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data. The norms from the CS were updated to also include protocols from 15 other countries, resulting in updated international norms. The CS international norm data set was based on fewer countries, most of which were
European only. The new international norms provide a better representation of the Western hemisphere and westernized countries. Concerning differences in administration of the task across both scoring systems, a critical issue with CS administration was addressed in the development of the R-PAS. Following CS administration procedure, it was common to obtain too few or too many responses per card which could result in an invalidated protocol (due to too few responses) or in error. The new administration procedure introduced in the R-PAS requires the clinician to initially tell the examinee that they should provide two or three responses per card, and allows the clinician to prompt for additional responses if too few are given, or to pull cards away if too many are given. Therefore, the new administration procedure addresses the critical issue of number of responses that was prevalent with use of the CS administration procedure. The CS administration procedure prevented clinicians from prompting for more responses or pulling cards when too many responses were provided. An additional psychometric improvement concerns the presentation of obtained scores. With the R-PAS system, it is now possible to change scores to percentiles and convert percentiles to standard scores which can be presented visually and allow for easy comparison to the normative data. With the CS, this was not possible and it was more difficult to compare results to normative comparison groups. Lastly, the R-PAS scores have been shown to possess similar and sometimes stronger inter-rater reliability than was seen in scores from the CS. This means that when different clinicians score the same protocol, they are quite likely to derive the same interpretations and scores.
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might happen afterwards. A clinician will evaluate these descriptions, attempting to discover the conflicts, motivations and attitudes of the respondent. A researcher may use a specific scoring system that establishes consistent criteria of expressed thoughts and described behaviors associated with a specific trait, e.g., the need for
Achievement, which has a validated and reliable scoring system. In the answers, the respondent "projects" their unconscious attitudes and motivations into the picture, which is why these are referred to as "projective tests." Although the TAT is a commonly used psychological assessment instrument, its validity as a personality assessment test has been questioned. In contrast, it has high reliability and validity when used in research with larger samples.
566:"objective" to describe a test, it is assumed that the test possess accuracy and precision. Conversely, when the term "projective" is used to describe a test, it is assumed that these measures are less accurate. Neither of these assumptions are fully accurate, and have led researchers to develop alternative terminology to describe various projective measures. For example, it has been proposed that the Rorschach be labeled as a "behavioral task" due to its ability to provide an in vivo or real life sample of human behavior. It is easy to forget that both objective and projective tests are capable of producing objective data, and both require some form of subjective interpretation from the examiner. Objective testing, such as self-report measures, like the
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motivations may not be consciously recognized by the respondent or the respondent may not be able to verbally express them in the form and structure demanded by the questioner. Advocates of projective tests stress that the ambiguity of the stimuli presented within the tests allow subjects to express thoughts that originate on a deeper level than tapped by explicit questions, and provide content that may not be captured by responsive tools that lacks appropriate items. After some decrease in interest in the 1980s and 1990s, newer research suggesting that implicit motivation is best captured in this way has increased the research and use of these tools.
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Schultheiss, have shown clear validity for these tools for certain personality traits, most especially implicit motivation (as contrasted with self-attributed or "explicit" motivation, which are conscious states), and that criticisms of projective tools based on techniques used for responsive tools is simply an inappropriate method of measurement. Moreover, Soley and Smith report that when used with larger Ns in research, as opposed to the clinical assessment of an individual, projective tests can exhibit high validity and reliability.
271:, and insight therapy, while also providing a theoretical platform of behavioral analysis. The test has been used widely as a clinical tool, as an educational assessment, and in human resource selection. The test is accompanied by an inventory, The Relational Modality Evaluation Scale, a self-report measure that targets individuals' particular ways of resolving conflict and ways of dealing with relational stress. These tests were developed by Dr.
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analyzed in various ways, noting not only what was said, but the time taken to respond, which aspect of the drawing was focused on, and how individual responses compared to other responses for the same drawing. It is important that the
Rorschach test and other projective tests be conducted by experienced professionals to ensure validity and consistency of results. The Rorschach was commonly scored using the
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cultural meaning. The application of responses is different in these disciplines than in psychology, because the responses of multiple respondents are grouped together for analysis by the organisation commissioning the research, rather than interpreting the meaning of the responses given by a single subject.
