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specific task had to wait their turn outside the building. The first Fat Man assembly, known as F13, was assembled by 31 July, and expended in a drop test the next day. This was followed by F18 on 4 August, which was dropped the next day. Three sets of Fat Man high explosive pre-assemblies, designated F31, F32, and F33, arrived on a B-29 of the 509th
Composite Group and 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit on 2 August. On inspection, the high explosive blocks of F32 were found to be badly cracked and unserviceable. The other two were assembled, with F33 earmarked for a rehearsal and F31 for operational use.
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to ship through the San
Francisco Port of Embarkation. The port wanted a detailed list of what was being sent so it could track it to ensure delivery, but what needed to be shipped was still subject to last-minute change. He simply designated everything as a "bomb assembly kit". Three of these, one for Little Boy, one for Fat Man and one spare, were shipped to Tinian, which was now codenamed Destination O, commencing in May. Kirkpatrick arranged for everything to be shipped direct to Tinian rather than via Guam, as was usual.
902:, much closer to the target, and an initial cruise altitude of 17,000 feet (5,200 m) instead of 9,300 feet (2,800 m), both of which considerably increased fuel consumption. Pre-flight inspection discovered an inoperative fuel transfer pump in the 625-US-gallon (2,370 L) aft bomb bay fuel tank, but a decision was made to continue anyway. The plutonium bomb did not require arming in flight, but did have its safeties removed 30 minutes after the 03:45 takeoff when
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895:. Project Alberta's Robert Serber was supposed to be on board but was left behind by the aircraft commander, group operations officer Major James I. Hopkins Jr., because he had forgotten his parachute. Since Serber was the only crew member who knew how to operate the high-speed camera, the whole point of the aircraft's mission, Hopkins had to be instructed by radio from Tinian on its use.
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530:. Uniforms were issued to Project Alberta's civilian personnel, and Nolan administered immunization shots. A Project Alberta Advance Party was created, consisting of Sheldon Dike for Air Force liaison, Theodore Perlman for Little Boy, and Victor Miller and Harlow Russ for Fat Man. The rest of the Fat Man team prepared the "Gadget", the case-less Fat Man bomb used for the
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11:58 (two hours behind schedule) using radar; but the Fat Man was dropped visually when a hole opened in the clouds at 12:01. The photo plane arrived at
Nagasaki in time to complete its mission, and the three aircraft diverted to Okinawa, where they arrived at 13:00. Trying in vain for 20 minutes to contact the control tower at
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met on Guam on 7 August, the day after the
Hiroshima attack, to discuss what should be done next. Parsons said that Project Alberta would have a Fat Man bomb ready by 11 August, as originally planned, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm,
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In the space of a week on Tinian, four B-29s crashed and burned on the runway. Parsons became very concerned. If a B-29 crashed with a Little Boy, the fire could cook off the explosive and detonate the weapon, with catastrophic consequences. Consideration was given to evacuating the 20,000 personnel
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of the 6th Naval
Construction Brigade. Four air-conditioned Quonset huts of a type normally used for bombsight repair were provided for laboratory and instrument work. There were five warehouses, a shop building, and assembly, ordnance and administrative buildings. Ramsey overcame the problem of how
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Project
Alberta still had three test assemblies, F101, F102 and F103, but the damaged F32 was unserviceable, so new explosive blocks would have to be flown in from Project Camel. There were also shortages of some components, notably detonator chimneys. These were fabricated on Tinian. Seven B-29s of
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The rest of
Project Alberta departed for Tinian following the successful completion of the Trinity test on 16 July. The remainder of the Little Boy assembly team arrived on 22 July, followed by Parsons, Ashworth, Purnell, Farrell and the remainder of the Fat Man assembly, Pit, Observation and Firing
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Project
Alberta was formed in March 1945, and consisted of 51 United States Army, Navy, and civilian personnel, including one British scientist. Its mission was three-fold. It first had to design a bomb shape for delivery by air, then procure and assemble it. It supported the ballistic testing work
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It was discovered that the red arming light on the black box connected to Fat Man was lit, indicating that the firing circuit had closed. It took
Ashworth and Barnes half an hour to isolate the failed switch that had caused the malfunction and correct the problem. When the daylight rendezvous point
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along the narrow catwalk on the port side. Jeppson held a flashlight while
Parsons disconnected the primer wires, removed the breech plug, inserted the powder bags, replaced the breech plug, and reconnected the wires. Before climbing to altitude on approach to the target, Jeppson switched the three
