351:
protect public health; (3) HHS must assess the availability and appropriateness of the countermeasure to address the threat; (4) DHS and HHS must jointly submit a proposal to the president to issue a call for the development of countermeasures that are not available or cleared only for alternative purposes; (5) DHS and HHS must make a commitment to recommend that the special reserve fund be available for the procurement of a countermeasure; (6) the
President must approve the proposal; (7) DHS and HHS must make specified information known to those who may respond to a call for the countermeasure including the specifications of the needed countermeasure; (8) HHS must determine which countermeasures can be procured using the special reserve fund; (9) the HHS and DHS and the Director of the Office of Management Budget must submit a recommendation to the President that the special reserve fund be used to procure the countermeasure; and (10) the President must approve the recommendation. HHS and DHS must notify designated congressional committees promptly that a material threat has been identified and countermeasures are necessary to protect the public health and that the President has approved a recommendation for countermeasure procurement using the special reserve fund. Authorizes appropriations for the special reserve fund to procure security countermeasures approved by the President, for the hiring of personnel to carry out terror threat assessments, and for the development of secure intelligence-sharing facilities. Transfers the functions, personnel, assets, unexpended balances, and liabilities of the Stockpile from the Secretary of Homeland Security to the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
379:
determine to what extent authorized activities under this Act have enhanced the development of biomedical countermeasures; (5) assess the availability of countermeasures to address threats; (6) assess the extent to which programs and activities will reduce a gap between the threat and the availability of countermeasures to an acceptable level of risk; and (7) assess the threats to national security posed by technology that will enable the development of antibiotic-resistant, mutated, or bioengineered strains of biological agents and recommend strategies for addressing such threats, and make recommendations on possible improvements.
63:
276:, the United States government has allocated nearly $ 50 billion to address the threat of biological weapons. U.S. funding for bioweapons-related activities focuses primarily on research for and acquisition of medicines for defense. Funding also goes toward stockpiling protective equipment, increased surveillance and detection of biological agents, and improving state and hospital preparedness. The increase in this type of funding is mainly for Project BioShield. Significant funding also goes to
25:
656:
rejected for grants, cooperative agreements, or contracts under this Act. The approval and licensing processes are designed to preclude the marketing of ineffective and dangerous treatments. Only about 20% of drugs that begin the approval process actually become approved treatments. Because it is not possible to predict the outcome of the approval process, critics of this provision suggest that the government will end up purchasing countermeasures that will eventually fail to be approved.
636:, such a declaration was made on April 26, 2009. An EUA for a medical product has a term of one year, but it can be renewed, depending on the circumstances of the emergency. It is important that product development continue to focus on the goal of approval (there are ongoing clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of intravenous peramivir in treating influenza), because the EUA is only a temporary means for making a product available during an emergency."
664:, which supports basic research through funding scientists. Although the development of a new medication usually takes several years between the time that research begins to the time that the medication is marketed, developing medical interventions against potential biological weapons is especially intense in terms of time, labor, and finances. There is also no guarantee that the drug companies will purchase the vaccinations.
677:
development of medicines for serious illnesses like heart disease can be financially risky, especially when a countermeasure may never be purchased or used." Friedman argues there needs to be more sponsored research and collaborative programs that engage government, academia, and industry, as well as additional incentives for private companies.
643:. The HHS will determine that "...sufficient and satisfactory clinical experience or research data...support(s) a reasonable conclusion that the product will qualify for approval or licensing...within eight years." The HHS will write contracts on these unapproved products, help lowering the purchasing cost of the drugs.
411:
requirements and streamlines the interagency governance process. Under the reorganized structure, on behalf of the secretary of HHS, the ASPR leads the federal public health and medical response to acts of terrorism or nature and other public health and medical emergencies. In 2006, HHS announced, in
346:
Allows security countermeasures to be procured using the special reserve fund (an appropriations account set up by to this Act). A "security countermeasure" is a countermeasure that is either authorized for emergency use or that the
Secretary determines is a priority, is necessary, and is an approved
73:
An Act To amend the Public Health
Service Act to provide protections and countermeasures against chemical, radiological, or nuclear agents that may be used in a terrorist attack against the United States by giving the National Institutes of Health contracting flexibility, infrastructure improvements,
301:(HHS) to: (1) conduct and support research and development activities for countermeasures in biological emergencies and provide that biocontaminant laboratories and specialized research facilities will be available to the Secretary to respond to public health emergencies affecting national security.
