52:
1213:
653:
832:
1131:, the program was reevaluated in consultation with foreign experts. The result was a widened focus to strengthen the competitiveness of China in the global economy. The evaluation practice has been included into the program as a project management system.
1545:
1747:
1443:
681:
2231:
1083:
722:
intended to stimulate the development of advanced technologies in a wide range of fields for the purpose of rendering China independent of financial obligations for foreign technologies. It was inspired by the
488:
408:
308:
189:
61:
1124:, the program continued to operate through the two five-year plans that followed, with state financing of around 11 billion RMB and an output of around 2000 patents (national and international).
51:
600:
674:
1076:
1016:
667:
582:
1575:
1128:
1121:
1433:
1231:
1069:
815:
1580:
78:
781:
1643:
1698:
1318:
1364:
357:
2210:
769:
621:
42:
1438:
295:
88:
425:
1992:
1036:
1031:
1026:
823:
1887:
1862:
1021:
495:
253:
1720:
103:
1568:"Foreign Spies Stealing US Economic Secrets in Cyberspace: Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage, 2009-2011"
430:
385:
390:
2190:
2109:
2073:
2045:
1817:
1684:
1539:
1138:
was found guilty of stealing commercial secrets from US-based corporations and passing at least some of this information to the 863 program.
967:
2114:
570:
263:
176:
1613:
784:, the 863 program "provides funding and guidance for efforts to clandestinely acquire US technology and sensitive economic information."
577:
285:
171:
1506:
2205:
2169:
93:
550:
223:
2119:
2078:
1294:
395:
290:
565:
2164:
2149:
2129:
2030:
979:
325:
206:
151:
1529:
2144:
2139:
1957:
1907:
1871:
1226:
1048:
1042:
555:
540:
216:
1567:
2195:
2020:
962:
258:
1823:
1635:
1855:
991:
719:
711:
699:
273:
2236:
2094:
2010:
1897:
949:
942:
724:
156:
98:
68:
1784:
415:
2200:
2159:
2154:
2099:
2005:
1982:
1751:
1473:
842:
1333:
470:
2134:
2124:
2000:
1967:
1962:
1912:
1273:(6 August 2002). "The progress of communication technology subject of hi-tech research development plan of China".
849:
435:
2104:
2068:
2063:
1952:
1676:
545:
370:
362:
1937:
904:
525:
500:
475:
335:
268:
146:
118:
1848:
1434:"Press Conference on the "Launch and Implementation of the National Key R&D Program": Summary Transcript"
1394:"The Futurists of Beijing: Alvin Toffler, Zhao Ziyang, and China's "New Technological Revolution," 1979–1991"
1275:
WCC 2000 - ICCT 2000. 2000 International
Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings (Cat. No.00EX420)
2025:
1977:
1947:
1902:
1668:
China's Techno-warriors: National
Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear to the Information Age
931:
510:
440:
315:
2040:
1942:
1241:
1160:
996:
985:
972:
375:
211:
123:
1726:
1972:
1917:
1053:
856:
800:
560:
340:
33:
2035:
1882:
1672:
921:
892:
875:
587:
450:
228:
141:
73:
1932:
936:
777:
610:
320:
240:
235:
166:
161:
2055:
1356:
1312:
1300:
1191:
1176:
1135:
636:
631:
605:
136:
108:
1725:, Ministry of Science & Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST), archived from
1605:
1922:
1892:
1813:
1690:
1680:
1666:
1535:
1415:
1290:
1197:
1181:
955:
911:
641:
352:
345:
1334:"China's Hybrid Adaptive Bureaucracy: The Case of the 863 Program for Science and Technology"
2015:
1498:
1405:
1348:
1282:
1155:
926:
916:
758:
626:
535:
465:
887:
515:
380:
201:
1927:
898:
728:
330:
245:
113:
2225:
1360:
1150:
1117:
1105:
1097:
761:
746:
731:
520:
1304:
1100:), the 863 Program was proposed in a letter to the Chinese government by scientists
1218:
1113:
754:
657:
196:
1840:
505:
1807:
1187:
Since 1986, two more fields have been brought under the umbrella of the program:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1109:
1101:
880:
765:
750:
742:
735:
530:
445:
128:
1722:
Science & Technology
Newsletter No.380: 863 Program Creates RMB 56 Billion
1410:
1393:
1208:
1171:
420:
83:
1774:
1419:
1286:
1694:
1270:
831:
455:
764:, who approved the program within 2 days. The program was initially led by
17:
1743:
1465:
1779:
796:
788:
1352:
1278:
1096:
Named after its date of establishment (March 1986, 86/3 by the
Chinese
787:
Among the products known to have resulted from the 863 program are the
1466:"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"
1748:
Ministry of
Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
1165:
460:
1146:
The program initially focused on seven key technological fields:
718:) is a program funded and administered by the government of the
1844:
773:
772:
at the time, and received a governmental fund of 10 billion
1636:"Scientific Innovation and China's Military Modernization"
1531:
1528:
Karplus, Valerie J.; Deng, Xing Wang (17 December 2007).