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Although Project Alberta had no attack orders, it proceeded with the plan to have the Little Boy ready by 1 August 1945 and the first Fat Man ready for use as soon as possible after that. In the meantime, a series of twelve combat missions were flown between 20 and 29 July against targets in Japan
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became Parson's head of operations, and assumed responsibility for the test program. The test bombs were assembled by the 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit's Special Ordnance Detachment. Tests continued until the end of the war in August 1945. At first only the Ordnance Division's fuse and delivery
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arrived at Kokura 30 minutes later, cloud cover had increased to 70% of the area, and three bomb runs over the next 50 minutes were fruitless in bombing visually. The commanders decided to reduce power to conserve fuel and divert to Nagasaki, bombing by radar if necessary. The bomb run began at
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Project Alberta's scientific and technical personnel departed Tinian for the United States on 7 September. Kirkpatrick and Ashworth remained behind to supervise the disposal of Manhattan Project property. Project Alberta was then discontinued. Most of its personnel were transferred to the new Z
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Farrell organized a mission to assess the damage done at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which included personnel from Project Alberta, the 1st Technical Service Detachment, and the 509th Composite Group. The remainder of Project Alberta began packing up. The unused F101, F102 and F103 assemblies were
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Assembly of a Fat Man unit was a complex operation involving personnel from the HE-ME, Pit, Fusing and Firing teams. To prevent the assembly building from becoming overcrowded and thereby causing an accident, Parsons limited the numbers allowed inside at any time. Personnel waiting to perform a
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The mission was flown as planned and executed without significant problems. The three target-area aircraft arrived over Iwo Jima approximately three hours into the mission and departed together at 06:07. The safeties on the bomb were removed at 07:30, 90 minutes before time over target, and 15
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to the right. The detonation followed 45.5 seconds after the drop. Primary and "echo" shock waves overtook the B-29s a minute following the blast, and the smoke cloud was visible to the crews for 90 minutes, by which time they were almost 400 miles (640 km) away. The only footage of the
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while it was taxiing. The bomb fell through the closed bomb bay doors onto the taxiway. The aircraft and bomb came to a halt in a shower of sparks, but fire fighters doused the plane and the bomb in foam, and the bomb did not explode. The aircraft had to be jacked up to remove the bomb.
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took off at 02:45 (6 August), 7.5 long tons (7.6 t) overweight and near maximum gross weight. Arming of the bomb began eight minutes into the flight and took 25 minutes. Parsons, as the "weaponeer", was in command of the mission. Parsons and his assistant,
808:. He was equipped with a special high-speed Fastax movie camera with six seconds of film in order to record the blast. Unfortunately, Waldman forgot to open the camera shutter, and no film was exposed. In addition, some members of the team flew to
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Project Alberta, also known as Project A, was formed in March 1945, absorbing existing groups of Parsons's Ordnance (O) Division that were working on bomb preparation and delivery. These included Ramsey's delivery group, now called O-2, Commander
690:. L-11 was the assembly used for the Hiroshima bomb. The Little Boy team had it completely assembled and ready for use on 31 July. The final item of preparation for the operation came on 29 July 1945. Orders for the attack were issued to
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Parsons became the head of Project Alberta, with Ramsey as his scientific and technical deputy, and Ashworth as his operations officer and military alternate. There were two bomb assembly teams, a Fat Man Assembly Team under Commander
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Four Little Boy assemblies, L-1, L-2, L-5 and L-6 were expended in test drops. L-6 was used in the Iwo Jima dress rehearsal on 29 July. This was repeated on 31 July, but this time L-6 was test dropped near Tinian by
444:, who was responsible for base development, and was Farrell's alternate. Purnell, Farrell and Parsons became informally known as the "Tinian Joint Chiefs". They had decision-making authority over the nuclear mission.
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483:, which had two good airfields, and was 125 miles (201 km) further north, an important consideration for potentially overloaded aircraft. Ashworth toured Tinian with the island commander, Brigadier General
276:, although the latter required substantial modification. Any other airframe would have had to be completely redesigned and rebuilt, or carry the bomb externally. Parsons arranged for tests to be carried at the
608:. The rest of the Advance Party prepared the Little Boy assembly facility. They were joined on 6 July by a team under Edward B. Doll of the Fusing Group, who prepared for Pumpkin Bomb missions.