612:
A 2007 review stated that the project is needed because when the only market is the government, there is a high risk of failure and a low expectation of profit. This discourages other manufacturers from investing research, development and funds in the bioterrorism products to be sold, because the
655:
The project's funding would be subject to annual review through the appropriations process. Furthermore, the law would require the HHS Secretary to prepare annual reports detailing actions taken under this Act including identification of each person or entity that received, or was considered and
365:
to allow the
Secretary to authorize the use of a drug, device, or biological product intended for emergency use, specifically allowing the use of unapproved products, or the unapproved use of approved products, upon a determination by DHS that there is or is a significant potential for a domestic
350:
Provides that in order for a countermeasure to be procured using the special reserve fund: (1) HHS must identify a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear agent as a threat to the U.S. population that may affect national security; (2) HHS must determine that a countermeasure is necessary to
370:
to continue provisions governing the emergency use of products with respect to members of the Armed Forces. The
Secretary can authorize the use of unapproved products in an emergency only upon a determination by the Secretary of Defense of a military emergency involving a heightened risk to U.S.
382:
Directs the
Secretary, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Secretary of Defense to ensure that the activities of their respective Departments coordinate, complement, and do not unnecessarily duplicate programs designed to protect the homeland from biological, chemical, radiological, and
378:
to: (1) review the
Secretary's use of the authorities granted under this Act; (2) assess the adequacy of the internal controls instituted by the Secretary; (3) identify any procurements that would have been significantly delayed or not made without the authorities provided to the Secretary; (4)
676:
in
Washington DC voiced additional financial concerns of the pharmaceutical industry. Michael Friedman MD explains that manufacturers of biological defense products could still be "exposed to devastating product-liability suits," adding, "The decision to divert resources from the research and
534:
and radiological threats have been procured. Eighty other candidate MCMs are undergoing advanced development. The authorities and funds contained in the
Project BioShield Act were slated to expire at the end of year 2013. The legislative experiment of BioShield was subject to evaluation and
740:
Project BioShield will transform our ability to defend the nation in three essential ways. First, Project BioShield authorizes $ 5.6 billion over 10 years for the government to purchase and stockpile vaccines and drugs to fight anthrax, smallpox and other potential agents of bioterror. The
659:
Obstacles to pharmaceutical and vaccine development include inadequate funding for research, insufficient protections against corporate liability, and constraints related to safety considerations. Typically, the drug-development process in the United States is largely initiated by the
1851:
608:
notes that this kind of testing for biological weapons is ethically unacceptable to conduct on humans. "The need for expedited development of critical countermeasures must be balanced against the need to ensure that these essential interventions are safe as well as effective."
617:. Pharmaceutical and vaccine manufacturers can perceive the federal government as an uncertain and low-profit market. The project was developed in an attempt to provide a financial incentive to manufacturers to develop the products needed for defense against CBRN threats.
703:
507:
392:
Progress has been made in the establishment of both national requirements and acquisition strategies, as well as the procurement of pre- and postexposure countermeasures to meet the threat from anthrax, botulinum toxins, smallpox, and radiological and nuclear threats.
1367:
583:
offered budgeting strategies that they believe could lend stability to the MCM arena, some of which would call for changes to statutory processes and congressional procedures that have been implemented since the
Project BioShield Act's 2004 enactment."
2185:
366:
emergency, or upon a determination by DHS of a public health emergency that affects or may affect national security and that involves a specified agent or a specified disease that may be attributable to such agent. Amends the
2386:
186:
749:. Under Project BioShield, HHS is moving forward with plans to acquire a safer, second generation smallpox vaccine, an antidote to botulinum toxin, and better treatments for exposure to chemical and radiological weapons.
336:
651:
Some provisions of Project BioShield are controversial. Some critics suggest that biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies will require even more incentives than contained in these proposals from the Government.
2079:
262:, due to ethical concerns. Efficacy of such agents cannot be directly tested in humans without also exposing humans to the chemical, biological, or radioactive threat being treated, so testing follows the
2158:
2124:
1382:
2141:
686:
1334:
1450:
1419:
284:. Funding for activities aimed at prevention has more than doubled 2007 and is distributed to 11 federal agencies. Efforts toward cooperative international action are part of the project.