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Other research, however, has established that projective tests measure things that responsive tests do not, though it is theoretically possible to combine the two, e.g., Spangler, 1992. Decades of works by advocates, e.g., David C. McClelland, David Winter, Abigail
Stewart, and, more recently, Oliver
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Created by Silvan
Tomkins, this psychological test consists of 25 sets of 3 pictures which the subject must arrange into a sequence that they "feel makes the best sense". The reliability of this test has been disputed, however. For example, patients with schizophrenia have been found to score as more
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Another popular projective test is the
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in which an individual views ambiguous scenes of people, and is asked to describe various aspects of the scene; for example, the subject may be asked to describe what led up to this scene, the emotions of the characters, and what
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images and the emotions they may provoke. In advertising, projective tests are used to evaluate responses to advertisements. The tests have also been used in management to assess achievement motivation and other drives, in sociology to assess the adoption of innovations, and in anthropology to study
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The Animal
Metaphor test consists of a series of creative and analytical prompts in which the person filling out the test is asked to create a story and then interpret its personal significance. Unlike conventional projective tests, the Animal Metaphor Test works as both a diagnostic and therapeutic
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The more descriptive "rating scale or self-report measures" and "free response measures" are suggested, rather than the terms "objective tests" and "projective tests," respectively. Additionally, there are inherent biases implied in the terminology itself. For example, when individuals use the term
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The new scoring system has stronger psychometric properties than the CS, and, like the CS, allows for a standardized administration of the test which is something that is lacking in a majority of projective measures. Additional psychometric strengths present with the R-PAS include updated normative
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The general theoretical position behind projective tests is that whenever a specific question is asked, the response will be consciously formulated and socially determined. These responses do not reflect the respondent's unconscious or implicit attitudes or motivations. The respondent's deep-seated
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is sometimes debated. There have been many empirical studies based on projective tests (including the use of standardized norms and samples), particularly more established tests. The criticism of lack of scientific evidence to support them and their continued popularity has been referred to as the
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Word association testing is a technique developed by Carl Jung to explore complexes in the personal unconscious. Jung came to recognize the existence of groups of thoughts, feelings, memories, and perceptions, organized around a central theme, that he termed psychological complexes. This discovery
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Sentence completion tests require the subject to complete sentence "stems" with their own words. The subject's response is considered to be a projection of their conscious and/or unconscious attitudes, personality characteristics, motivations, and beliefs. However, there is evidence that sentence
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This is a variation of the
Rorschach test, but uses a much larger pool of different images. Its main differences lie in its objective scoring criteria as well as limiting subjects to one response per inkblot (to avoid variable response productivity). Different variables such as reaction time are
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The best known and most frequently used projective test is the
Rorschach inkblot test. This test was originally developed in 1921 to diagnose schizophrenia. Subjects are shown a series of ten irregular but symmetrical inkblots, and asked to explain what they see. The subject's responses are then
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and many of its related approaches (such as the
Critical Incident Interview, the Behavioral Interview, and so on) is fundamentally a projective tool in that it invites someone to tell a specific story about recent actions they took, but does not ask leading questions or questions with yes or no
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interpretation of the details of the drawing, such as the size, shape and complexity of the facial features, clothing and background of the figure. As with other projective tests, the approach has very little demonstrated validity and there is evidence that therapists may attribute pathology to
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This holds that an individual puts structure on an ambiguous situation in a way that is consistent with their own conscious and unconscious needs. It is an indirect method- testee is talking about something that comes spontaneously from the self without conscious awareness or editing.
191:, until the development of the newer scoring system, the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) in 2011. In an influential review, the Rorschach Inkblot Test using the CS method has been labeled as a "problematic instrument" in terms of its psychometric properties.
570:, require objective responses from the examinee and subjective interpretations from the examiner. Projective testing, such as the Rorschach, requires subjective responses from the examinee, and can in theory involve objective (actuarial) interpretation.
1126:"they simply interpret the way we form these various features on the page in much the same way ancient oracles interpreted the entrails of oxen or smoke in the air. i.e., it's a kind of magical divination or fortune telling where 'like begets like'".
