485:. This means that the justification is not relevant to whether the belief is true. In one thought experiment, Smith and Jones apply for a job and before officially declaring the result, the company president tells Smith that Jones will get the job. Smith saw that Jones has 10 coins in his pocket so he comes to form the justified belief that the successful candidate has 10 coins in his pocket. In the end, it turns out that Smith gets the job after all. By lucky coincidence, Smith also has 10 coins in his pocket. Gettier claims that, because of this coincidence, Smith's belief that the successful candidate has 10 coins in his pocket does not amount to knowledge. The belief is justified and true but the justification is not relevant to the truth.
432:. For example, a person who just checked their bank account and saw that their balance is 500 dollars has a good reason to believe that they have 500 dollars in their bank account. However, justification by itself does not imply that a belief is true. For example, if someone reads the time from their clock they may form a justified belief about the current time even if the clock stopped a while ago and shows a false time now. If a person has a justified belief then they are often able to articulate what this belief is and to provide arguments stating the reasons supporting it. However, this ability to articulate one's reasons is not an essential requirement of justification.
374:, claim that, at least in some cases, knowledge is not a form of belief but a different type of mental state. One argument for this position is based on statements like "I don't believe it, I know it", which may be used to express that the person is very certain and has good reason to affirm this claim. However, this argument is not generally accepted since knowing something does not imply that the person disbelieves the claim. A further explanation is to hold that this statement is a linguistic tool to emphasize that the person is well-informed. In this regard, it only denies that a weak belief exists without rejecting that a stronger form of belief is involved.
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related propositions. As the last step, new connections are established and inferences are drawn. A similar process is described by John V. Dempsey, who stresses that the new information must be organized, divided, and linked to existing knowledge. He distinguishes between learning that involves recalling information in contrast to learning that only requires being able to recognize patterns. A related theory is defended by
Anthony J. Rhem. He holds that the process of learning declarative knowledge involves organizing new information into groups. Next, links between the groups are drawn and the new information is connected to pre-existing knowledge.
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sharply at odds with the way we speak about knowledge, for example, in computing, where a so-called knowledge base can be a database, that is, a set of data that has been collected and is thought to consist of true propositions, even though, realistically speaking, many of them might later be shown to be false or untenable. ... The pragmatic account of knowledge starts with a knowledge system, meaning a working system with an agent having a database. ... The notion of a search can be a social one, in many instances. A group of agents can be engaged in the search, and some of them can know things that others do not know.
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be proven by deducing it from premises. It is non-propositional and, for the most part, cannot be taught in abstract without concrete exercise. In this regard, it is a form of non-intellectual knowledge. It is tied to a specific goal and its value lies not in being true, but rather in how effective it is to accomplish its goal. Practical knowledge can be present without any beliefs and may even involve false beliefs. For example, an experienced ball player may know how to catch a ball despite having false beliefs. They may believe that their eyes continuously track the ball. But, in truth, their
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achieve their objectives. For example, to treat a disease, knowledge of its symptoms and possible cures is beneficial. Or if a person has applied for a new job then knowing where and when the interview takes place is important. Due to its context-independence, declarative knowledge can be used for a great variety of tasks and because of its compact nature, it can be easily stored and retrieved. Declarative knowledge can be useful for procedural knowledge, for example, by knowing the list of steps needed to execute a skill. It also has a key role in understanding and
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159:, like knowing how to ride a horse. It is a form of non-intellectual knowledge since it does not need to involve true beliefs. Knowledge by acquaintance is a familiarity with something based on first-hand experience, like knowing the taste of chocolate. This familiarity can be present even if the person does not possess any factual information about the object. Some theorists also contrast declarative knowledge with conditional knowledge, prescriptive knowledge, structural knowledge, case knowledge, and strategic knowledge.
1010:. Learning facts involves relationships between concepts, for example, that "Ann Richards was the governor of Texas in 1991". This process is usually easier if the person is not dealing with isolated facts but possesses a network of information into which the new fact is integrated. The case for learning lists is similar since it involves the association of many items. Learning organized discourse encompasses not discrete facts or items but a wider comprehension of the meaning present in an extensive body of information.
767:. Implicit knowledge, on the other hand, is a form of embodied knowledge that the person cannot articulate. The traditional association of declarative knowledge with explicit knowledge is not always accepted in the contemporary literature. Some theorists argue that there are forms of implicit declarative knowledge. A putative example is a person who has learned a concept and is now able to correctly classify objects according to this concept even though they are not able to provide a verbal rationale for their decision.
3755:"Karl Marx wrote Capital,' "Force = Mass x Acceleration'). Procedural knowledge is often called practical knowledge, skill, or know-how (e.g., riding a bicycle, performing surgery, carrying out a logical deduction). Relational knowledge, comprising experiential and contextual knowledge, sometimes just called experiential knowledge, knowledge-by-acquaintance, or know-of (e.g., knowing what kangaroo tastes like, what red looks like, and how local, cultural norms delimit what it is appropriate to say in a given context).
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33:
246:, ideas, theories, and general rules. Through these representations, the person stands in a relationship to a particular aspect of reality by depicting what it is like. Declarative knowledge tends to be context-independent: it is not tied to any specific use and may be employed for many tasks. It includes a wide range of phenomena and encompasses both knowledge of individual facts and general laws. An example for individual facts is knowing that the atomic mass of gold is 196.97
326:
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that it was true. This observation can be easily explained by including justification as an essential component. This implies that the gambler's belief does not amount to knowledge because it lacks justification. In this regard, mere true opinion is not enough to establish knowledge. A central issue in epistemology concerns the standards of justification, i.e., what conditions have to be fulfilled for a belief to be justified.
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of knowledge. Some theorists, like Luis
Villoro, distinguish between weak and strong beliefs. Having a weak belief implies that the person merely presumes that something is the case. They guess that the claim is probably correct while acknowledging at the same time that they might very well be mistaken about it. This contrasts with strong belief, which implies a substantial commitment to the believed claim. It involves
473:. According to foundationalists, some reasons are foundational and do not depend on other reasons for their justification. Coherentists also reject the idea that an infinite chain of reasons is needed and argue that different beliefs can mutually support each other without one being more basic than the others. Infinitists, on the other hand, accept the idea that an infinite chain of reasons is required.
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847:. Knowledge by acquaintance does not imply that the person can provide factual information about the object. It is a form of non-inferential knowledge that depends on first-hand experience. For example, a person who has never left their home country may acquire a lot of declarative knowledge about other countries by reading books without any knowledge by acquaintance.
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defeating evidence of the belief. Some theorists demand the stronger requirement that there is no true proposition that would defeat the belief, independent of whether the person is aware of this proposition or not. A closely related theory holds that beliefs can only amount to knowledge if they are not inferred from a falsehood.
416:. In this regard, the main interest is usually about how people ascribe truth values to meaning-contents, like when affirming an assertion, independent of whether this assertion is true or false. Despite these positions, it is widely accepted in epistemology that truth is an essential component of declarative knowledge.