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and under radio silence it was not certain that it was that aircraft that had rendezvoused with them. Finally the mission proceeded without the photo plane, thirty minutes behind schedule.
804:. They dropped "Bangometer" canisters to measure the force of the blast, but this was not used to calculate the yield at the time. Bernard Waldman was the camera operator on the
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safety plugs between the electrical connectors of the internal battery and the firing mechanism from green to red. The bomb was then fully armed. Jeppson monitored its circuits.
460:, and the following month Parsons and Ashworth held a conference with USAAF officers to discuss the logistics of establishing such a base. In February 1945, Ashworth traveled to
1908:. The History of Air Force Participation in the Atomic Energy Program, 1943–1953. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Air Force, Air University Historical Liaison Office. Archived from
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minutes later the B-29s began a climb to the 30,000-foot (9,100 m) bombing altitude. The bomb run began at 08:12, with the drop three minutes later. Simultaneously
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groups were involved, but as the tests became more detailed, and live explosives were incorporated into the test bombs, other groups were drawn into the test program.
419:. The remaining 17 were civilians. The 1st Technical Service Detachment, to which the personnel of Project Alberta were administratively assigned, was commanded by
557:(bottom right) in front of the instrumentation laboratory on Tinian with a Bangometer canister. These were dropped by parachute to measure the force of the blast.
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The 509th Remembered: A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves, 509th Anniversary Reunion, Wichita, Kansas October 7–10, 2004
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teams. The whole of Project Alberta was assembled on Tinian by 25 July, except for members who were couriers for bomb parts. Nolan arrived on 26 July on the
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packed along with spare components and shipped back to Los Alamos. For security reasons, components not returned to the United States were dumped at sea.
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was reached at 09:10, the photo plane failed to appear. The weather planes reported both targets within the required visual attack parameters while
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was taken by Harold Agnew while Robert "Bob" Caron took the definitive photograph of the cloud from the tail gunner position of the "Enola Gay."
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using high-explosive Pumpkin bombs. Project Alberta's Sheldon Dike and Milo Bolstead flew on some of these missions, as did the British observer
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and Captain Charles H. O'Brien of the 1st Technical Services Detachment, with the Little Boy assembly and active material. Jesse Kupferberg and
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311:, Utah, in October. Project Y controlled the scheduling and contents of the tests, which were carried out by the Flight Test Section of the
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on Tinian from the island, but instead it was decided to load the four cordite powder bags into the gun breech to arm the bomb in flight.
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In addition, there were three senior officers on Tinian, who were part of the Manhattan Project but not formally part of Project Alberta:
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514:, had his ground echelon depart Wendover on 25 April, followed by his air echelon in May. The 1st Ordnance Squadron carefully packed the
253:. With the Ordnance Division, the E-7 Group was created with responsibility for the integration of design and delivery. Led by physicist
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2002:
Dvorak, Darrell F. (22 December 2012). "The other atomic bomb commander: Colonel Cliff Heflin and his "Special" 216th AAF Base Unit".
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the 509th Composite Group flew Pumpkin bomb missions on 14 August. Word that Japan had surrendered reached Tinian the following day.
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534:. Parsons and Warner had decided that the combat use of the Little Boy would proceed regardless of the outcome of the Trinity test.
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in August 1943. No B-29s or Lancasters were available so a 9-foot (2.7 m) scale model Thin Man was used, and dropped from a
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bomb under development at Los Alamos in 1943 reduced the number of Allied aircraft that could deliver the bomb to the British
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James F. Nolan, a medical expert, were special consultants. All members of Project Alberta had volunteered for the mission.
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In all, Project Alberta consisted of 51 Army, Navy and civilian personnel. Army personnel were two officers, Nolan and
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dropped its three Bangometer canisters, after which the B-29s immediately performed steep 155-degree diving turns,
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The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs
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588:, California, and arrived on Tinian on 23 June. Sheldon Dike accompanied bombers of the 509th Composite Group's
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led the Aerial Observation Team, and Sheldon Dike was in charge of the Aircraft Ordnance Team. Physicists
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875:. Project Alberta's Walter Goodman and Lawrence H. Johnston were on board the instrumentation aircraft,
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The weather that forced the mission to be advanced by two days also dictated a change in rendezvous to
1872:
Discovering Alvarez: Selected Works of Luis W. Alvarez, with Commentary by his Students and Colleagues
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199:). After completion of its development and training missions, Project Alberta was attached to the
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circled Yakushima waiting for the photo plane because Ashworth did not want to proceed without
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Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
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Philip M. Barnes, USN, of the 1st Ordnance Squadron as his assistant weaponeer on the B-29
732:, and ordered the attack to be made "as soon as weather will permit after about 3 August."