123:" / "self-report test", which adopt a "structured" approach as responses are analyzed according to a presumed universal standard (for example, a multiple choice exam), and are limited to the content of the test. The responses to projective tests are
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was related to his research into word association, a technique whereby words presented to patients elicit other word responses that reflect related concepts in the patients' psyche, thus providing clues to their unique psychological make-up
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completion tests elicit learned associations rather than unconscious attitudes. Thus, respondents answer "black" when presented with the word, "white," or "father" when presented with the word "mother," according to Soley and Smith.
1214:"CONVERSANDO COM O PSICĂLOGO - Detran esclarece sobre avaliação psicolĂłgica para obtenção de cnh [TALKING TO THE PSYCHOLOGIST - Traffic Department explains about psychological assessment to obtain a driver's license]"
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Projective techniques are used extensively in people assessment; besides variants of the TAT, which are used to identify implicit motive patterns, the Behavioral Event Interview pioneered by American psychologist
439:, even those hidden because never lived through or because have been rejected. Is any statistical method able to span, understand and integrate mathematically all these possibilities? I deny this categorically."
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1310:"Escritura y Personalidad â do prof. A. Vels â Luis Miracle â Editor." ("Escritura y Personalidad. Las Bases CientĂficas De La GrafologĂa" | "Hardcover â January 1, 1961 by Augusto Vels (Author)
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Spiteri, S. P. (n.d.). "Word association testing and thesaurus construction." Retrieved November 21, 2012, from Dalhousie University, School of Library and Information Studies website:
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Shatz, Phillip. (n.d.) "Projective personality testing: Psychological testing." Retrieved November 21, 2012, from Staint Joseph's University: Department of Psychology Web site:
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Meyer, Gregory J.; Kurtz, John E. (October 2006). "Advancing Personality Assessment Terminology: Time to Retire "Objective" and "Projective" As Personality Test Descriptors".
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Meyer, Gregory J. and Kurtz, John E.(2006) 'Advancing Personality Assessment Terminology: Time to Retire "Objective" and "Projective" As Personality Test Descriptors',
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individuals who are merely poor artists. A popular review has concluded that its scientific status "can best be declared as weak". A similar class of techniques is
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400:. Most of the supporting studies on the validity of projective tests are poor or outdated. Proponents of projective tests claim there is a discrepancy between
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and many have no standardized criteria to which results may be compared, however this is not always the case. These tests are used frequently, though the
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of positive testimonials as a reason to use it for personality evaluation, most empirical studies fail to show the validity claimed by its supporters.
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for meaning rather than being based on presuppositions about meaning, as is the case with objective tests. Projective tests have their origins in
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purporting to be able to identify the writer, indicating psychological state at the time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics.
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Miller, J. (2015). "Dredging and Projecting the Depths of Personality: The Thematic Apperception Test and the Narratives of the Unconscious".
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Piotrowski, Z. (1958-01-01). The Tomkins-Horn Picture Arrangement Test. The journal of nervous and mental disease, 126(1), 106.
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Soley, L.C and Smith, A. L. (2008). Projective Techniques for Social Science and Business Research, Milwaukee: Southshore Press.
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said that his test actually discovers "fate and existential possibilities hidden in the inherited familial unconscious and the
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Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2000). "The history of modern psychology." Seventh edition. Harcourt College Publishers.
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and TAT, the Animal Metaphor is premised on self-analysis via self-report questions. The test combines facets of art therapy,
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Furnham, Adrian; Barrie Gunter (1987), "Graphology and Personality: Another Failure to Validate Graphological Analysis.",
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Meyer, Gregory J.; Eblin, Joshua J. (June 2012). "An Overview of the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS)".
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and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test. This is sometimes contrasted with a so-called "
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la conocida discrepancia entre la validez estadistica y clinica de todos los «tests» de psicologia profunda
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at the Center for the Study of Normative Behavior in Hamden, CT, a clinical training and research center.
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Driver, Russel H.; Buckley, M. Ronald; Frink, Dwight D. (April 1996), "Should We Write Off Graphology?",
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Gamble, K. R. (1972). The holtzman inkblot technique. Psychological Bulletin, 77(3), 172-194.