2232:
Science and technology in the People's
Republic of China
1775:"Chinese scientist Huang Kexue jailed for trade theft"
1576:
Office of the
National Counterintelligence Executive
2178:
2087:
2054:
1991:
1232:
Allegations of intellectual property theft by China
1744:"National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program)"
738:into the "National Key R&D Program" in 2016.
1764:: 1. Orientation and Objectives, 2. Major Tasks.
782:National Counterintelligence and Security Center
741:On March 3, 1986, the program was suggested by
1332:Zhi, Qiang; Pearson, Margaret M. (July 2017).
43:History of the People's Republic of China
1856:
1134:In a 2011 court case, Chinese-born scientist
1077:
791:computer processor family (originally named
675:
8:
2211:National Natural Science Foundation of China
776:in 1986, which accounts for 5% of the total
1439:Center for Security and Emerging Technology
296:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
89:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
1863:
1849:
1841:
1606:"Designing Quad-Core Loongson-3 Processor"
1317:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1084:
1070:
824:History of science and technology in China
810:
682:
668:
37:
1534:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1409:
1262:
822:
104:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
40:
1616:from the original on 22 September 2022
1509:from the original on 20 September 2022
1370:from the original on 20 September 2022
1310:
1120:. After its implementation during the
1738:
1736:
1586:from the original on 29 December 2023
7:
1787:from the original on 5 November 2022
1499:"1986年邓小平亲自决策启动"863"计划--邓小平纪念网--人民网"
1493:
1491:
1387:
1385:
734:in 1983, and was absorbed alongside
571:2020 Hong Kong national security law
264:Campaign against spiritual pollution
1826:from the original on 5 January 2024
1812:(in German). 五洲传播出版社. p. 109.
1754:from the original on 6 January 2023
1701:from the original on 5 January 2024
1646:from the original on 3 October 2022
1548:from the original on 5 January 2024
1476:from the original on 6 January 2023
1446:from the original on 3 October 2023
286:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
2206:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
431:South–North Water Transfer Project
358:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy
254:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign
94:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
32:For the manned space program, see
25:
1392:Gewirtz, Julian (February 2019).
396:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
391:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation
291:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration
34:Chinese space program#Project 863
1211:
830:
708:State High-Tech Development Plan
651:
207:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
152:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
50:
1872:Science and technology in China
1809:Chinas Wissenschaft und Technik
1227:Science and technology in China
780:that year. According to the US
556:China International Import Expo
2196:Chinese Academy of Engineering
2011:History of measurement systems
1017:Neolithic and early Bronze Age
715:
703:
259:Sino-British Joint Declaration
1:
551:China–United States trade war
224:China–United States relations
1665:Feigenbaum, Evan A. (2003).
1398:The Journal of Asian Studies
725:Strategic Defense Initiative
566:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
157:Socialist Education Movement
2201:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2253:
720:People's Republic of China
31:
27:Chinese technology program
1878:
1677:Stanford University Press
1411:10.1017/S0021911818002619
857:the Four Great Inventions
546:Xinjiang internment camps
521:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou
371:China Western Development
363:Persecution of Falun Gong
1287:10.1109/ICCT.2000.889157
526:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit
501:Belt and Road Initiative
496:Anti-corruption campaign
336:One country, two systems
269:Bourgeois liberalization
147:Two Bombs, One Satellite
119:Hundred Flowers Campaign
2179:Institutes and programs
1888:Artificial intelligence
799:supercomputers and the
757:in a letter to China's
446:Three Links with Taiwan
441:2008 Sichuan earthquake
416:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
316:Shanghai Stock Exchange
1242:State Key Laboratories
1161:Information technology
1122:Seventh Five-Year Plan
583:2020–2021 reform spree
541:Persecution of Uyghurs
471:West–East Gas Pipeline
376:Hainan Island incident
217:Special economic zones
212:Reforms and Opening Up
124:Anti-Rightist Campaign
2021:History of metallurgy
1442:. 13 September 2021.
436:Qinghai–Tibet railway
341:Handover of Hong Kong
2110:Computer programmers
1783:. 22 December 2011.
