha (October 2018).
579:
507:
300:Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 1978
140:Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 1978
311:Himachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 2006
151:Madhya Pradesh Freedom of Religion Bill, 2020
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
147:Himachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act 2006
8:
412:On 31 October, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister
375:is "not sufficient" to prevent conversions.
297:Madhya Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 1968
1026:
927:
257:Prior to India's independence, during the
27:
354:According to human rights bodies such as
314:Uttarakhand Freedom of Religion Act, 2018
149:Uttarakhand Freedom of Religion Act, 2018
624:
595:
286:Udaipur State Anti-Conversion Act, 1946
51:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1424:Singh, Kanwardeep (19 December 2020).
1393:
1391:
1345:Singh, Kanwardeep (30 November 2020).
784:Lalchandani, Neha (25 November 2020).
18:
1513:Mishra, Abhishek (29 December 2020).
1455:Bhardwaj, Ananya (26 December 2020).
1228:
1226:
1175:
1173:
1037:
1035:
993:
991:
940:
938:
936:
863:
861:
7:
1922:Policing faith: On 'love jihad' laws
1564:. Deccan Chronicle. 26 December 2020
1370:Abhishek, Kumar (29 November 2020).
835:
833:
807:
805:
747:
745:
743:
741:
630:
628:
324:government in Odisha in 1968 ;
294:Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967
138:Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967
1888:State Anti-conversion Laws in India
1635:Mishra, Avaneesh (8 January 2021).
1180:Srivastava, Prashant (2020-11-24).
812:Srivastava, Prashant (2020-11-22).
663:Perrigo, Billy (25 November 2020).
1127:Bajpai, Namita (31 October 2020).
280:Raigarh State Conversion Act, 1936
14:
1301:Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news
1295:Roy, Debayan (29 November 2020).
566:& former Supreme Court judge
396:
387:
283:Surguja State Apostasy Act, 1942
1941:Uttar Pradesh state legislation
1687:Upadhyay, Sparsh (2022-09-21).
1542:. Indianexpress. 9 January 2021
1258:Upadhyay, Sparsh (2020-11-23).
1007:International Christian Concern
945:Tanna, Kartikeya (2020-11-23).
356:International Christian Concern
306:Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act
143:Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act
1920:Editorial (27 November 2020).
1042:Seth, Maulshree (2020-11-25).
424:Allahabad High Court judgement
416:announced that a law to curb '
333:High Courts across the country
1:
1951:Religious conversion in India
428:Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister
1398:Raju, S (13 December 2020).
379:Usage of the term love jihad
269:Prior conversion legislation
253:Freedom of religion in India
204:by most of the media, is an
16:Anti-conversion law in India
1205:Rehman, Asad (2020-11-25).
444:The ordinance defines as:
214:Uttar Pradesh state cabinet
210:Government of Uttar Pradesh
196:
126:Government of Uttar Pradesh
85:Uttar Pradesh State Cabinet
1967:
250:
68:UP Ordinance No.21 of 2020
185:
166:
161:
136:
115:Governor of Uttar Pradesh
40:
36:Uttar Pradesh Legislature
26:
1133:The New Indian Express
1027:Ahmad & Kumar 2018
928:Ahmad & Kumar 2018
583:
513:The law has empowered
511:
200:), referred to as the
1712:Pandey,DHNS, Sanjay.
873:The Financial Express
558:Criticism and support
482:religious conversions
251:Further information:
226:religious conversions
220:on 28 November 2020.
530:(religious locket).
434:Allahabad High Court
277:Before Independence
490:interfaith marriage
486:district magistrate
331:Jurisprudence from
291:After Independence
230:district magistrate
206:anti-conversion law
132:Related legislation
1946:2020 in Indian law
1900:on 17 October 2020
1844:. 30 December 2020
1668:. 10 December 2020
1616:. 21 December 2020
1590:. 11 December 2020
1351:The Times of India
1240:. 23 November 2020
1211:The Indian Express
1158:The Economic Times
1083:. 24 November 2020
1048:The Indian Express
898:The Times of India
845:The Indian Express
790:The Times of India
480:law requires that
473:Religion converter
74:Territorial extent
1870:. 4 January 2021.
1488:. 7 December 2020
515:Hindu nationalist
373:Indian Penal Code
345:vs Union of India
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546:First conviction
536:Delhi High Court
517:groups like the
400:
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137:
117:
101:28 November 2020
98:Assented to
93:24 November 2020
31:
19:
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1915:Further reading
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930:, p. 4–18.
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1767:The Scroll
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619:References
564:A. P. Shah
467:Fraudulent
461:Conversion
449:Allurement
440:Provisions
418:Love Jihad
247:Background
237:love jihad
46:Long title
1568:18 August
1546:18 August
1461:The Print
1238:Scroll.in
951:Firstpost
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