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structures used to articulate them. Declarative knowledge is usually expressed with a that-clause, as in "Ann knows that koalas sleep most of the time". For practical knowledge, a how-clause is used instead, for example, "Dave knows how to read the time on a clock". Knowledge by acquaintance can be articulated using a
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We follow
Markauskaite and Goodyear (2017) and Dohn (2017) in distinguishing between three knowledge types. Declarative knowledge is knowledge expressible in propositional statements, often also termed propositional knowledge or know-that (e.g., "President Donald Trump was inaugurated on 20.01.2017,"
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Declarative knowledge is also different from knowledge by acquaintance, which is also known as objectual knowledge, and knowledge-of. Knowledge by acquaintance is a form of familiarity or direct awareness that a person has with another person, a thing, or a place. For example, a person who has tasted
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Practical knowledge consists of skills. Knowing how to ride a horse or how to play the guitar are forms of practical knowledge. The terms "procedural knowledge" and "knowledge-how" are often used as synonyms. It differs from declarative knowledge in various aspects. It is usually imprecise and cannot
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about knowledge since the great majority of regular beliefs do not live up to these requirements. It would imply that people know very little and that most who claim to know a certain fact are mistaken. However, a more common view among epistemologists is that knowledge does not require infallibility
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Some epistemologists hold that there are at least some forms of knowledge that do not require truth. For example, Joseph Thomas
Tolliver argues that some mental states amount to knowledge only because of the causes and effects they have. This is the case even if they do not represent anything and are
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exists, or that someone is thinking about it. Instead, it only means that it presents things as they are. For example, when flipping a coin, it may be true that it will land heads even if it is not possible to predict this with certainty. Truth is an objective factor of knowledge that goes beyond the
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in the latter half of the 20th century. In response, various alternative theories of the elements of declarative knowledge have been suggested. Some see justified true belief as a necessary condition that is not sufficient by itself and discuss additional components that are needed. Another response
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in which the claim to be learned is repeated again and again until it is fully memorized. Other forms of declarative knowledge learning focus more on developing an understanding of the subject. This means that the learner should not only be able to repeat the claim but also to explain, describe, and
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Declarative knowledge is primarily desired in cases where it is immediately useful. But not all forms of knowledge are useful. For example, indiscriminately memorizing phone numbers found in a foreign phone book is unlikely to result in useful declarative knowledge. However, it is often difficult to
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Justification is usually included as a component of knowledge to exclude lucky guesses. For example, a compulsive gambler flipping a coin may be certain that it will land heads this time without a good reason for this belief. In this case, the belief does not amount to knowledge even if it turns out
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One commonly accepted component of knowledge is belief. In this sense, whoever knows that whales are animals automatically also believes that whales are animals. A belief is a mental state that affirms that something is the case. As an attitude toward a proposition, it belongs to the subjective side
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It is a pervasive assumption in recent analytical philosophy that knowledge can be defined as a modality representing a rational agent's true and consistent beliefs. Such views are based on rationality assumptions. One is that knowledge can only consist of true propositions. This way of speaking is
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Memory differs from perception and introspection in that it does not produce new knowledge but merely stores and retrieves pre-existing knowledge. As such, it depends on other sources. It is similar to reasoning in this regard, which starts from a known fact and arrives at new knowledge by drawing
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A further distinction is between declarative or descriptive knowledge in contrast to prescriptive knowledge. Descriptive knowledge represents what the world is like. It describes and classifies what phenomena are there and in what relations they stand toward each other. It is interested in what is
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knowledge, on the other hand, no experience is required. It is based on pure rational reflection and can neither be verified nor falsified through experience. Examples are knowing that 7 + 5 = 12 or that whatever is red everywhere is not blue everywhere. In this context, experience means primarily
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In many cases, the goal of suggesting additional components is to avoid cases of epistemic luck. In this regard, some theorists have argued that the additional component would have to ensure that the belief is true. This approach is reflected in the idea that knowledge implies a form of certainty.
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A further theory is based on the idea that knowledge states should be responsive to what the world is like. One suggested component in this regard is that the belief is safe or sensitive. This means that the person has the belief because it is true but that they would not hold the belief if it was
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A closely related issue concerns the question of how the different mental states have to be related to each other to be justified. For example, one belief may be supported by another belief. However, it is questionable whether this is sufficient for justification if the second belief is itself not
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According to Ellen GagnΓ©, learning declarative knowledge happens in four steps. In the first step, the learner comes into contact with the material to be learned and apprehends it. Next, they translate this information into propositions. Following that, the learner's memory triggers and activates
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were considered useless at the time of discovery until experimental scientists discovered how to detect electromagnetic waves. Occasionally, knowledge may have a negative value, for example, when it hinders someone to do what would be needed because their knowledge of associated dangers paralyzes
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Some theorists argue that one type of knowledge is more basic than others. For example, Robert E. Haskell claims that declarative knowledge is the basic form of knowledge since it constitutes a general framework of understanding. According to him, it is a precondition for acquiring other forms of
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Some theorists, like Anita
Woolfolk et. al., contrast declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge with conditional knowledge. According to this view, conditional knowledge is about knowing when and why to use declarative and procedural knowledge. For many issues, like solving math problems and
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Some theorists, like Robert GagnΓ© and Leslie Briggs, distinguish between types of declarative knowledge learning based on the cognitive processes involved: learning of labels and names, of facts and lists, and of organized discourse. Learning labels and names requires forming a mental connection
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Terms like theoretical knowledge, descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, and knowledge-that are used as synonyms of declarative knowledge and express its different aspects. Theoretical knowledge is knowledge of what is the case, in the past, present, or future independent of a practical
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Popper: Putting our ideas into words, or better, writing them down, makes an important difference. ... It is what I call 'knowledge in the objective sense'. Scientific knowledge belongs to it. It is this knowledge which is stored in our libraries rather than our heads. Magee: And you regard the
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In its more modern forms epistemology has taken the analysis of meaning and the status of claims to knowledge as its quarry. Consequently, writers such as
Bertrand Arthur William Russell (also known as the third Earl Russell, 1872β1970), George Edward Moore (1873β1958), and Ludwig Joseph Johann
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is domain-specific knowledge. This distinction is based on a continuum of cases that are more or less general without a clear-cut line between the types. According to Paul Kurtz, there are six types of descriptive knowledge: knowledge of available means, of consequences, of particular facts, of
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According to causal theories of knowledge, a necessary element of knowing a fact is that this fact somehow caused the knowledge of it. This is the case, for example, if a belief about the color of a house is based on a perceptual experience, which causally connects the house to the belief. This
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then this is defeating evidence since it undermines the reliability of their experiences. Defeasibility theorists claim that, in this case, the belief does not amount to knowledge because defeating evidence is present. As an additional component of knowledge, they require that the person has no
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Declarative knowledge plays a central role in human understanding of the world. It underlies activities such as labeling phenomena, describing them, explaining them, and communicating with others about them. The value of declarative knowledge depends in part on its usefulness in helping people
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and desires. In this regard, it has a more subjective component since it depends on what people want. Some theorists equate prescriptive knowledge with procedural knowledge. But others distinguish them based on the claim that prescriptive knowledge is about what should be done while procedural
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Declarative knowledge is often contrasted with other types of knowledge. A common classification in epistemology distinguishes it from practical knowledge and knowledge by acquaintance. All of them can be expressed with the verb "to know" but their differences are reflected in the grammatical
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situations. Examples of reliable processes are perception and reasoning. An outcome of reliabilism is that knowledge is not restricted to humans. The reason is that reliable belief-formation processes may also be present in other animals, like dogs, apes, or rats, even if they do not possess
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understand justification as a purely subjective component, akin to belief. They claim that a belief is justified if it stands in the right relation to other mental states of the believer. For example, perceptual experiences can justify beliefs about the perceived object. This contrasts with
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that anticipate the ball's trajectory rather than following it. Another difference is that declarative knowledge is commonly only ascribed to animals with highly developed minds, like humans. Practical knowledge, on the other hand, is more prevalent in the animal kingdom. For example,
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summarize it. For declarative knowledge to be useful, it is often advantageous if it is embedded in a meaningful structure. For example, learning about new concepts and ideas involves developing an understanding of how they are related to each other and to what is already known.
1018:, like seeing that it is raining when looking out the window. Introspection is similar to perception but provides knowledge of the internal sphere and not of external objects. An example is directing one's attention to a pain in one's toe to assess whether it has intensified.
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is present. Defeating evidence of a belief is evidence that undermines the justification of the belief. For example, if a person looks outside the window and sees a rainbow then this impression justifies their belief that there is a rainbow. However, if the person just ate a
170:. In many cases, its value is based on its usefulness in achieving one's goals. However, its usefulness is not always obvious and not all instances of declarative knowledge are valuable. A lot of knowledge taught at school is declarative knowledge. It is said to be stored as
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justified. For example, a person may believe that Ford cars are cheaper than BMWs because they heard this from a friend. However, this belief may not be justified if there is no good reason to think that the friend is a reliable source of information. This can lead to an
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Beliefs are either true or false depending on whether they accurately represent reality. Truth is usually seen as one of the essential components of knowledge. This means that it is impossible to know a claim that is false. For example, it is possible to believe that
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contend that some claims can be known by pure reason independent of additional sources. Testimony is different from the other sources since it does not have its own cognitive faculty. Rather, it is grounded in the notion that people can acquire knowledge through
774:. Domain-specific knowledge applies to a narrow subject or a particular task but is useless outside this focus. General knowledge, on the other hand, concerns wide topics or has general applications. For example, declarative knowledge of the rules of
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Wittgenstein (1889β1951) have attempted to delineate three kinds of knowledge: 1. Knowledge that, or 'factual knowledge' ... 2. Knowledge how, or 'practical knowledge' ... 3. Knowledge of people, places, and things, or 'knowledge by acquaintance'
940:. A related issue in the field of epistemology concerns the question of whether declarative knowledge is more valuable than true belief. This is not obvious since, for many purposes, true belief is as useful as knowledge to achieve one's goals.
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Various sources of declarative knowledge are discussed in epistemology. They include perception, introspection, memory, reasoning, and testimony. Perception is usually understood as the main source of empirical knowledge. It is based on the
854:. He holds that it is more basic than other forms of knowledge since to understand a proposition, one has to be acquainted with its constituents. According to Russell, knowledge by acquaintance covers a wide range of phenomena, such as
505:, various further components of declarative knowledge have been suggested. Some of them are intended as additional elements besides belief, truth, and justification while others are understood as replacements for justification.