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informing him of the Manhattan Project. Up to this point it had been expected that the
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to design and build atomic bombs. Within the Los Alamos Laboratory, responsibility for
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and the shortage of construction units there. USAAF suggested that he take a look at
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456:(USAAF) officials agreed in December 1944 that operations would be based in the
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364:'s O-3 (Fuse Development) Group and George Galloway's O-4 (Engineering) Group.
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arrived by C-54 with the remainder of the Little Boy active material and the
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Fat Man unit being placed on trailer cradle in front of Assembly Building#2
433:, the representative of the Military Liaison Committee; Brigadier General
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as Project W-47. The tests were supervised by Ramsey until November, when
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Project Alberta: The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II
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and other members of the 1st Technical Service Detachment, they flew in
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and asked if it could be readied by 9 August. Parsons agreed to do so.
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of the 1st Ordnance Squadron, made their way into the bomb bay of the
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Four other members of Project Alberta flew on the Hiroshima mission.
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To meet the schedule, the 509th Composite Group's commander, Colonel
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would be based on Guam, but Ashworth was struck by the congestion in
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Peer de Silva, and provided security and housing services on Tinian.
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889:. Leonard Cheshire and William Penney were on the observation plane
2095:. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History.
522:, the assemblies being sets of bomb components without the fissile
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Groves sent Kirkpatrick to supervise construction on Tinian by the
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Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb
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Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man
1987:
Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man
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John D. Hopper, and 17 enlisted men from the Manhattan Project's
223:. Most of the project was concerned with producing the necessary
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on practice bombing missions against airfields on Japanese-held
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192:
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Project Y: The Los Alamos Project Inception through August 1945
2165:(2012). "History of Project A". In Coster-Mullen, John (ed.).
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1313:
1257:
1076:
1034:
1010:
983:
2262:"Instructions to CG XXI Bomber Command regarding 'Project A'"
1633:"George Marquardt, U.S. war pilot over Hiroshima, dies at 84"
288:. The results were disappointing, with the bomb falling in a
2153:; Tolzer, Eliot (August 1957). "How We Dropped the A-Bomb".
491:. Ashworth agreed, and had Kimble hold them for future use.
292:. This indicated that a thorough test program was required.
1208:. The Manhattan Project Heritage Preservation Association.
1107:. Array of Contemporary American Physicists. Archived from
1229:
1227:
1140:
1138:
1283:"Memo Ashworth to Groves on selection of Tinian airbase"
1778:. Manhattan Project Heritage Preservation Association.
1584:. Manhattan Project Heritage Preservation Association.
994:
992:
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with the President. The order designated four targets:
2032:. Manhattan District History. Los Alamos, New Mexico:
1932:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
1206:"Project Alberta/Destination Team roster of personnel"
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was forced to land there, but this was not required.
360:'s X-2 (Development, Engineering, and Tests) Group,
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materials, but in early 1943, the project director,
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865:For this mission, Ashworth was the weaponeer, with
518:and Fat Man assemblies that they had received from
219:began in October 1941, just before U.S. entry into
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78:
48:
40:
23:
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380:was the head of the Pit Crew, Bernard Waldman and
238:, also known as Project Y, under the direction of
2251:Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki (silent)
1716:"Eyewitness Account of Atomic Bomb Over Nagasaki"
1582:"Timeline #2 – The 509th; The Hiroshima Mission"
1776:"Timeline #3 – The 509th; The Nagasaki Mission"
906:reached 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of altitude.
580:"Green Hornets" of the 509th Composite Group's
1959:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2317:
2220:. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Exceptional Books.
2123:Krauss, Robert; Krauss, Amelia, eds. (2005).
1739:
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35:Group photograph of Project Alberta on Tinian
16:Section of the Manhattan Project, active 1945
8:
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498:Assembly Building where bombs were assembled
257:, it consisted of himself, Sheldon Dike and
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307:in March and June 1944. Testing shifted to
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697:on 25 July under the signature of General
561:The Advance Party departed Los Alamos for
246:lay with its Ordnance Division, headed by
29:
3034:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1989:. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen.