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712:"Drawing a Close to the Use of Human Figure Drawings as a Projective Measure of Intelligence"
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Graphology has been controversial for more than a century. Although supporters point to the
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Subjects are projecting their personality onto the ambiguous stimuli they are interpreting
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Provides information about personality that is not obtainable through self-report measures
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The Teste PalogrĂĄfico (Palographic Test) is a personality test used frequently in Brazil.
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Projective Methods for Personality Assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2012, from
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The Draw-A-Person test requires the subject to draw a person. The results are based on a
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Focus is clinical perspective - not normative - but has developed norms over the years
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In 2006 the terms "objective test" and "projective test" came under criticism in the
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The more unstructured the stimuli, the more examinees reveal about their personality.
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1476:. Huber, Bern und Stuttgart, 2nd edition. Ch.27, From the Spanish translation, B)II
1451:. Huber, Bern und Stuttgart, 2nd edition. Ch.27, From the Spanish translation, B)II
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305:"normal" than patients with no such mental disorders. Other picture tests include:
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designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden
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Make-A-Picture-Story (MAPS) - make own pictures from figures, 6 years and older
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attitudes and motivations that are beyond or hidden from conscious awareness.
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Verma, S. K. (2000). "Some Popular Misconceptions about Inkblot Techniques".
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Hertz, Marguerite R. (September 1986). "Rorschachbound: A 50-Year Memoir".
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http://schatz.sju.edu/intro/1001lowfi/personality/projectiveppt/sld001.htm
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Projection is greater to stimulus material that is similar to the examinee
1278:"O TESTE PALOGRĂFICO DO PROF. ESCALA" () - "FGV" Digital Library - Brazil
1238:
Bannach, Eduarda Lehmann; Bianchi, Alessandra Sant'Anna (July 18, 2020).
1392:"A Cognitive-Perceptual Analysis of Projective Tests Used with Children"
1240:"Palographic test: Challenges for training in psychological evaluation"
481: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1060:"About the Tell Me A Story Temas Test â Tell Me A Story : TEMAS"
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http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/word-association%20test
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Escritura y Personalidad. Las Bases CientĂficas De La GrafologĂa
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Responding to the statistical criticism of his projective test,
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1345:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1â6,
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Minicucci, Agostinho; Bastos, Iron Ramos de (January 6, 1961).
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Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Wood, James M.; Garb, Howard N. (2000).
582:, for example to help identify potential associations between
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18:
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Das zweite Buch: Lehrbuch der Experimentellen Triebdiagnostik
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Das zweite Buch: Lehrbuch der Experimentellen Triebdiagnostik
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scored for an individual's response upon seeing an inkblot.
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Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2012, from
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analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns of
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http://libres.curtin.edu.au/libres14n2/Spiteri_final.htm
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Projective tests are criticized from the perspective of
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Education Apperception Test -attitudes towards learning
1341:, in Cautin, Robin L.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (eds.),
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Taylor, Whitney D.; Lee, Catherine M. (2015-01-23),
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Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health
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578:Projective techniques, including TATs, are used in
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411:In the case of clinical use, they rely heavily on
1152:International Journal of Selection and Assessment
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1489:Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 172, No.1, 140â154.
1300:(1): 17â22 – via bibliotecadigital.fgv.br.
960:"The Scientific Status of Projective Techniques"
1823:Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)
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1137:Longman Dictionary of Psychology and Psychiatry
131:, which argues that humans have conscious and
1677:WoodcockâJohnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
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8:
964:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
839:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. pp.
1729:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
1498:McClelland, Koestner, & Weinberger 1989
160:Does not depend as much on verbal abilities
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773:http://www.neiu.edu/~mecondon/proj-lec.htm
524:Subjects are unaware of what they disclose
163:Taps both conscious and unconscious traits
1813:LuriaâNebraska Neuropsychological Battery
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497:Learn how and when to remove this message
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
1667:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
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1682:Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
1343:The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology
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1187:Personality and Individual Differences
1158:(2), Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 78â86,
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765:
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1290:"O teste palogrĂĄfico do Prof. Escala"
330:Michigan Picture Test - children 8â14
7:
1808:Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
1294:Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicotécnica
1212:Farah, Denise (September 30, 2009).