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Many debates concerning the nature of declarative knowledge focus on the role of justification, specifically whether it is needed at all and what else might be needed to complement it. Influential in this regard was a series of
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by being based on good reasons. This means that mere guesses do not amount to knowledge even if they are true. In contemporary epistemology, additional or alternative components have been suggested. One proposal is that no
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One classification distinguishes between knowledge of facts, concepts, and principles. Knowledge of facts pertains to the association of concrete information, for example, that the red color on a traffic light means
77:
is the main discipline studying declarative knowledge. Among other things, it studies the essential components of declarative knowledge. According to a traditionally influential view, it has three elements: it is a
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assess the value of knowledge if one does not foresee a situation where it would be useful. In this regard, it can happen that the value of apparently useless knowledge is only discovered much later. For example,
890:, it is not sufficient to know facts and general procedures if the person does not know under which situations to use them. To master a language, for example, it is not enough to acquire declarative knowledge of
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knowledge is about how to do it. Other classifications contrast declarative knowledge with structural knowledge, meta knowledge, heuristic knowledge, control knowledge, case knowledge, and strategic knowledge.
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implies knowing how it differs from walking and running as well as being able to apply this concept to concrete cases. Knowledge of principles is an awareness of general patterns of cause and effect, including
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knowledge is knowledge from experience. This means that experience, like regular perception, is responsible for its formation and justification. Knowing that the door of one's house is green is one example of
615:. A further distinction focuses on the mode of how something is known. On a causal level, different sources of knowledge correspond to different types of declarative knowledge. Examples are knowledge through
345:. This position is referred to as the justified-true-belief theory of knowledge and is often seen as the standard view. This view faced significant criticism following a series of counterexamples given by
529:, a true belief amounts to knowledge if it was formed through a reliable cognitive process. A cognitive process is reliable if it produces mostly true beliefs in actual situations and would also do so in
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412:, which studies how knowledge is acquired, stored, retrieved, and communicated. In this discipline, knowledge is often understood in a very wide sense that is roughly equivalent to understanding and
542:. It agrees with regular forms of reliabilism that knowledge is not a matter of luck but puts additional emphasis on the evaluative aspect of knowledge and the underlying skills responsible for it.
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Human
Interface and the Management of Information: Information, Design and Interaction: 18th International Conference, HCI International 2016 Toronto, Canada, July 17β22, 2016, Proceedings, Part I
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if one lacks conditional knowledge of when it is appropriate to use them. Some theorists understand conditional knowledge as one type of declarative knowledge and not as a distinct category.
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sailed in 1492 from Spain to
America. Knowledge of concepts applies to more abstract and general ideas that group together many individual phenomena. For example, knowledge of the concept of
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or claim about the world is true. This is often expressed using a that-clause, as in "knowing that kangaroos hop" or "knowing that 2 + 2 = 4". For this reason, it is also referred to as
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Declarative knowledge arises in many forms. It is possible to distinguish between them based on the type of content of what is known. For example, empirical knowledge is knowledge of
634:
On a logical level, forms of knowledge can be distinguished based on how a knowledge claim is supported by its premises. This classification corresponds to the different forms of
250:. Knowing that the color of leaves of some trees changes in autumn, on the other hand, belongs to general laws. Due to its verbal nature, declarative knowledge can be stored in
354:, reject the idea that declarative knowledge can be deconstructed into various constituent parts. They argue instead that it is a basic and unanalyzable epistemological state.
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Some theories do not try to provide additional requirements but instead propose replacing justification with alternative components. For example, according to some forms of
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for a state to amount to declarative knowledge. In this regard, it is similar to how a chemist breaks down a sample by identifying all the chemical elements composing it.
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knowledge, on the other hand, is linked to probabilistic, empirical, inductive, and scientific knowledge. Self-knowledge may be identified with introspective knowledge.
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knowledge even though some form of consciousness is involved in learning what symbols like "7" and "+" mean and in becoming aware of the associated concepts.
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Declarative knowledge is required for various activities, such as labeling phenomena as well as describing and explaining them. It can guide the processes of
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know how to walk through the kitchen despite presumably lacking the mental capacity for the declarative knowledge that they are walking through the kitchen.
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general causal laws, of established values, and of basic needs. Another classification distinguishes between structural knowledge and perceptual knowledge.
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Foundationalism, coherentism, and infinitism are theories about how justification arises. The black arrows symbolize how one belief supports another belief.
736:. It is a form of understanding how things work and being aware of the explanation of why something happened the way it did. Examples are that if there is
90:. As a belief, it is a subjective commitment to the accuracy of the believed claim while truth is an objective aspect. To be justified, a belief has to be
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or if a person robs a bank then they may go to jail. Similar classifications distinguish between declarative knowledge of persons, events, principles,
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by Edmund
Gettier. They present concrete cases of justified true beliefs that fail to amount to knowledge. The reason for their failure is a type of
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A central issue in epistemology is to determine the components or essential features of declarative knowledge. This field of inquiry is called the
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knowledge stored in our libraries as more important than the knowledge stored in our heads. Popper: Much more important, from every point of view
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as a type of experiential familiarity are not forms of declarative knowledge. The main discipline investigating declarative knowledge is called
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knowledge, on the other hand, focuses on the type of the source. These classifications overlap with each other at various points. For example,
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882:. It also has a central role to play since it extends the realm of knowledge to things that lie beyond the personal sphere of experience.
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since whatever reason is provided for the friend's reliability may itself lack justification. Three popular responses to this problem are
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that integrates the new information into wider structures and connects it to pre-existing knowledge. Sources of declarative knowledge are
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Designing the
Digital Transformation: 12th International Conference, DESRIST 2017, Karlsruhe, Germany, May 30 β June 1, 2017, Proceedings
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Partners in Advancing Student Learning: Degree Qualifications Profile and Tuning: New Directions for Institutional Research, Number 165
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externalists, who claim that justification involves objective factors that are external to the person's mind. Such factors can include
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Familiarity with the flavor of chocolate is one example of knowledge by acquaintance, which belongs to non-declarative knowledge.
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The thought experiments by Edmund Gettier influenced many epistemologists to seek additional components of declarative knowledge.
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or that a person has good reasons for believing it. This implies some form of appraisal in relation to an evaluative standard of
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286:. Declarative knowledge contrasts with non-declarative knowledge, which does not concern the explicit comprehension of factual
106:
Types of declarative knowledge can be distinguished based on the source of knowledge, the type of claim that is known, and how
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The Inquiring Organization: Tacit Knowledge, Conversation, and Knowledge Creation : Skills for 21st-century Organizations
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relations with the object of the belief or that reliable cognitive processes are responsible for the formation of the belief.
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sensory observation but can also include related processes, like introspection and memory. However, it does not include all
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642:. A closely related categorization focuses on the strength of the source of the justification. It distinguishes between
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like. This concerns specifically the question of what purposes people should follow and how they should act. It guides
222:. It can be expressed through spoken and written language using declarative sentences and can thus be acquired through
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at school involve the acquisition of declarative knowledge. One form of declarative knowledge learning is so-called
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causal connection does not have to be direct and can be mediated through steps like activating memories and drawing
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is present. Other suggestions are that the belief was caused by a reliable cognitive process and that the belief is
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According to defeasibility theory, an additional factor besides having evidence in favor of the belief is that no
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Philosophy 101: From Plato and Socrates to Ethics and Metaphysics, an Essential Primer on the History of Thought
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with others, for example, by speaking to someone or by reading a newspaper. Some religious philosophers include
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but nobody can know it because this event did not occur. That a proposition is true does not imply that it is
763:. Explicit knowledge is knowledge of which the person is aware and which can be articulated. It is stored in
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A traditionally influential view states that declarative knowledge has three essential features: it is (1) a
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is to deny that justification is needed and seek a different component to replace it. Some theorists, like
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in the form of being sure about it. For declarative knowledge, this stronger sense of belief is relevant.
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to amount to knowledge. This means that the justification ensures that the belief is true. For example,
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251:
5779:
Applying Cognitive Science to Education: Thinking and Learning in Scientific and Other Complex Domains
1975:
6869:
6854:
6485:
5391:
Training Complex Cognitive Skills: A Four-Component Instructional Design Model for Technical Training
3852:
1036:
878:. Knowledge of physical objects, on the other hand, belongs to declarative knowledge, which he calls
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223:
52:
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outlook concerning how to achieve a specific goal. Descriptive knowledge is knowledge that involves
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of general categorizations and theories as well as the relations between them. Other examples are
71:. It is not restricted to one specific use or purpose and can be stored in books or on computers.
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The main components traditionally associated with knowledge are belief, truth, and justification.