1245:
407:. Navy personnel were Parsons, Ashworth,
2063:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1876:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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703:Chief of Staff of the United States Army
191:(Project W-47), and the modification of
173:atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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2089:Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb
2051:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.;
1836:
1325:
1288:. National Archives. 24 February 1945.
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964:
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1129:
1099:
1097:
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998:
849:Purnell, Parsons, Tibbets, Spaatz and
748:Parsons (right) supervises loading of
584:via the Port of Aerial Embarkation at
20:
1902:Vol. I, Project Silverplate 1943–1946
1751:from the original on 25 December 2012
1645:from the original on 19 February 2014
1022:
971:
437:, Groves' Deputy for Operations; and
264:The size of the 17-foot (5.2 m)
7:
1848:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1747:. National Science Digital Library.
1722:from the original on 3 February 2011
1718:. National Science Digital Library.
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1212:from the original on 17 October 2013
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569:, by bus on 17 June. Accompanied by
343:USN (center), and Brigadier General
2169:. United States: J. Coster-Mullen.
2127:. Buchanan, Michigan: 509th Press.
335:The "Tinian Joint Chiefs": Captain
2789:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2193:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
14:
1295:from the original on 17 June 2014
638:Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
118:Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3029:History of the Manhattan Project
3005:
3004:
2289:
951:Division, which began moving to
65:
53:
2267:. National Archives. 9 May 1945
1782:from the original on 1 May 2013
1588:from the original on 1 May 2013
313:216th Army Air Forces Base Unit
303:bomb shapes was carried out at
299:B-29 aircraft and Thin Man and
189:216th Army Air Forces Base Unit
2034:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
2189:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
1955:Christman, Albert B. (1998).
1928:Campbell, Richard H. (2005).
930:to obtain landing clearance,
841:returned to Tinian at 14:58.
798:were on the instrument plane
454:United States Army Air Forces
2949:Oppenheimer security hearing
651:Project Alberta's Commander
582:320th Troop Carrier Squadron
528:modulated neutron initiators
415:Victor A. Miller, and eight
195:to carry the bombs (Project
1868:; Trower, W. Peter (1987).
405:Special Engineer Detachment
3050:
2157:. pp. 71–75, 209–210.
3002:
2892:Bismuth phosphate process
2887:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
2339:
1664:Alvarez & Trower 1987
590:393d Bombardment Squadron
413:Lieutenant (junior grade)
339:USN (left), Rear Admiral
274:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
187:, Utah, conducted by the
28:
2216:Russ, Harlow W. (1990).
1270:Krauss & Krauss 2005
934:nearly ran out of fuel.
372:and Roger Warner, and a
2969:S-1 Executive Committee
2917:Einstein–Szilard letter
2086:Jones, Vincent (1985).
2023:Hawkins, David (1946).
1745:"The Story of Nagasaki"
1554:Lewis & Tolzer 1957
1105:"The Manhattan Project"
309:Wendover Army Air Field
185:Wendover Army Air Field
159:, was a section of the
83:Army Corps of Engineers
2411:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
2053:Westfall, Catherine L.
883:, a correspondent for
862:
758:
664:
558:
499:
485:Frederick V. H. Kimble
452:Manhattan Project and
411:Edward C. Stephenson,
376:Assembly under Birch.
348:
44:March – September 1945
2989:X-10 Graphite Reactor
2944:Nobel Prize laureates
2814:509th Composite Group
860:
752:into the bomb bay of
747:
659:bomb while physicist
655:(left) assembles the
650:
540:
497:
473:509th Composite Group
464:bearing a letter for
334:
236:Los Alamos Laboratory
201:509th Composite Group
2897:British contribution
2799:Operation Peppermint
2794:Operation Crossroads
2653:Maria Goeppert Mayer
1713:Laurence, William L.
1619:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1314:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1258:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1077:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1035:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1011:Hoddeson et al. 1993
984:Hoddeson et al. 1993
806:observation aircraft
796:Lawrence H. Johnston
532:Trinity nuclear test
442:Elmer E. Kirkpatrick
409:Lieutenant Commander
356:'s O-1 (Gun) Group,
305:Muroc Army Air Field
278:Naval Proving Ground
232:Leslie R. Groves Jr.
2658:George Kistiakowsky
2613:Charles Critchfield
1983:Coster-Mullen, John
1915:on 22 February 2014
1899:Bowen, Lee (1959).