457:
in 2011. This included 20,000 doses under a 2005 contact and 37,102 doses of the 45,000 ordered in a 2009 contract option. At the end of 2010, there was a total supply of 36,102 doses of
1902:
1704:
1287:
1505:
1433:
692:
519:
307:
Allows the Secretary to respond to pressing research and development needs, including expediting peer review, contracting with experts, and appointing employees to positions at the
277:
1499:
1489:
396:
315:
673:
2411:
2406:
2391:
1231:
628:(EUA) to use an unapproved drug in case of an emergency, but also noted that this could only issued only after the secretary of health and human services has declared a
400:
575:(CBRN) agents. No commercial market exists for MCMs, so the firms that research and develop MCMs have to depend on a reliable stream of government money. According to
600:
and other WMD. Provisions have been made as well to ensure safer and more effective vaccinations for such threats such as smallpox. Another issue lies within the US
2190:
2146:
1349:
1157:
399:(HHS) has taken a number of additional steps to accomplish the goal of effectively and efficiently implementing the Project BioShield Act. HHS has reorganized the
879:
404:
2102:
1515:
1272:
1782:
2107:
1857:
1606:
807:
510:
reauthorized the BioShield Project. More specifically, it reauthorizes the Project BioShield Special Reserve Fund (SRF), originally established in 2004.
195:
1620:
1531:
1343:
1326:
2421:
2152:
1626:
2265:
1664:
1388:
1240:
318:(NIAID) to provide grants for the modernization and construction of research facilities. Increases the Federal share of such NIAID-funded projects.
1924:
1525:
742:
629:
2017:
1632:
1377:
1423:
1292:
298:
281:
1224:
559:
released a report called "Budgeting for Medical Countermeasures: An Ongoing Need for Preparedness." Based on the report, former U.S. Senator
1709:
2012:
1339:
1315:
362:
977:
412:
the Federal Register Notice of 6 July 2006, the establishment of the Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE).
2279:
1928:
1460:
698:
621:
564:
74:
and expediting the scientific peer review process, and streamlining the Food and Drug Administration approval process of countermeasures
424:
reported that the BARDA annual report shows that the number of supplies of countermeasures for combating terrorist attacks is growing.
2130:
1485:
1264:
1133:
956:
367:
133:
2180:
1824:
1689:
1674:
1521:
1307:
1841:
1679:
949:
383:
nuclear agents. Directs such Secretaries to each appoint an official to coordinate such programs for their respective Departments.
2310:
2216:
2046:
1938:
1829:
1217:
605:
172:
2365:
2260:
1786:
1580:
1372:
113:
105:
639:
A book published in 2010 stated that the project allows the Secretary of Health and Human Services to purchase unapproved and
876:
332:(DHS) to the working group on the prevention, preparedness, and response to bioterrorism and other public health emergencies.
329:
1694:
304:
Allows the Secretary to expedite purchasing related to research and development needs by simplifying limits on procurement.
2396:
2221:
2085:
1968:
1883:
1616:
1481:
1297:
661:
308:
1944:
1845:
1511:
1277:
1123:
746:
633:
601:
340:
263:
83:
1920:
1734:
625:
811:
722:
592:
A 2005 review reported that the project had an advanced appropriation for countermeasures—ranging from vaccines to
563:(D-SD) said that the change in the way that the Project BioShield Act of 2004 is funded (it changed from a ten-year
258:
for civilian use. A key element of the Act was to allow stockpiling and distribution of vaccines which had not been
2275:
1204:
1495:
1790:
922:
294:
235:
62:
2401:
2242:
1575:
1559:
1359:
556:
322:
640:
568:
2355:
1932:
1713:
1698:
1669:
465:
1976:
1724:
231:
314:
Amends the Public Health Service Act to allow the Director of the NIH to act through the Director of the
2416:
2350:
2345:
2231:
2112:
1465:
535:
reconsideration in the House and the Senate, which both passed versions of reauthorization legislation.