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Expert Systems: The Technology of Knowledge Management and Decision Making for the 21st Century
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1835:
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1208:
306:. It tries to determine its nature, how it arises, what value it has, and what its limits are.
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4908:
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4692:
4673:
4600:
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4545:
4527:
4492:
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4454:
4451:
Handbook of Improving Performance in the Workplace, Instructional Design and Training Delivery
4435:
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4275:
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of actual or speculative objects, events, or concepts. Propositional knowledge asserts that a
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6500:
6415:
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6076:
5562:
5055:
5025:
Klauer, Bernd; Manstetten, Reiner; Petersen, Thomas; Schiller, Johannes (1 September 2016).
5013:
4707:
4642:
4535:
4519:
4370:
4362:
4082:
4074:
3860:
3789:
3640:
3632:
3449:
3060:
2455:
1881:
1378:
1362:
887:
851:
539:
514:
458:
392:
664:
knowledge is closely connected to apodictic, conceptual, deductive, and logical knowledge.
6819:
6685:
6680:
6575:
6530:
6410:
6276:
5982:
4087:
937:
933:
764:
705:
into the solution of a mathematical problem does not mean that the resulting knowledge is
559:
502:
462:
384:
171:
167:
163:
6050:
Mind, Brain, and Education Science: A Comprehensive Guide to the New Brain-Based Teaching
5210:
5116:
Kornblith, Hilary (2008). "1 Knowledge Needs No Justification". In Smith, Quentin (ed.).
4923:
3392:
1506:
1394:
977:. It is needed to decide which of the vast amount of knowledge should become part of the
554:
But it sets the standards of knowledge very high and may require that a belief has to be
4512:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
3856:
3376:
3344:
3284:
923:
defend the opposing thesis that declarative knowledge presupposes procedural knowledge.
898:
true independently of what people want. Prescriptive knowledge is not about what things
400:
mental sphere of belief since it usually depends on what the world outside the person's
124:
knowledge, which is grounded in pure rational reflection. Other classifications include
6595:
6590:
6580:
6490:
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6445:
6420:
6395:
6385:
4540:
4507:
4346:
3921:
1007:
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482:
371:
346:
267:
263:
227:
178:
of isolated, singular, facts. But in many cases, it is advantageous to foster a deeper
17:
5715:
3167:
2039:
1002:
between two elements. Examples include memorizing foreign vocabulary and learning the
325:
6990:
6710:
6650:
6615:
6550:
6525:
6520:
6480:
6450:
6318:
6088:
5574:
5566:
4470:
Context and Cognition in Consumer Psychology: How Perception and Emotion Guide Action
4384:
4078:
3874:
1032:
986:
841:
801:
698:
643:
620:
588:
563:
396:
247:
215:
187:
179:
5583:
3453:
2658:
1315:
258:. It may also be processed using computers and plays a key role in various forms of
6794:
6725:
6570:
6440:
6425:
6369:
5981:
Stillings, Neil A.; Chase, Christopher H.; Weisler, Steven E.; Feinstein, Mark H.;
5955:
1027:
1003:
920:
604:
408:
therefore neither true nor false. A different outlook is found in the field of the
303:
239:
74:
36:
Declarative knowledge can be expressed using declarative sentences stored in books.
5553:
Olsson, Erik J (December 2011). "The Value of Knowledge: The Value of Knowledge".
4968:
Encyclopedia of Microcomputers: Volume 13 β Optical Disks to Production Scheduling
3740:
Handbook of Research in Educational Communications and Technology: Learning Design
3738:
Bishop, M. J.; Boling, Elizabeth; Elen, Jan; Svihla, Vanessa (21 September 2020).
1043:) as a source of knowledge of the divine. However, such claims are controversial.
919:
knowledge. However, this position is not generally accepted and philosophers like
6024:
5059:
5017:
3081:
2777:
2023:
538:
is a closely related approach that understands knowledge as the manifestation of
6874:
6730:
6720:
6665:
6640:
6585:
6560:
6545:
6515:
6495:
6470:
6400:
5320:
5316:
4181:
Cornelis, Gustaaf C.; Smets, Sonja; Bendegem, Jean-Paul van (11 November 2013).
3839:
Bronkhorst, Hugo; Roorda, Gerrit; Suhre, Cor; Goedhart, Martin (December 2020).
1023:
953:
805:
584:
526:
466:
429:
287:
279:
275:
91:
3947:
Campbell, Joseph Keim; O'Rourke, Michael; Silverstein, Harry S. (21 May 2010).
3865:
3840:
1326:
1324:
32:
6884:
6864:
6715:
6690:
6655:
6510:
6475:
6460:
6435:
6405:
6292:
5816:
4375:
4366:
3793:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
978:
871:
867:
680:
616:
600:
571:
555:
470:
183:
117:
100:
6167:(January 2005). "Pragmatic and idealized models of knowledge and ignorance".
4578:
The Wisdom Paradox: How Your Mind Can Grow Stronger As Your Brain Grows Older
4531:
3654:
6839:
6310:
5077:
974:
949:
834:
779:
737:
702:
647:
628:
596:
547:
442:
409:
364:
211:
199:
107:
44:
5697:
Planning Effective Instruction: Diversity Responsive Methods and Management
5509:
Nguyen, Van Tham; Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh; Tran, Trong Hieu (30 December 2022).
5004:
Kirkham, Richard L. (1984). "Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake?".
4549:
4523:
3580:
2151:
5352:
965:
778:
belongs to general knowledge while having memorized the lines of the poem
522:
false. In this regard, the person's belief tracks the state of the world.
6695:
5276:
Representing Organization: Knowledge, Management, and the Information Age
3801:
Borges, Rodrigo; Almeida, Claudio de; Klein, Peter D. (1 December 2017).
990:
982:
509:
425:
255:
96:
6182:
4096:
4062:
1724:
1026:
hold that this is the only way how reason can arrive at knowledge while
795:
Knowing how to play the guitar is one form of non-declarative knowledge.
683:
and matches the contrast between empirical and non-empirical knowledge.
6675:
6080:
5511:
Knowledge Integration Methods for Probabilistic Knowledge-based Systems
4508:"Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness: a first-person approach"
859:
855:
813:
775:
741:
727:
608:
592:
413:
243:
133:
3522:
3485:
Consciousness in the Physical World: Perspectives on Russellian Monism
3316:
850:
Knowledge by acquaintance plays a central role in the epistemology of
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argues that the justification required for knowledge must be based on
6789:
4350:
3645:
3442:
Allwood, Carl Martin (17 October 2013). "Anthropology of Knowledge".
3237:
1272:
1015:
863:
624:
334:
231:
191:
79:
6280:
5148:
Lalanda, Philippe; McCann, Julie A.; Diaconescu, Ada (13 May 2013).
3504:
Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge
5844:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 450β1, 470, 475.
5492:
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3636:
2676:
2208:
2007:
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6535:
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Colman, Andrew M. (1 January 2009b). "non-declarative knowledge".
2517:
2515:
1904:
964:
911:
823:
790:
692:
knowledge since some form of sensory observation is required. For
492:
447:
424:
In epistemology, justification means that a claim is supported by
338:
324:
295:
235:
156:
83:
48:
31:
5297:
Maedche, Alexander; Brocke, Jan vom; Hevner, Alan (22 May 2017).
5190:
Lehrer, Keith (15 October 2015). "1. The Analysis of Knowledge".
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6097:
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4822:
4615:
3623:
Barth, Fredrik (February 2002). "An Anthropology of Knowledge".
3408:
2725:
2663:
2498:
2496:
1768:
1330:
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The value of knowledge is specifically relevant in the field of
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219:
6342:
6338:
6129:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 5. Knowledge.
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Tolliver, Joseph Thomas (May 1989). "Knowledge without truth".
5722:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. introduction.
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5219:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. introduction.
4795:
4739:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. introduction.
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Politics, Values, And Public Policy: The Problem Of Methodology
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3033:
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2427:
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4449:
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3092:
3090:
2352:
969:
A lot of knowledge taught at school is declarative knowledge.
4597:
Liaisons: Philosophy Meets the Cognitive and Social Sciences
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
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1690:
1661:
1659:
5490:
Murphy, P. Karen; Alexander, Patricia A. (7 October 2005).
5152:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 187β188.
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3258:
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entail the held belief. Such a position leads to a form of
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3845:
International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education
3841:"Logical Reasoning in Formal and Everyday Reasoning Tasks"
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and that many knowledge claims in everyday life are true.
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Smith, Patricia L.; Ragan, Tillman J. (7 December 2004).
3905:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 44β45.
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3071:
3069:
5937:
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Pritchard, Duncan; Turri, John; Carter, J. Adam (2022).