1484:, pp. 100–101.
1316:, pp. 387–388.
1260:, pp. 386–387.
1049:, pp. 344–345.
881:William L. Laurence
707:General of the Army
622:, along with Major
295:Further testing of
286:Grumman TBF Avenger
205:North Field, Tinian
123:Occupation of Japan
2723:Henry DeWolf Smyth
2502:Robert Oppenheimer
2457:Priscilla Duffield
2296:Nuclear technology
1631:McLellan, Dennis.
1607:Coster-Mullen 2012
1482:Coster-Mullen 2012
1472:, pp. 46, 80.
1111:on 4 February 2014
886:The New York Times
863:
759:
714:Potsdam Conference
710:George C. Marshall
665:
559:
553:(bottom left) and
541:Project Alberta's
500:
487:, who recommended
431:William R. Purnell
421:Lieutenant Colonel
358:Kenneth Bainbridge
349:
341:William R. Purnell
337:William S. Parsons
320:Frederick Ashworth
282:Dahlgren, Virginia
251:William S. Parsons
240:Robert Oppenheimer
163:which assisted in
142:William S. Parsons
113:Air raids on Japan
3016:
3015:
2938:Los Alamos Primer
2927:Interim Committee
2882:African Americans
2834:The Great Artiste
2693:Isidor Isaac Rabi
2688:Norman Ramsey Jr.
2487:Franklin Matthias
2426:Heavy water sites
2333:Manhattan Project
2227:978-0-944482-01-8
2134:978-0-923568-66-5
2110:on 7 October 2014
2049:Hoddeson, Lillian
2004:Air Power History
1883:978-0-226-81304-2
1803:, pp. 72–74.
1702:, pp. 64–65.
1638:The Seattle Times
1609:, pp. 34–35.
1544:, pp. 38–40.
1532:, pp. 56–57.
1388:, pp. 45–46.
1352:, pp. 34–41.
1340:, pp. 28–33.
1195:, pp. 80–81.
1025:, pp. 91–92.
986:, pp. 40–41.
974:, pp. 30–32.
916:The Great Artiste
877:The Great Artiste
826:The Great Artiste
822:The Great Artiste
801:The Great Artiste
776:Morris R. Jeppson
773:Second Lieutenant
551:Lawrence Johnston
469:Chester W. Nimitz
435:Thomas F. Farrell
345:Thomas F. Farrell
272:and the American
229:Brigadier General
217:Manhattan Project
161:Manhattan Project
147:
146:
3041:
3008:
3007:
2959:Quebec Agreement
2743:John von Neumann
2683:George B. Pegram
2492:Dorothy McKibbin
2326:
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2151:Lewis, Robert A.
2146:
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2103:. Archived from
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938:Later activities
828:to the left and
673:Leonard Cheshire
628:Raemer Schreiber
401:First Lieutenant
255:Norman F. Ramsey
155:, also known as
71:
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2964:RaLa Experiment
2870:
2839:
2804:Project Alberta
2772:
2768:Chien-Shiung Wu
2698:James Rainwater
2633:Richard Feynman
2623:John R. Dunning
2598:Norris Bradbury
2561:
2547:Stafford Warren
2517:William Purnell
2497:Kenneth Nichols
2477:Ernest Lawrence
2452:James B. Conant
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2181:
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928:Yontan Airfield
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699:Thomas T. Handy
645:
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555:Bernard Waldman
458:Mariana Islands
450:
378:Philip Morrison
370:Norris Bradbury
329:
259:Bernard Waldman
234:, created the
213:
169:nuclear weapons
153:Project Alberta
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2907:Chicago Pile-1
2904:
2902:Calutron Girls
2899:
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2875:Related topics
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2738:Stanisław Ulam
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2673:Edwin McMillan
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2618:Harry Daghlian
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2482:James Marshall
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2462:Thomas Farrell
2459:
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2447:Arthur Compton
2444:
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2435:Administrators
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2244:External links
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1318:
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1246:Christman 1998
1238:
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835:mushroom cloud
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586:Hamilton Field
563:Kirtland Field
449:
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392:, and US Army
390:William Penney
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1555:
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1542:Campbell 2005
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1520:, p. 41.
1519:
1518:Campbell 2005
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1496:, p. 55.
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1470:Campbell 2005
1466:
1463:
1460:, p. 53.