1139:, Longman Group United Kingdom, 1983
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479:adding citations to reliable sources
836:Popular psychology: an encyclopedia
1672:StanfordâBinet Intelligence Scales
1603:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
1599:Theodor W. Adorno, et al. (1964).
1326:. Luis Miracle – via Amazon.
1164:10.1111/j.1468-2389.1996.tb00062.x
14:
1739:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
1662:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
1575:Journal of Personality Assessment
1510:Journal of Personality Assessment
1320:Vels, Augusto (January 1, 1961).
787:Journal of Personality Assessment
561:Journal of Personality Assessment
1586:Camp, Vielhaber, Simonetti, 2001
1458:En esta crĂtica aparece siempre
1048:10.1097/00005053-195801000-00016
647:Identification Projection Series
455:
324:Picture Story Test - adolescents
312:CAT (animals) and CAT-H (humans)
23:
1268:– via pepsic.bvsalud.org.
1117:. Scientific American Frontiers
466:needs additional citations for
1854:Vineland Social Maturity Scale
1351:10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp141
1257:10.15689/ap.2020.1904.18487.06
1227:: 10â11 – via crpsp.org.
580:qualitative marketing research
1:
1818:Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure
1707:Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
1601:The Authoritarian Personality
347:Free association (psychology)
45:Many sections are incomplete.
1849:Benton Visual Retention Test
1702:Raven's Progressive Matrices
1478:Las condiciones estadisticas
1453:Las condiciones estadisticas
1199:10.1016/0191-8869(87)90045-6
912:Psychological Injury and Law
737:10.1371/journal.pone.0058991
269:cognitive behavioral therapy
1692:Differential Ability Scales
1687:Cognitive Assessment System
1522:10.1207/s15327752jpa8703_01
1396:Perceptual and Motor Skills
43:. The specific problem is:
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1757:Thematic apperception test
1111:"Barry Beyerstein Q&A"
799:10.1207/s15327752jpa5003_9
632:Holtzman inkblot technique
521:There is an "unconscious."
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220:Thematic Apperception Test
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214:Thematic apperception test
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157:Reduces temptation to fake
39:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
1839:Mental status examination
1786:Sentence completion tests
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1408:10.2466/pms.2001.93.2.505
924:10.1007/s12207-012-9130-y
681:10.1017/S0269889714000301
546:Subtle reinforcement cues
333:TEMAS - Hispanic children
285:Sentence completion tests
189:Comprehensive System (CS)
833:CordĂłn, Luis A. (2005).
300:Picture Arrangement Test
294:Picture Arrangement Test
279:Sentence completion test
16:Type of personality test
1800:Neuropsychological test
1339:"Human Figure Drawings"
417:statistical reliability
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1390:Seitz, Jay A. (2001).
428:"projective paradox".
246:kinetic family drawing
1844:Wechsler Memory Scale
1770:Holtzman inkblot test
1244:Avaliação Psicológica
976:10.1111/1529-1006.002
543:Specific instructions
341:Word Association Test
205:Holtzman Inkblot Test
199:Holtzman Inkblot Test
148:Projective hypothesis
1781:Animal Metaphor Test
1455:, p.396. Quotation:
710:Imuta, Kana (2013).
617:Blacky Pictures Test
475:improve this article
437:personal unconscious
421:statistical validity
402:statistical validity
394:statistical validity
319:Blacky pictures test
263:battery. Unlike the
258:Animal Metaphor Test
252:Animal Metaphor Test
50:improve this article
728:2013PLoSO...858991I
535:Situation Variables
425:scientific evidence
1734:16PF Questionnaire
1654:Intelligence tests
1115:Ask the Scientists
669:Science in Context
379:anecdotal evidence
366:Graphology is the
235:Draw-A-Person Test
229:Draw-A-Person test
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1717:Personality tests
1697:Ammons Quick Test
1360:978-1-118-62539-2
850:978-0-313-32457-4
574:Uses in marketing
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406:clinical validity
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32:This article may
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368:pseudoscientific
309:Thompson version
125:content analyzed
113:personality test
97:
83:Projective tests
80:
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
27:
26:
19:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1884:
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1880:
1879:
1865:
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1858:
1827:
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1644:evaluation and
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1007:
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831:
822:
784:
783:
779:
770:
763:
709:
708:
704:
666:
665:
661:
656:
651:
612:Albert J. Levis
607:
593:
576:
556:
540:Age of examiner
537:
512:
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486:
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472:
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390:
364:
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302:
296:
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237:
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207:
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184:
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171:Common variants
150:
141:
109:projective test
93:
74:
63:
57:
54:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1888:
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1766:Rorschach test
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1579:
1563:
1551:
1516:(3): 223â225.