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Burstein, Frada; Holsapple, Clyde W. (22 January 2008).
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2291:
5901:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1001.
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4351:"Belief May Not Be a Necessary Condition for Knowledge"
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Declarative knowledge is traditionally identified with
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2978:
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1777:
1130:
1128:
226:. Examples of declarative knowledge are knowing "that
6052:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 255.
4185:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 37.
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2645:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
1307:
1305:
5878:
Scott, Peter; Gallacher, Jim; Parry, Gareth (2017).
4966:
Kent, Allen; Williams, James G. (18 November 1993).
4922:
Ichikawa, Jonathan Jenkins; Steup, Matthias (2018).
4775:
Haymes, Brian; Γzdalga, Elisabeth (3 January 2016).
3968:
Knowledge First: Approaches in Epistemology and Mind
3903:
Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1: Basic Themes
3213:
3211:
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2872:
2705:
2703:
1076:
6905:
6754:
6631:
6376:
4046:. Copenhagen Business School Press DK. p. 29.
2920:
2521:
5695:Price, Kay M.; Nelson, Karna L. (1 January 2013).
5324:
4989:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 62, 65β66.
4985:Kikoski, Catherine Kano; Kikoski, John F. (2004).
4067:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
3702:Knowing How: Essays on Knowledge, Mind, and Action
3700:Bengson, John; Moffett, Marc A. (6 January 2012).
3604:Barber, Alex; Stainton, Robert J. (6 April 2010).
2083:
1932:
1486:
1149:
1147:
910:by showing what people should do to fulfill their
770:A further contrast is between domain-specific and
5964:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
5823:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
5760:The Cognitive Unconscious: The First Half Century
5590:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
4930:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
4865:Heydorn, Wendy; Jesudason, Susan (18 July 2013).
4651:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
4293:. University Press of America. pp. 144β145.
4023:Chiu, Chi-Yue; Hong, Ying-yi (16 December 2013).
3930:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
3521:Audi, Robert (2002). "The Sources of Knowledge".
2502:
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5880:New Languages and Landscapes of Higher Education
5429:The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning
5027:Sustainability and the Art of Long-Term Thinking
4905:The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning
4670:The Intellectual Powers: A Study of Human Nature
4487:Freitas, Sara de; Jameson, Jill (5 April 2012).
4327:Evans, Ian; Smith, Nicholas D. (25 April 2013).
4234:An Introduction to Epistemology β Second Edition
3886:. Kackensack, NJ: World Scientific. p. 48.
2965:
2899:
2789:
2363:
2361:
2131:
1180:
110:the knowledge is. A central contrast is between
6219:Woolfolk, Anita; Margetts, Kay (25 July 2012).
6121:Turri, John; Alfano, Mark; Greco, John (2021).
5798:UML for Developing Knowledge Management Systems
4867:Decoding Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma
4758:Transfer of Learning: Cognition and Instruction
4643:"Definitions: 1.1 Real and nominal definitions"
4044:Knowledge Management: Perspectives and Pitfalls
3037:
1199:
1100:
147:Declarative knowledge is often contrasted with
5651:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co. pp.
4432:The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis
4291:What All Children Need: Theory and Application
4004:Chen, Fang; Terken, Jacques (18 August 2022).
3483:Alter, Torin; Nagasawa, Yujin (1 April 2015).
3448:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 69β72.
2553:
2537:
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840:in this sense, just like a person who visited
6354:
6147:Belief, personal, and propositional knowledge
5672:"Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology"
5630:. Oxford University Press. pp. 182β183.
5278:. Oxford University Press. pp. 162β163.
5257:International Encyclopedia of Human Geography
3884:Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes
3664:The Routledge Handbook of Virtue Epistemology
3445:The Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology
2851:
2833:
2824:
2067:
2051:
2024:Introduction; 1. The Concept of Defeasibility
1971:
1916:
1831:
1665:
1632:
1569:
1550:
1502:
1390:
320:individually necessary and jointly sufficient
318:. It aims to provide the conditions that are
8:
6223:. Pearson Higher Education AU. p. 251.
6004:Strube, G.; Wender, K. F. (1 October 1993).
3233:
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2467:
2204:
1900:
1534:
1470:
1268:
1250:
1229:
1085:
5920:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 152β154.
5842:Handbook of Analytic Philosophy of Medicine
5431:. Cambridge University Press. p. 371.
5236:Leondes, Cornelius T. (26 September 2001).
4850:. Cambridge University Press. p. 219.
4733:"Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description"
3987:A Commentary of Kant's Critique of Judgment
3527:. Oxford University Press. pp. 71β94.
3487:. Oxford University Press. pp. 93β94.
3264:
2741:
2451:
2219:
1204:
981:to be passed on to students. Many types of
6361:
6347:
6339:
6287:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 92β116.
5939:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 49.
5029:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 105β106.
4869:. Cambridge University Press. p. 10.
4846:Hetherington, Stephen (1 September 2016).
4394:An Introduction To Artificial Intelligence
4312:. Stanford University Press. p. 109.
4308:Earley, P. Christopher; Ang, Soon (2003).
4274:. Educational Technology. pp. 80β81.
3765:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 49.
3115:
3056:
2947:
2569:
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6221:Educational Psychology Australian Edition
5840:Sadegh-Zadeh, Kazem (28 September 2011).
5758:Reber, Arthur S.; Allen, Rhianon (2022).
5333:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp.
5122:. Oxford University Press. pp. 5β6.
4903:Holyoak, Keith; Morrison, Robert (2005).
4539:
4453:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 14β15.
4374:
4331:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 32β33.
4086:
3864:
3644:
3420:
3372:
3340:
3280:
3077:
2890:
2773:
2302:5. Sources of Knowledge and Justification
2297:
2247:Campbell, O'Rourke & Silverstein 2010
2213:
2179:
1948:
1872:
1815:
1584:
1518:
1442:
1406:
1374:
1165:
814:eyes perform a series of abrupt movements
5899:Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning
5762:. Oxford University Press. p. 281.
5366:"Epistemology β Knowledge and certainty"
4888:. Oxford University Press. p. 245.
3970:. Oxford University Press. p. 114.
3805:. Oxford University Press. p. 180.
3704:. Oxford University Press. p. 328.
3328:
2929:
2617:
2483:
2387:
2262:
1696:
1602:
1134:
808:, as in "Emily knows Obama personally".
6283:. In Greco, John; Sosa, Ernest (eds.).
6127:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5882:. Oxford University Press. p. 97.
5821:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5720:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5611:. Oxford University Press. p. 28.
5588:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5211:"Epistemological Problems of Testimony"
4928:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4737:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4576:Goldberg, Elkhonon (16 February 2006).
4251:Degenhardt, M. A. B. (13 August 2019).
3721:The Routledge Companion to Epistemology
3587:. introduction; 2. Virtue Reliabilism.
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3198:
2986:
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2439:
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2163:
2115:
1886:
1783:
1748:
1708:
1681:
1578:
1346:
1292:
1220:
1115:
1067:
1057:
679:knowledge is determined by the role of
587:facts while conceptual knowledge is an
5817:"A Priori Justification and Knowledge"
5475:. Oxford University Press. p. 3.
5458:from the original on 20 September 2022
5393:. Educational Technology. p. 32.
5389:MerriΓ«nboer, Jeroen J. G. van (1997).
4731:Hasan, Ali; Fumerton, Richard (2020).
4672:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 211.
4491:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 189.
3470:from the original on 26 September 2022
3096:
2881:
2805:
2757:
2654:
2585:
2320:
2099:
1877:
1647:
1623:
1596:
1311:
1277:
1214:
787:Contrast with other forms of knowledge
6006:The Cognitive Psychology of Knowledge
5863:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 55β56.
5796:Rhem, Anthony J. (21 November 2005).
5173:. Syracuse University. pp. 6β9.
4951:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 70.
4808:from the original on 19 February 2009
4718:from the original on 29 November 2022
4689:Understanding Philosophy for AS Level
4506:Gardiner, J. M. (29 September 2001).
3662:Battaly, Heather (4 September 2018).
3296:
3179:
3147:
3131:
2939:Lalanda, McCann & Diaconescu 2013
2709:
2336:
1987:
1866:
1736:
1720:
1641:
1590:
1525:, 1 Knowledge Needs No Justification.
1430:
1418:
1358:
290:regarding the world. In this regard,
7:
6108:from the original on 13 January 2022
5741:What is this thing called Knowledge?
5626:Plantinga, Alvin (27 January 2000).
5452:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5097:Kleinman, Paul (18 September 2013).
5051:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4272:Interactive Instruction and Feedback
4253:Education and the Value of Knowledge
4203:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3356:
3312:
3217:
2842:
1454:
1153:
6285:The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology
6200:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6102:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6029:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5961:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5954:Steup, Matthias; Neta, Ram (2020).