1459:
1454:
1451:
1448:, p. 50.
1447:
1446:Campbell 2005
1442:
1439:
1436:, p. 27.
1435:
1434:Campbell 2005
1430:
1427:
1424:, p. 52.
1423:
1418:
1415:
1412:, p. 50.
1411:
1406:
1403:
1400:, p. 51.
1399:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1376:, p. 44.
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:, p. 71.
1363:
1362:Campbell 2005
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1272:, p. 19.
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:Campbell 2005
1230:
1228:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:Campbell 2005
1177:
1174:
1171:, p. 30.
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:Campbell 2005
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:, p. 45.
1090:
1089:Campbell 2005
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:, p. 20.
1063:
1058:
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1048:
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1036:
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1024:
1019:
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893:
888:
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879:, along with
878:
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723:
719:
715:
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708:
704:
701:, the acting
700:
696:
693:
689:
683:
680:
679:
678:Strange Cargo
674:
671:
670:Group Captain
662:
661:Norman Ramsey
658:
654:
653:Francis Birch
649:
642:
637:
635:
634:Fat Man pit.
633:
629:
625:
624:Robert Furman
621:
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609:
607:
603:
599:
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591:
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583:
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575:
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568:
564:
556:
552:
549:(top right),
548:
544:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:Project Camel
517:
516:Pumpkin bombs
513:
508:
505:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
466:Fleet Admiral
463:
459:
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436:
432:
429:
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418:
414:
410:
406:
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397:
395:
391:
387:
386:Robert Serber
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
363:
359:
355:
354:Francis Birch
346:
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149:Military unit
143:
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110:
109:
105:
102:
101:Pumpkin bombs
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
62:
61:United States
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2994:Y-12 Project
2979:Smyth Report
2974:S-50 Project
2936:
2932:K-25 Project
2861:Pumpkin bomb
2832:
2825:
2818:
2803:
2748:John Wheeler
2718:Louis Slotin
2713:Emilio Segrè
2663:George Koval
2643:James Franck
2628:Enrico Fermi
2573:Luis Alvarez
2532:Paul Tibbets
2507:Deak Parsons
2269:. Retrieved
2217:
2188:
2166:
2154:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2105:the original
2088:
2058:
2037:. Retrieved
2025:
2010:(4): 14–27.
2007:
2003:
1986:
1956:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1901:
1871:
1844:
1837:Hawkins 1946
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1753:. Retrieved
1724:. Retrieved
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1636:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1326:Hawkins 1946
1321:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1214:. Retrieved
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1145:Hawkins 1946
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:the original
1084:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
979:
967:
949:
945:
941:
931:
922:
920:
915:
911:
908:
903:
897:
890:
884:
876:
870:
864:
851:Curtis LeMay
848:
838:
829:
825:
821:
818:
813:
799:
792:Harold Agnew
788:Luis Alvarez
785:
779:
765:
764:
760:
753:
734:
687:
684:
676:
666:
643:Preparations
619:Indianapolis
618:
610:
560:
547:Luis Alvarez
545:(top left),
543:Harold Agnew
512:Paul Tibbets
509:
501:
451:
428:Rear Admiral
425:
398:
382:Luis Alvarez
366:
362:Robert Brode
350:
327:Organization
294:
263:
221:World War II
214:
181:
177:World War II
156:
152:
151:
18:
2809:Silverplate
2763:Leona Woods
2728:Leo Szilard
2703:Bruno Rossi
2648:Klaus Fuchs
2552:Ed Westcott
2542:Harold Urey
1506:Rhodes 1986
1130:Ramsey 2012
1062:Dvorak 2012
1047:Ramsey 2012
999:Ramsey 2012
953:Sandia Base
712:was at the
695:Carl Spaatz
489:North Field
347:USA (right)
297:Silverplate
197:Silverplate
107:Engagements
3023:Categories
2912:Demon core
2856:Little Boy
2777:Operations
2593:Niels Bohr
2583:Hans Bethe
2566:Scientists
2512:Boris Pash
2391:Los Alamos
1859:References
1649:2 February
1115:8 February
1023:Bowen 1959
972:Jones 1985
867:Lieutenant
750:Little Boy
657:Little Boy
567:New Mexico
477:the harbor
374:Little Boy
167:the first
165:delivering
138:commanders
131:Commanders
93:Little Boy
2954:Plutonium
2820:Enola Gay
2638:Val Fitch
2588:Aage Bohr
2537:Bud Uanna
2406:Oak Ridge
2175:298514167
2114:25 August
2039:11 August
2016:1044-016X
1995:298514167
1849:Russ 1990
1825:Russ 1990
1813:Russ 1990
1801:Russ 1990
1700:Russ 1990
1688:Russ 1990
1676:Russ 1990
1566:Russ 1990
1530:Russ 1990
1494:Russ 1990
1458:Russ 1990
1422:Russ 1990
1410:Russ 1990
1398:Russ 1990
1386:Russ 1990
1374:Russ 1990
1350:Russ 1990
1338:Russ 1990
1193:Russ 1990
1169:Russ 1990
900:Yakushima
892:Big Stink
839:Enola Gay
830:Enola Gay
814:Enola Gay
780:Enola Gay
767:Enola Gay
755:Enola Gay
740:Hiroshima
718:Hiroshima
705:, since
688:Enola Gay
632:plutonium
617:USS
574:Bud Uanna
317:Commander
290:flat spin
157:Project A
89:Equipment
3010:Category
2866:Thin Man
2827:Bockscar
2421:Wendover
2401:New York
2396:Montreal
2386:Inyokern
2361:Berkeley
2342:Timeline
2236:24429257
2209:13793436
2185:(1986).