484:
454:
443:
436:
355:
567:
cycle to year-by-year funding) creates a climate of uncertainty for private firms looking to invest in
1744:
1690:
Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research
98:
2226:
1894:
1877:
1801:
766:
358:
to change the responsibilities of the Secretary of Homeland Security as they relate to the Stockpile.
273:
251:
375:
421:
2325:
2237:
540:
1189:"R41033: Project BioShield: Authorities, Appropriations, Acquisitions, and Issues for Congress"
978:"Former Sen. Daschle praises Trump's support of Project BioShield - Homeland Preparedness News"
2320:
2041:
1912:
1806:
1739:
1200:"Project BioShield: Accelerating Medical Countermeasure Development and Ensuring Availability"
1129:
1104:
1063:
1022:
900:
855:
790:
782:
614:
597:
243:
164:
2315:
2270:
2007:
1683:
1094:
1053:
845:
774:
745:
has already taken steps to purchase 75 million doses of an improved anthrax vaccine for the
704:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013 (H.R. 307; 113th Congress)
508:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013 (H.R. 307; 113th Congress)
480:
247:
149:
1209:
604:(FDA). The FDA requires clinical studies of human safety and efficacy. The Journal of the
472:, which also treats anthrax. By 2010, the supply was down to 7,327 doses, with spending on
407:) and established a dedicated strategic planning function that more efficiently integrates
2330:
2073:
2036:
1816:
1796:
1188:
1011:"Preparedness for Biological Terrorism in the United States: Project BioShield and Beyond"
531:
255:
770:
38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2300:
2028:
259:
215:
1181:
778:
2380:
883:
493:
treatments, as well, including 107,560 doses of Botulinum Antitoxin Therapeutic from
339:
of 2002 to direct the Secretary to coordinate with Homeland Security to maintain the
238:
calling for $ 5 billion for purchasing vaccines that would be used in the event of a
176:
2360:
2340:
2335:
1427:
1083:"The Emergency Use Authorization of Peramivir for Treatment of 2009 H1N1 Influenza"
593:
572:
239:
2186:
Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
1042:"Project BioShield: What It Is, Why It Is Needed, and Its Accomplishments So Far"
1010:
834:"Project BioShield: What It Is, Why It Is Needed, and Its Accomplishments So Far"
2118:
2002:
1986:
1868:
1749:
727:
560:
473:
458:
446:
266:
1150:
497:. It ordered 200,000 doses. At the end of 2010, the supply was at 97,000 doses.
2305:
1198:
580:
408:
205:
168:
808:"Federal Funding for Bioweapons Prevention and Defense, by Agency, 2001-2009"
786:
432:
1108:
1067:
1026:
859:
794:
1665:
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)
242:
attack. This was a ten-year program to acquire medical countermeasures to
1981:
1835:
1281:
1099:
1082:
527:
490:
765:, vol. 291, no. 4, Scientific American, Inc., pp. 20–24,
117:
926:
523:
494:
469:
450:
950:"Renewing the Project BioShield Act - What Has It Bought and Wrought?"
672:
In 2005 the chief medical officer for biomedical preparedness at the
538:
In March 2013 funding was extended through 2018 via the Pandemic Act.
337:
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act
1058:
1041:
850:
833:
347:
drug or a drug reasonably likely to be approved within eight years.
2080:
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs
1455:
2159:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013
2125:
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act
1383:
Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense
2142:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
1610:
1600:
1596:
1434:
Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio
687:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
2387:
United States federal defense and national security legislation
1335:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
1213:
1597:
National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team
278:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)
18:
2018:
Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System
1633:
Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory
1451:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
1378:
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
541:"Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act"
1420:
National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research
439:(a decrease from the full 200,000 doses ordered in 2006).
1903:
National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases
543:. US Department of Health and Human Services. March 2013
1705:
Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
1288:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
761:
Gibbs, W. Wayt (October 2004), "An Uncertain Defense",
1710:
National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases
1506:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
693:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
397:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
316:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
723:"President Bush Signs Project Bioshield Act of 2004"
674:
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
343:
and deploy the Stockpile to respond to an emergency.
2293:
2251:
2207:
2200:
2171:
2095:
2066:
2059:
2027:
1995:
1967:
1958:
1911:
1893:
1867:
1815:
1775:
1766:
1723:
1655:
1646:
1589:
1568:
1552:
1545:
1474:
1443:
1410:
1401:
1358:
1325:
1306:
1263:
1254:
1247:
1015:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
147:
139:
129:
124:
104:
94:
89:
78:
69:
1128:. United States: DIANE Publishing. pp. 1–13.