5897:Seel, Norbert M. (5 October 2011).
5827:from the original on 12 August 2021
5676:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5534:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5473:The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology
5216:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5101:. Simon and Schuster. p. 258.
4827:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4801:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4648:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4621:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3934:from the original on 2 January 2020
3927:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3820:Broadbent, Alex (5 February 2016).
3585:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3560:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3524:The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology
3249:
3019:Cornelis, Smets & Bendegem 2013
2646:Lilley, Lightfoot & Amaral 2004
2152:introduction; 2. Virtue Reliabilism
2035:
2019:
2003:
650:knowledge. The distinction between
6206:from the original on 14 March 2023
6048:Tokuhama-Espinosa, Tracey (2011).
5987:Cognitive Science: An Introduction
5682:from the original on 31 March 2023
5594:from the original on 27 March 2023
5471:Moser, Paul K. (27 October 2005).
5427:Morrison, Robert (18 April 2005).
5177:from the original on 31 March 2023
4557:Gaskins, Irene West (3 May 2005).
4468:Foxall, Gordon (16 October 2017).
4168:from the original on 30 March 2023
4135:from the original on 30 March 2023
3566:from the original on 7 August 2021
3562:. 1. An Initial Characterization.
3164:Pritchard, Turri & Carter 2022
2873:Woolfolk, Hughes & Walkup 2008
1992:Knowledge, defeasibility theory of
1847:
1764:
1077:Woolfolk, Hughes & Walkup 2008
238:". Declarative knowledge involves
155:. Practical knowledge consists of
25:
5968:from the original on 21 July 2020
5739:Pritchard, Duncan (18 May 2023).
5726:from the original on 10 July 2022
5376:from the original on 5 April 2023
5364:Martinich, A. P.; Stroll, Ayrum.
5223:from the original on 10 July 2022
5084:from the original on 13 June 2022
4848:Knowledge and the Gettier Problem
4760:. Academic Press. p. 101-3.
4628:from the original on 7 March 2022
4392:Finlay, Janet (29 October 2020).
4232:Crumley, Jack S. (30 July 2009).
4042:Christensen, Peter Holdt (2003).
4027:. Psychology Press. p. 102.
3985:Cassirer, H. W. (11 March 2021).
3761:Blaauw, Martijn (31 March 2020).
3591:from the original on 1 April 2023
3541:from the original on 12 June 2022
3404:
2921:Maedche, Brocke & Hevner 2017
2522:Scott, Gallacher & Parry 2017
2382:
2367:
709:. And knowing that 7 + 5 = 12 is
701:phenomena. For example, having a
534:justification for their beliefs.
6325:from the original on 2 June 2022
6242:. Pearson Longman. p. 307.
6170:American Philosophical Quarterly
6035:from the original on 2 June 2022
5609:Ignorance: A Philosophical Study
5567:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2011.00425.x
5530:"The Epistemology of Perception"
5494:. Corwin Press. pp. 38β39.
4833:from the original on 2 June 2022
4743:from the original on 31 May 2022
4712:The American Heritage Dictionary
4668:Hacker, P. M. S. (1 July 2013).
4236:. Broadview Press. p. 117.
4079:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2010.01617.x
1933:Borges, Almeida & Klein 2017
1487:Carter, Gordon & Jarvis 2017
234:was 83 when he finished writing
6257:Yamamoto, Sakae (4 July 2016).
6133:from the original on 2023-03-26
5935:Soled, Suzanne Wegener (1995).
5859:Schelling, Birte (2 May 2013).
5699:. Cengage Learning. p. 4.
5540:from the original on 8 May 2009
5326:"Conversation with Karl Popper"
5255:Leung, Yee (29 November 2019).
5136:from the original on 2023-03-30
5054:. London; New York: Routledge.
4934:from the original on 2 May 2022
4777:Concept Of The Knowledge Of God
4655:from the original on 1 May 2022
4599:. MIT Press. pp. 105β106.
4430:Flick, Uwe (10 December 2013).
4220:from the original on 2023-03-31
4103:from the original on 2022-09-26
4008:. Springer Nature. p. 49.
3742:. Springer Nature. p. 74.
3454:10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp025
1976:6. Doing Without Justification?
1905:3. Gettierβs Original Challenge
1836:1.3 The Justification Condition
1211:, Conversation with Karl Popper
870:. It can happen in relation to
6785:Analyticβsynthetic distinction
5410:Russell's Theory of Perception
5372:. Rationalism and empiricism.
4884:Hohwy, Jakob (November 2013).
4821:Hetherington, Stephen (2023).
4794:Hetherington, Stephen (2022).
4691:. Nelson Thornes. p. 23.
4687:Hamilton, Christopher (2003).
4561:. Guilford Press. p. 51.
4411:Fischer, Frank (4 June 2019).
4088:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-9B72-7
2966:Nguyen, Nguyen & Tran 2022
2428:1. An Initial Characterization
2410:1. An Initial Characterization
2132:Turri, Alfano & Greco 2021
2084:Bernecker & Pritchard 2011
1:
5513:. CRC Press. pp. 33β34.
5412:. Continuum. pp. 19β20.
5408:Miah, Sajahan (30 May 2006).
5167:Lee, James (25 August 2017).
4580:. Penguin. pp. 121β122.
3681:Becker, Kelly (13 May 2013).
3502:Audi, Robert (20 June 2005).
2503:Jankowski & Marshall 2016
1260:Burstein & Holsapple 2008
936:and can guide the process of
866:, memory, introspection, and
759:and contrasted with tacit or
503:Gettier's thought experiments
389:2016 US Presidential election
206:Definition and semantic field
116:knowledge, which arises from
5060:10.4324/9780415249126-P031-1
4779:. Springer. pp. 26β28.
4025:Social Psychology of Culture
3922:"Infinite Regress Arguments"
2900:Woolfolk & Margetts 2012
2790:Heydorn & Jesudason 2013
2762:6.1 Knowledge-how and Belief
1882:1. The Analysis of Knowledge
1755:, Anthropology of Knowledge.
1181:Woolfolk & Margetts 2012
370:A few epistemologists, like
210:Declarative knowledge is an
136:, and principles as well as
51:that can be expressed using
6830:Internalism and externalism
6025:"Defeaters in Epistemology"
5800:. CRC Press. p. 42-3.
4924:"The Analysis of Knowledge"
4756:Haskell, Robert E. (2001).
4616:"Epistemology of Testimony"
4154:. Oxford University Press.
4121:. Oxford University Press.
4063:"Anthropology of knowledge"
3556:"A Priori and A Posteriori"
3319:, The Sources of Knowledge.
3238:3b. Observational Knowledge
3038:Murphy & Alexander 2005
2423:
2405:
2147:
1101:Holyoak & Morrison 2005
174:and can be learned through
7033:
6196:"Justification, Epistemic"
5989:. MIT Press. p. 370.
5628:Warranted Christian Belief
5048:. In Craig, Edward (ed.).
5018:10.1093/mind/XCIII.372.501
4970:. CRC Press. p. 295.
4595:Goldman, Alvin I. (1992).
4255:. Routledge. p. 1-6.
4151:A Dictionary of Psychology
4118:A Dictionary of Psychology
3989:. Routledge. p. 208.
3866:10.1007/s10763-019-10039-8
3824:. Routledge. p. 128.
3723:. Routledge. p. 266.
3666:. Routledge. p. 772.
3506:. Routledge. p. 315.
3269:Rationalism and empiricism
2554:Kikoski & Kikoski 2004
2538:Bengson & Moffett 2012
2397:Barber & Stainton 2010
2279:Freitas & Jameson 2012
6956:
6661:Evolutionary epistemology
6293:10.1002/9781405164863.ch3
6008:. Elsevier. p. 354.
5582:Pavese, Carlotta (2022).
5331:Modern British philosophy
5329:. In Magee, Bryan (ed.).
5301:. Springer. p. 403.
5259:. Elsevier. p. 210.
5240:. Elsevier. p. 804.
4472:. Routledge. p. 75.
4415:. Routledge. p. 66.
4396:. CRC Press. p. 13.
4367:10.1007/s10670-014-9620-2
4289:Dunlap, Linda L. (2004).
4270:Dempsey, John V. (1993).
3951:. MIT Press. p. 10.
3685:. Routledge. p. 12.