2143:59148135
2101:10913875
2079:26764320
2055:(1993).
1985:(2012).
1975:38257982
1948:58554961
1892:15791693
1780:Archived
1755:28 March
1749:Archived
1726:18 March
1720:Archived
1643:Archived
1586:Archived
1290:Archived
1210:Archived
932:Bockscar
923:Bockscar
912:Bockscar
904:Bockscar
872:Bockscar
845:Nagasaki
812:in case
810:Iwo Jima
730:Nagasaki
663:watches.
266:Thin Man
244:delivery
2984:Uranium
2851:Fat Man
2844:Weapons
2416:Trinity
2381:Hanford
2366:Chicago
2271:8 March
2256:YouTube
1919:28 July
1216:8 March
726:Niigata
692:General
614:cruiser
504:Seabees
439:Colonel
417:ensigns
394:Captain
301:Fat Man
248:Captain
225:fissile
211:Origins
175:during
171:in the
136:Notable
97:Fat Man
49:Country
2376:Dayton
2370:Site A
2282:Portal
2234:
2224:
2207:
2197:
2173:
2141:
2131:
2099:
2077:
2067:
2014:
1993:
1973:
1963:
1946:
1936:
1890:
1880:
1786:18 May
1592:18 May
1299:5 June
728:, and
722:Kokura
606:Guguan
604:, and
598:Marcus
481:Tinian
448:Tinian
99:, and
79:Branch
70:
58:
41:Active
2349:Sites
2265:(PDF)
2108:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2030:(PDF)
1913:(PDF)
1906:(PDF)
1293:(PDF)
1286:(PDF)
959:Notes
921:When
571:Major
193:B-29s
2356:Ames
2273:2014
2232:OCLC
2222:ISBN
2205:OCLC
2195:ISBN
2171:OCLC
2139:OCLC
2129:ISBN
2116:2013
2097:OCLC
2075:OCLC
2065:ISBN
2041:2011
2012:ISSN
1991:OCLC
1971:OCLC
1961:ISBN
1944:OCLC
1934:ISBN
1921:2013
1888:OCLC
1878:ISBN
1788:2013
1757:2013
1728:2013
1651:2014
1594:2013
1301:2016
1218:2014
1117:2012
794:and
602:Rota
594:Truk
578:C-54
462:Guam
388:and
215:The
2254:on
526:or
524:pit
280:in
203:at
183:at
3025::
2230:.
2203:.
2137:.
2073:.
2008:59
2006:.
1969:.
1942:.
1886:.
1765:^
1736:^
1641:.
1635:.
1573:^
1226:^
1137:^
1096:^
1069:^
1054:^
991:^
955:.
790:,
724:,
720:,
600:,
596:,
565:,
261:.
179:.
95:,
2372:)
2368:(
2325:e
2318:t
2311:v
2284::
2275:.
2238:.
2211:.
2177:.
2145:.
2118:.
2081:.
2043:.
2018:.
1997:.
1977:.
1950:.
1923:.
1894:.
1790:.
1759:.
1730:.
1653:.
1596:.
1303:.
1220:.
1119:.
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