871:
869:
401:Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
2131:Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002
1021:(9). American Osteopathic Association: 417–424.
2191:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
2147:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
1783:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
1350:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
1675:Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment
1280:(National Biosurvelliance Integration Center,
405:Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness
2103:Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
1842:Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative
1225:
1151:"CRS Report for Congress - Project BioShield"
573:chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear
427:According to the report, BARDA has acquired:
8:
1680:Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens
1273:DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division
55:
2108:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
1607:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
1125:Project BioShield: Purposes and Authorities
479:28.75 million doses of the anthrax vaccine
2412:Disaster preparedness in the United States
2204:
2063:
1964:
1772:
1652:
1549:
1532:Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit
1407:
1260:
1251:
1232:
1218:
1210:
2153:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
1627:Aeromedical Biological Containment System
1581:Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit
1456:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
1368:Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs
1098:
1057:
849:
2407:United States federal health legislation
2392:Acts of the 108th United States Congress
2266:United States biological weapons program
1389:National Center for Medical Intelligence
1241:United States biological defense program
1156:. Defense Technical Information Center.
844:(Supplement 1). Oxford Journals: 68–72.
1925:National Strategy for Homeland Security
1052:(Supplement 1). Oxford Journal: 68–72.
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
743:Department of Health and Human Services
714:
260:tested for safety or efficacy in humans
1424:National Interagency Biodefense Campus
1293:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility
1182:Full text of the Project Bioshield Act
1081:Birnkrant, Debra; Cox, Edward (2009).
299:Secretary of Health and Human Services
54:
1695:Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling
877:"U.S. grows its biodefense stockpile"
7:
2013:Autonomous Pathogen Detection System
1340:Division of Select Agents and Toxins
1318:(Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)
1316:National Counterproliferation Center
1298:National Bioforensic Analysis Center
613:expected profits do not justify the
363:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
134:42: Public Health and Social Welfare
1461:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
1009:Dudley, Gail; McFee, Robin (2005).
925:. House Republicans. Archived from
699:Vaccines for the New Millennium Act
622:The New England Journal of Medicine
1846:Bio-Surveillance Management Office
1512:Homeland Security Research Program
1160:from the original on June 24, 2013
957:Center for a New American Security
624:in 2009 noted that the FDA issued
368:National Defense Authorization Act
14:
2181:Global Health Security Initiative
1825:National Biosurveillance Strategy
1522:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
1194:. Congressional Research Service.
779:10.1038/scientificamerican1004-20
620:A perspective piece published in
2422:Vaccination in the United States
2311:Biosecurity in the United States
2217:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
2047:Positive pressure personnel suit
1939:National Disaster Medical System
1149:Gottron, Frank (July 23, 2003).
606:American Osteopathic Association
476:and AIG coming to $ 478 million.
61:
23:
2366:Smallpox virus retention debate
2261:United States Army Medical Unit
1787:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
1373:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
1187:Gottron, Frank (July 7, 2010).
1087:New England Journal of Medicine
948:Kadlec, Robert (January 2013).
923:"H.R. 307 - Legislative Digest"
330:Secretary of Homeland Security
1:
2222:1989 California medfly attack
2086:Biological Weapons Convention
1884:Personnel Reliability Program
1617:Epidemic Intelligence Service
1482:Galveston National Laboratory
662:National Institutes of Health
309:National Institutes of Health
269:for pivotal animal efficacy.
56:Project BioShield Act of 2004
1945:Strategic National Stockpile
1496:Integrated Research Facility
1278:DHS Office of Health Affairs
1046:Clinical Infectious Diseases
838:Clinical Infectious Diseases
747:Strategic National Stockpile
634:2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic
602:Food and Drug Administration
341:Strategic National Stockpile
84:108th United States Congress
2008:Biological Materials MASINT
1921:National Response Framework
1830:Laboratory Response Network
1791:Biological Threat Reduction
1735:Battelle Memorial Institute
689:, nicknamed "Bioshield Two"
626:Emergency Use Authorization
596:to surveillance—related to
2438:
2276:Aeromedical Isolation Team
982:Homeland Preparedness News
577:Homeland Preparedness News
321:Provides funding for the
295:Public Health Service Act
230:was an act passed by the
228:The Project Bioshield Act
156:
60:
32:This article needs to be
1848:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD)
1576:State Health Departments
1560:Local Health Departments
1040:Russell, Philip (2007).