2852:Alter & Nagasawa 2015
2834:Haymes & Γzdalga 2016
2825:Hasan & Fumerton 2020
2068:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
2052:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
1972:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
1917:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
1832:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
1666:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
1633:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
1570:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
1551:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
1503:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
1391:Ichikawa & Steup 2018
1297:non-declarative knowledge
410:anthropology of knowledge
300:knowledge by acquaintance
153:knowledge by acquaintance
126:domain-specific knowledge
7017:Definitions of knowledge
6997:Concepts in epistemology
6933:Philosophy of perception
6736:Representational realism
6706:Naturalized epistemology
6261:. Springer. p. 61.
5777:Reif, Frederick (2008).
5743:. Taylor & Francis.
5716:"The Value of Knowledge"
5119:Epistemology: New Essays
5044:Klein, Peter D. (1998).
3949:Knowledge and Skepticism
3608:. Elsevier. p. 11.
3082:2 The value of knowledge
2468:Foshay & Silber 2009
2209:6. Standards for Knowing
1637:1.2 The Belief Condition
1574:1.2 The Belief Condition
1433:, Knowledge, concept of.
1230:Kent & Williams 1993
1086:Strube & Wender 1993
880:knowledge by description
671:The distinction between
638:, such as deductive and
6913:Outline of epistemology
6746:Transcendental idealism
6240:Psychology in Education
5815:Russell, Bruce (2020).
5046:"Knowledge, concept of"
3794:10.1093/analys/31.5.152
2452:Price & Nelson 2013
2201:, pp. 503, 512β513
1869:, Knowledge, concept of
1670:1.1 The Truth Condition
1581:, pp. 144, 148β149
1205:Magee & Popper 1971
1039:(through the so-called
260:artificial intelligence
230:died in 1997" or "that
65:propositional knowledge
18:Propositional knowledge
7002:Psychological concepts
6860:Problem of other minds
6194:Watson, Jamie Carlin.
6145:Villoro, Luis (1998).
6096:Truncellito, David A.
5209:Leonard, Nick (2021).
4614:Green, Christopher R.
4524:10.1098/rstb.2001.0955
3920:Cameron, Ross (2018).
3683:Epistemology Modalized
3265:Martinich & Stroll
3116:Smith & Ragan 2004
2948:Chen & Terken 2022
2570:Reber & Allen 2022
2353:Bronkhorst et al. 2020
1921:3. The Gettier Problem
1800:Evans & Smith 2013
1507:3. The Gettier Problem
1095:Tokuhama-Espinosa 2011
991:memorization technique
970:
829:
796:
498:
453:
395:, that an irrefutable
330:
262:, for example, in the
240:mental representations
132:, knowledge of facts,
97:contradicting evidence
37:
6938:Philosophy of science
6918:Faith and rationality
6800:Descriptive knowledge
6671:Feminist epistemology
6611:Nicholas Wolterstorff
6177:(1): 59β69 (59, 64).
6149:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
6123:"Virtue Epistemology"
6069:Philosophical Studies
4706:HarperCollins staff.
4489:The e-Learning Reader
4434:. SAGE. p. 123.
3882:Burgin, Mark (2016).
3581:"Virtue Epistemology"
3373:Steup & Neta 2020
3341:Steup & Neta 2020
3331:, pp. 1351β1361.
3281:Steup & Neta 2020
3003:Stillings et al. 1995
2891:Earley & Ang 2003
2677:1. Kinds of Knowledge
2355:, pp. 1673β1676.
2298:Steup & Neta 2020
1873:Steup & Neta 2020
1375:Steup & Neta 2020
1120:declarative knowledge
1072:declarative knowledge
1037:religious experiences
968:
827:
794:
611:knowledge as well as
496:
451:
328:
316:analysis of knowledge
61:descriptive knowledge
57:theoretical knowledge
53:declarative sentences
41:Declarative knowledge
35:
6870:Procedural knowledge
6855:Problem of induction
6281:"What Is Knowledge?"
5918:Instructional Design
4641:Gupta, Anil (2021).
4061:Cohen, Emma (2010).
3625:Current Anthropology
2778:1 Some preliminaries
2484:Chiu & Hong 2013
1022:inferences from it.
723:Christopher Columbus
224:verbal communication
55:. It is also called
6948:Virtue epistemology
6943:Social epistemology
6923:Formal epistemology
6810:Epistemic injustice
6805:Exploratory thought
6606:Ludwig Wittgenstein
5983:Rissland, Edwina L.
5607:Peels, Rik (2023).
5192:Theory of Knowledge
5012:(372): 503, 512β3.
4886:The Predictive Mind
4518:(1413): 1351β1361.
3857:2020IJSME..18.1673B
3099:, pp. 874β883.
2072:5. Modal Conditions
1711:, pp. 206β210.
1684:, pp. 199β200.
1555:11. Knowledge First
1200:HarperCollins staff
946:Maxwell's equations
902:like but what they
740:then there will be
640:inductive reasoning
536:Virtue epistemology
479:thought experiments
292:practical knowledge
149:practical knowledge
6601:Timothy Williamson
6391:Augustine of Hippo
6165:Walton, Douglas N.
6081:10.1007/bf00646208
6023:Sudduth, Michael.
5555:Philosophy Compass
5370:www.britannica.com
4796:"Gettier Problems"
4376:20.500.14018/10539
2726:Klauer et al. 2016
2664:Klauer et al. 2016
2637:Bishop et al. 2020
2056:4. No False Lemmas
1650:, pp. 185β200
1644:, pp. 152β158
1599:, pp. 185β200
1593:, pp. 152β158
1445:, pp. 99β100.
1331:Klauer et al. 2016
1273:1b. Knowledge-That
1041:sensus divinitatis
971:
830:
797:
761:implicit knowledge
757:explicit knowledge
510:defeating evidence
499:
454:
352:Timothy Williamson
331:
142:implicit knowledge
38:
29:Awareness of facts
6984:
6983:
6850:Privileged access
6486:SΓΈren Kierkegaard
6302:978-0-631-20290-5
6268:978-3-319-40349-6
6249:978-1-4058-3541-1
6230:978-1-4425-5145-9
6015:978-0-08-086755-7
5996:978-0-262-69175-8
5946:978-1-56750-153-7
5927:978-0-471-39353-5
5908:978-1-4419-1427-9
5889:978-0-19-878708-2
5870:978-3-11-032266-8
5851:978-94-007-2260-6
5807:978-1-135-48553-5
5788:978-0-262-18263-8
5769:978-0-19-750157-3
5750:978-1-000-87480-8
5706:978-1-285-49991-8
5662:978-0-87220-633-5
5637:978-0-19-803024-9
5618:978-0-19-765451-4
5528:OβBrien, Daniel.
5520:978-1-000-80999-2
5501:978-1-4833-6347-9
5482:978-0-19-020818-9
5438:978-0-521-82417-0
5419:978-1-84714-284-9
5400:978-0-87778-298-8
5344:978-0-19-283047-0
5308:978-3-319-59144-5
5285:978-0-19-877541-6
5266:978-0-08-102296-2
5247:978-0-08-053145-8
5201:978-1-135-19609-7
5159:978-1-4471-5007-7
5108:978-1-4405-6768-1
5069:978-0-415-25069-6
5036:978-1-134-98618-7
4996:978-1-56720-490-2
4977:978-0-8247-2711-6
4958:978-1-119-24064-8
4895:978-0-19-968273-7
4876:978-1-107-62842-7
4857:978-1-316-75729-1
4786:978-1-349-19066-9
4767:978-0-12-330595-4
4714:. HarperCollins.
4698:978-0-7487-6560-7
4679:978-1-118-60906-4
4606:978-0-262-07135-2
4587:978-1-4406-2695-1
4568:978-1-59385-169-9
4498:978-1-4411-7679-0
4479:978-1-317-67738-3
4460:978-0-470-52506-7
4422:978-1-000-30762-7
4403:978-1-000-15403-0
4349:(February 2015).
4338:978-0-7456-6141-4
4319:978-0-8047-4312-9
4300:978-0-7618-2925-6
4281:978-0-87778-260-5
4262:978-1-000-62799-2
4243:978-1-4604-0116-3
4192:978-94-017-2245-2
4161:978-0-19-953406-7
4128:978-0-19-953406-7
4053:978-87-630-0119-9
4034:978-1-317-71018-9
4015:978-981-19-3448-3
3996:978-1-317-20272-1
3977:978-0-19-871631-0
3958:978-0-262-01408-3
3912:978-3-540-48713-5
3831:978-1-317-39714-4
3812:978-0-19-103682-8
3772:978-0-7486-8082-5
3749:978-3-030-36119-8
3730:978-1-136-88200-5
3711:978-0-19-045283-4
3692:978-1-136-78632-7
3673:978-1-317-49528-4
3615:978-0-08-096501-7
3534:978-0-19-513005-8
3513:978-1-134-79181-1
3494:978-0-19-992736-4
3463:978-1-118-33989-3
3285:5.2 Introspection
3234:Hetherington 2023
2673:Hetherington 2023
2205:Hetherington 2023
1901:Hetherington 2022
1699:, pp. 29β51.