1500:
1491:
1482:
1472:Szondi (1960)
1465:
1445:Leopold Szondi
1437:
1402:(2): 505â522.
1379:
1359:
1329:
1312:
1303:
1280:
1271:
1250:(4): 400â408.
1230:
1204:
1193:(3): 433â435,
1177:
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1005:
945:
918:(2): 107â121.
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856:
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820:
793:(3): 396â416.
777:
761:
702:
658:
657:
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652:
650:
649:
644:
642:The Duess Test
639:
634:
629:
627:Ernest Dichter
624:
619:
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265:Rorschach test
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233:Main article:
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1762:Ink blot test
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1638:Psychological
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1064:temastest.com
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722:(3): e58991.
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487:February 2013
480:
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469:
464:This section
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398:psychometrics
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241:psychodynamic
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58:November 2013
51:
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1395:
1372:, retrieved
1342:
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1224:
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1207:
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1186:
1180:
1155:
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1145:
1136:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1114:
1105:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1038:
1008:
970:(2): 27â66.
967:
963:
915:
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871:
865:
859:
835:
790:
786:
780:
719:
715:
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672:
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594:
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559:
557:
493:
484:
473:Please help
468:verification
465:
441:
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391:
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365:
350:
303:
288:
261:
238:
223:
208:
193:
185:
151:
142:
108:
102:
64:
55:
48:Please help
44:
33:
1832:Other tests
1776:Szondi test
1642:psychiatric
874:(1): 71â3.
675:(1): 9â30.
554:Terminology
510:Assumptions
372:handwriting
133:unconscious
52:if you can.
1374:2021-02-13
1221:JORNAL psi
1121:2008-02-22
654:References
637:Pareidolia
362:Graphology
356:Graphology
105:psychology
1594:Footnotes
1530:0022-3891
1416:0031-5125
1369:142799554
1266:234965850
1172:1468-2389
984:1529-1006
940:143393022
932:1938-971X
880:222319580
807:0022-3891
601:answers.
315:Senior AT
176:Rorschach
1869:Category
1546:39649994
1538:17134328
1432:19518853
1424:11769908
992:26151980
876:ProQuest
815:16367435
756:23516590
716:PLOS ONE
697:35559490
689:25832568
605:See also
447:Concerns
388:Validity
117:emotions
34:require
1646:testing
1480:, p.396
1447:(1960)
1000:8197201
841:201â204
747:3597590
724:Bibcode
415:, lack
95:D011386
36:cleanup
1544:
1536:
1528:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1367:
1357:
1264:
1170:
998:
990:
982:
938:
930:
878:
847:
813:
805:
754:
744:
695:
687:
568:MMPI-2
321:- dogs
139:Theory
1542:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1365:S2CID
1262:S2CID
1217:(PDF)
996:S2CID
936:S2CID
693:S2CID
584:brand
111:is a
1640:and
1534:PMID
1526:ISSN
1420:PMID
1412:ISSN
1355:ISBN
1168:ISSN
988:PMID
980:ISSN
928:ISSN
845:ISBN
811:PMID
803:ISSN
752:PMID
685:PMID
419:and
404:and
396:and
107:, a
89:MeSH
1518:doi
1404:doi
1347:doi
1252:doi
1225:162
1195:doi
1160:doi
1044:doi
1014:doi
972:doi
920:doi
795:doi
742:PMC
732:doi
677:doi
477:by
103:In
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.