903:. United States Congress
832:Russell, Philip (2007).
647:Challenges and criticism
557:Bipartisan Policy Center
323:National Vaccine Program
2356:Isolation (health care)
2326:Biological warfare (BW)
1699:University of Rochester
1670:Henry L. Stimson Center
1122:Gottron, Frank (2010).
641:unlicensed vaccinations
630:public health emergency
569:medical countermeasures
520:medical countermeasures
466:anthrax immune globulin
204:on July 14, 2004 (
183:Committee consideration
140:U.S.C. sections amended
632:. "In the case of the
274:2001 terrorist attacks
232:United States Congress
194:on May 19, 2004 (
2351:Entomological warfare
2252:Defunct organizations
2232:Wood Green ricin plot
2136:Project Bioshield Act
2113:Executive Order 13139
1466:Dugway Proving Ground
555:In February 2018 the
485:Emergent BioSolutions
455:Human Genome Sciences
437:Clostridium botulinum
403:(ASPR) (formerly the
356:Homeland Security Act
325:for FY 2004 and 2005.
2397:2004 in American law
2227:2001 anthrax attacks
1895:Medical intelligence
1878:Select Agent Program
1802:Project Clear Vision
1100:10.1056/NEJMp0910479
588:Published literature
518:To June 2013, eight
442:57,102 doses of the
431:107,000 doses of an
371:forces of an attack.
771:2004SciAm.291d..20G
763:Scientific American
506:Section 401 of the
502:Related legislation
444:monoclonal antibody
388:Act accomplishments
376:Comptroller General
179:) on March 11, 2003
150:Legislative history
57:
2243:2013 ricin letters
2238:2003 ricin letters
1785:, implemented the
1714:George Mason Univ.
598:biological weapons
420:In September 2012
2374:
2373:
2321:Biological hazard
2289:
2288:
2167:
2166:
2055:
2054:
2042:Biosafety cabinet
1954:
1953:
1913:Disaster response
1807:Project Jefferson
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1740:SRI International
1642:
1641:
1541:
1540:
1397:
1396:
1093:(23): 2204–2207.
875:Kellen Alexander
615:opportunity costs
416:Acquired vaccines
297:to authorize the
225:
224:
192:Passed the Senate
163:in the Senate as
107:Statutes at Large
53:
52:
2429:
2316:Biological agent
2271:Sunshine Project
2205:
2064:
1965:
1927:(DHS; including
1776:Threat reduction
1773:
1745:Idaho Technology
1684:Brown University
1656:Academic centers
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929:on 16 March 2013
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810:. Archived from
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798:
797:
758:
752:
751:
737:
736:
719:
579:, "Daschle and
552:
550:
548:
464:10,000 doses of
218:on July 21, 2004
202:Passed the House
152:
143:Chapter 6A § 201
108:
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58:
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39:
27:
26:
19:
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2402:Vaccination law
2377:
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2346:Decontamination
2331:Biosurveillance
2285:
2253:
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2209:
2208:Past biological
2196:
2173:
2163:
2091:
2074:Geneva Protocol
2051:
2037:Biosafety level
2023:
1991:
1960:
1950:
1907:
1889:
1863:
1817:Biosurveillance
1811:
1797:Project Bacchus
1768:
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1658:and think tanks
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732:
731:. July 21, 2004
721:
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539:
532:botulinum toxin
516:
504:
449:, which treats
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212:Signed into law
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79:Enacted by
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2301:Agro-terrorism
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2294:Related topics
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2029:Biocontainment
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1176:External links