1673:Stanford, California
1129:Tenth Five-Year Plan
950:Traditional medicine
943:Units of measurement
588:2022 Winter Olympics
489:2012–present: Xi era
451:2008 Summer Olympics
386:Accession to the WTO
326:Deng's southern tour
309:1989–2002: Jiang era
142:Great Chinese Famine
99:First five-year plan
74:Land Reform Movement
2237:Technology transfer
2191:Research institutes
2115:Computer scientists
2074:Research institutes
1898:Automotive industry
1729:on 20 November 2014
1127:In 2001, under the
843:List of discoveries
801:Shenzhou spacecraft
778:government spending
321:Pudong New District
241:Sino-Vietnamese War
236:Four Modernizations
190:1976–1989: Deng era
177:Richard Nixon visit
167:Cultural Revolution
1983:Telecommunications
1610:english.ict.cas.cn
1353:10.1111/gove.12245
1192:Telecommunications
850:List of inventions
426:Visit of Lien Chan
137:Great Leap Forward
109:Bandung Conference
62:1949–1976: Mao era
2219:
2218:
2170:Social scientists
1819:978-7-5085-0671-5
1686:978-0-8047-4601-4
1541:978-0-387-71138-6
1503:cpc.people.com.cn
1198:Marine technology
1094:
1093:
1043:People's Republic
692:
691:
578:COVID-19 pandemic
409:2002–2012: Hu era
346:Handover of Macau
229:Three Communiqués
172:UN representation
16:(Redirected from
2244:
2120:Earth scientists
2069:Higher education
2064:Academic grading
2046:Military history
2041:Maritime history
1953:Renewable energy
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1806:Ke, Yan (2005).
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1579:. October 2011.
1572:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1281:. pp. 3–4.
1267:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1116:and endorsed by
1086:
1079:
1072:
1045:
988:
952:
945:
901:
859:
852:
845:
834:
811:
770:Premier of China
759:paramount leader
717:
705:
684:
677:
670:
658:China portal
656:
655:
654:
536:9th BRICS summit
466:Three Gorges Dam
54:
45:
38:
21:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2174:
2165:Science writers
2150:Pharmacologists
2145:Nobel laureates
2130:Food scientists
2083:
2079:Science museums
2050:
2026:Ancient coinage
1987:
1874:
1869:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1757:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1679:. p. 141.
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1640:thediplomat.com
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1470:www.most.gov.cn
1464:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1309:
1297:
1277:. Vol. 1.
1269:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1144:
1090:
1061:
1060:
1041:
1012:
1004:
1003:
984:
948:
941:
899:classic gardens
897:
871:
855:
848:
841:
809:
688:
652:
650:
593:
592:
516:APEC China 2014
491:
481:
480:
476:High-speed rail
411:
401:
400:
381:APEC China 2001
367:
311:
301:
300:
250:
202:Boluan Fanzheng
192:
182:
181:
133:
64:
41:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Mathematicians
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1978:Supercomputing
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:Semiconductors
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1818:
1798:
1766:
1732:
1712:
1685:
1657:
1627:
1597:
1559:
1540:
1520:
1487:
1457:
1425:
1404:(1): 115–140.
1381:
1347:(3): 407–424.
1324:
1295:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1143:
1140:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
989:
982:
977:
976:
975:
965:
960:
959:
958:
946:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
908:
907:
902:
890:
885:
884:
883:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:
861:
860:
846:
836:
835:
827:
826:
820:
819:
808:
805:
768:, who was the
729:U.S. President
690:
689:
687:
686:
679:
672:
664:
661:
660:
647:
646:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
616:
615:
614:
613:
608:
603:
595:
594:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
574:
573:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
511:Supercomputing
508:
503:
498:
492:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
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433:
428:
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412:
407:
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403:
402:
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398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
366:
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360:
355:
350:
349:
348:
343:
333:
331:1992 consensus
328:
323:
318:
312:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
277:
276:
266:
261:
256:
249:
248:
246:Beijing Spring
243:
238:
233:
232:
231:
221:
220:
219:
209:
204:
199:
193:
188:
187:
184:
183:
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179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
114:Sufan movement
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2249:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Space program
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Nuclear power
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:Biotechnology
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
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1859:
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1852:
1847:
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1843:
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1821:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1802:
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2036:Cartography
2006:Discoveries
1933:Mathematics
1650:29 November
1620:29 November
1552:27 November
1513:29 November
1480:29 November
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1136:Huang Kexue
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1102:Wang Daheng
1098:date format
1049:agriculture
937:Mathematics
922:Cartography
881:sericulture
876:Agriculture
766:Zhao Ziyang
751:Yang Jiachi
743:Wang Daheng
736:Program 973
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696:863 program
353:1998 floods
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18:Project 863
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84:Korean War
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1590:4 January
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1361:152280888
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956:herbology
912:Astronomy
637:Geography
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1205:See also
980:Printing
968:Military
927:Ceramics
917:Calendar
816:a series
814:Part of
789:Loongson
642:Politics
611:Shanghai
531:Xiong'an
1993:History
1758:1 April
1279:Beijing
1142:Outline
932:Coinage
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