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1135:978-1437922844
1134:
1114:
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1059:10.1086/518151
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882:2013-01-18 at
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571:(MCM) against
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216:George W. Bush
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1248:Organizations
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890:, 18 Sep 2012
889:
885:
884:archive.today
881:
878:
872:
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866:
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843:
839:
835:
828:
825:
814:on 2012-07-29
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374:Requires the
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214:by President
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68:
64:
59:
47:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2417:Bioterrorism
2361:Select agent
2341:CBRN defense
2336:Bioterrorism
2254:and programs
2135:
2076:(1925, 1975)
1769:and projects
1649:governmental
1428:Fort Detrick
1413:departmental
1162:. Retrieved
1144:
1124:
1117:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1018:
1014:
986:. Retrieved
984:. 2018-02-14
981:
972:
960:. Retrieved
943:
931:. Retrieved
927:the original
917:
905:. Retrieved
895:
888:BioPrepWatch
887:
841:
837:
827:
816:. Retrieved
812:the original
802:
762:
756:
739:
733:. Retrieved
726:
717:
671:
658:
654:
650:
638:
619:
611:
594:biodosimetry
591:
576:
554:
545:. Retrieved
537:
517:
505:
426:
422:BioPrepWatch
419:
395:
391:
271:
252:radiological
240:bioterrorist
227:
226:
211:
201:
191:
182:
160:
125:Codification
41:
33:
2119:Patriot Act
2096:Legislation
2003:Cell CANARY
1987:Respirators
1869:Biosecurity
1750:Phoenix Air
1727:contractors
728:White House
561:Tom Daschle
514:Recent news
474:Raxibacumab
459:Raxibacumab
447:Raxibacumab
361:Amends the
354:Amends the
335:Amends the
293:Amends the
267:Animal Rule
187:Senate HELP
44:August 2016
2381:Categories
2306:Biodefense
1969:Protection
1959:Technology
1947:(CDC, DHS)
1871:/Biosurety
1860:(Civilian)
1838:(EPA, CDC)
1793:(DoD) plus
1725:Government
1436:(DHHS/DoD)
1385:(JPEO-CBD)
988:2018-02-16
901:"H.R. 307"
818:2009-03-30
735:2008-08-01
710:References
409:biodefense
288:Provisions
280:, part of
272:Since the
244:biological
169:Judd Gregg
165:S. 15
161:Introduced
95:Public law
70:Long title
2210:incidents
1996:Detection
787:0036-8733
433:antitoxin
328:Adds the
112:118
90:Citations
2067:Treaties
2020:(JBAIDS)
1982:NBC suit
1844:(GBTI),
1836:BioWatch
1767:Programs
1712:(NCBID;
1546:Response
1475:Civilian
1444:Military
1404:research
1282:BioWatch
1158:Archived
1109:19884645
1068:17582574
1027:16239492
933:10 April
907:10 April
880:Archived
860:17582574
681:See also
528:smallpox
491:Botulism
481:BioThrax
248:chemical
2201:History
1923:of the
1852:ESSENCE
1590:Federal
1402:Federal
1255:Federal
1205:YouTube
1164:15 June
962:12 June
795:1775222
767:Bibcode
695:(BARDA)
524:anthrax
495:Cangene
470:Cangene
453:, from
451:anthrax
99:108-276
34:updated
2234:(2002)
2193:(2004)
2155:(2006)
2149:(2005)
2138:(2004)
2127:(2002)
2121:(2001)
2115:(1999)
2088:(1972)
2082:(1969)
1941:(DHHS)
1603:, HHS)
1534:(USDA)
1411:Trans-
1132:
1107:
1066:
1025:
858:
793:
785:
547:23 Feb
254:, and
116:
16:US law
1886:(DoD)
1880:(CDC)
1854:(DoD)
1832:(CDC)
1635:(CDC)
1629:(CDC)
1569:State
1553:Local
1518:/DHS)
1508:(HHS)
1500:NIAID
1498:(HHS/
1490:NIAID
1192:(PDF)
1154:(PDF)
953:(PDF)
668:PhRMA
581:Gregg
483:from
468:from
206:414–2
114:Stat.
1977:MOPP
1931:and
1929:NIMS
1858:RODS
1789:and
1647:Non-
1611:USMC
1601:NDMS
1526:USDA
1486:UTMB
1327:DHHS
1166:2013
1130:ISBN
1105:PMID
1064:PMID
1023:PMID
964:2013
935:2013
909:2013
856:PMID
791:OCLC
783:ISSN
549:2017
435:for
236:2004
196:99-0
120:–864
82:the
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