1535:Hetherington 2022
1471:Hetherington 2016
1379:2.3 Knowing Facts
1269:Hetherington 2023
1255:450β451, 470, 475
1251:Sadegh-Zadeh 2011
1217:, pp. 59, 64
772:general knowledge
636:logical reasoning
627:, reasoning, and
540:epistemic virtues
176:rote memorization
130:general knowledge
16:(Redirected from
7024:
6928:Metaepistemology
6906:Related articles
6880:Regress argument
6815:Epistemic virtue
6566:Bertrand Russell
6541:Duncan Pritchard
6501:Hilary Kornblith
6416:Laurence BonJour
6363:
6356:
6349:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6277:Zagzebski, Linda
6272:
6253:
6234:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6202:. Introduction.
6190:
6160:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6092:
6063:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6019:
6000:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5950:
5931:
5912:
5893:
5874:
5855:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5811:
5792:
5773:
5754:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5710:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5678:. introduction.
5666:
5641:
5622:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5578:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5524:
5505:
5486:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5442:
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5404:
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5360:
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4815:
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4790:
4771:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4702:
4683:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4624:. introduction.
4610:
4591:
4572:
4553:
4543:
4502:
4483:
4464:
4445:
4426:
4407:
4388:
4378:
4342:
4323:
4304:
4285:
4266:
4247:
4228:
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4090:
4057:
4038:
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4000:
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3943:
3941:
3939:
3916:
3897:
3878:
3868:
3835:
3816:
3797:
3776:
3763:Epistemology A-Z
3757:
3734:
3715:
3696:
3677:
3658:
3648:
3619:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3579:Baehr, Jason S.
3575:
3573:
3571:
3554:Baehr, Jason S.
3550:
3548:
3546:
3517:
3498:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3428:
3418:
3412:
3402:
3396:
3386:
3380:
3370:
3364:
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3304:
3294:
3288:
3278:
3272:
3262:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3215:
3206:
3196:
3187:
3177:
3171:
3161:
3155:
3145:
3139:
3129:
3123:
3113:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3075:
3064:
3054:
3045:
3035:
3026:
3016:
3010:
3000:
2994:
2984:
2973:
2963:
2957:
2915:
2909:
2867:
2861:
2819:
2813:
2803:
2797:
2787:
2781:
2771:
2765:
2755:
2749:
2742:MerriΓ«nboer 1997
2739:
2733:
2723:
2717:
2707:
2698:
2688:
2682:
2631:
2625:
2615:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2583:
2577:
2567:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2535:
2529:
2519:
2510:
2500:
2491:
2481:
2475:
2465:
2459:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2421:
2415:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2318:
2305:
2295:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2229:
2220:Christensen 2003
2216:, pp. 97β98
2193:
2187:
2177:
2171:
2161:
2155:
2145:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2075:
2065:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2017:
2011:
2001:
1995:
1985:
1979:
1969:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1930:
1924:
1914:
1908:
1898:
1892:
1861:
1855:
1845:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1807:
1797:
1791:
1781:
1772:
1762:
1756:
1746:
1740:
1739:, pp. 1β18.
1734:
1728:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1663:
1654:
1618:
1612:
1564:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1532:
1526:
1516:
1510:
1500:
1494:
1484:
1478:
1468:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1372:
1366:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1328:
1319:
1309:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1245:
1239:
1194:
1188:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1132:
1123:
1113:
1107:
1062:
934:solving problems
888:foreign language
852:Bertrand Russell
845:knows Lake TaupΕ
703:rational insight
515:psychedelic drug
459:infinite regress
393:common knowledge
21:
7032:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7021:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6952:
6901:
6820:Gettier problem
6750:
6681:Foundationalism
6627:
6576:Wilfrid Sellars
6531:Alvin Plantinga
6411:George Berkeley
6378:Epistemologists
6372:
6367:
6337:
6328:
6326:
6303:
6275:
6269:
6256:
6250:
6237:
6231:
6218:
6209:
6207:
6193:
6163:
6157:
6144:
6136:
6134:
6120:
6111:
6109:
6095:
6066:
6060:
6047:
6038:
6036:
6022:
6016:
6003:
5997:
5980:
5971:
5969:
5953:
5947:
5934:
5928:
5915:
5909:
5896:
5890:
5877:
5871:
5858:
5852:
5839:
5830:
5828:
5814:
5808:
5795:
5789:
5776:
5770:
5757:
5751:
5738:
5729:
5727:
5713:
5707:
5694:
5685:
5683:
5669:
5663:
5644:
5638:
5625:
5619:
5606:
5597:
5595:
5584:"Knowledge How"
5581:
5561:(12): 874β883.
5552:
5543:
5541:
5527:
5521:
5508:
5502:
5489:
5483:
5470:
5461:
5459:
5446:Moser, Paul K.
5445:
5439:
5426:
5420:
5407:
5401:
5388:
5379:
5377:
5363:
5345:
5321:Popper, Karl R.
5315:
5309:
5296:
5286:
5273:
5267:
5254:
5248:
5235:
5226:
5224:
5208:
5202:
5189:
5180:
5178:
5166:
5160:
5147:
5139:
5137:
5130:
5115:
5109:
5096:
5087:
5085:
5070:
5043:
5037:
5024:
5003:
4997:
4984:
4978:
4965:
4959:
4946:
4937:
4935:
4921:
4915:
4902:
4896:
4883:
4877:
4864:
4858:
4845:
4836:
4834:
4820:
4811:
4809:
4793:
4787:
4774:
4768:
4755:
4746:
4744:
4730:
4721:
4719:
4705:
4699:
4686:
4680:
4667:
4658:
4656:
4640:
4631:
4629:
4613:
4607:
4594:
4588:
4575:
4569:
4556:
4505:
4499:
4486:
4480:
4467:
4461:
4448:
4442:
4429:
4423:
4410:
4404:
4391:
4347:Farkas, Katalin
4345:
4339:
4326:
4320:
4307:
4301:
4288:
4282:
4269:
4263:
4250:
4244:
4231:
4223:
4221:
4214:
4199:
4193:
4180:
4171:
4169:
4162:
4147:
4138:
4136:
4129:
4114:
4106:
4104:
4060:
4054:
4041:
4035:
4022:
4016:
4003:
3997:
3984:
3978:
3965:
3959:
3946:
3937:
3935:
3919:
3913:
3900:
3894:
3881:
3838:
3832:
3819:
3813:
3800:
3779:
3773:
3760:
3750:
3737:
3731:
3718:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3680:
3674:
3661:
3622:
3616:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3553:
3544:
3542:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3501:
3495:
3482:
3473:
3471:
3464:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3415:
3403:
3399:
3387:
3383:
3371:
3367:
3355:
3351:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3311:
3307:
3295:
3291:
3279:
3275:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3232:
3228:
3216:
3209:
3197:
3190:
3178:
3174:
3162:
3158:
3146:
3142:
3130:
3126:
3114:
3103:
3095:
3088:
3076:
3067:
3057:Degenhardt 2019
3055:
3048:
3036:
3029:
3017:
3013:
3001:
2997:
2985:
2976:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2820:
2816:
2804:
2800:
2788:
2784:
2772:
2768:
2756:
2752:
2740:
2736:
2724:
2720:
2708:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2632:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2600:
2596:
2584:
2580:
2568:
2564:
2552:
2548:
2536:
2532:
2520:
2513:
2501:
2494:
2482:
2478:
2466:
2462:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2335:
2331:
2319:
2308:
2296:
2289:
2277:
2273:
2261:
2257:
2245:
2232:
2228:
2194:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2162:
2158:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2082:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1986:
1982:
1970:
1959:
1947:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1862:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1814:
1810:
1798:
1794:
1782:
1775:
1763:
1759:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1565:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1533:
1529:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1329:
1322:
1310:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1195:
1191:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1145:
1133:
1126:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
963:
938:decision-making
929:
838:knows chocolate
789:
765:explicit memory
581:
560:Richard Kirkham
501:In response to
491:
463:foundationalism
422:
385:Hillary Clinton
380:
360:
312:
294:in the form of
254:like books and
242:in the form of
208:
172:explicit memory
168:decision-making
164:problem-solving
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7030:
7028:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7012:Mental content
7009:
7004:
6999:
6989:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6769:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6646:Constructivism
6643:
6637:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6596:Baruch Spinoza
6593:
6591:P. F. Strawson
6588:
6583:
6581:Susanna Siegel
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6556:W. V. O. Quine
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6456:Nelson Goodman
6453:
6448:
6446:Edmund Gettier
6443:
6438:
6433:
6431:RenΓ© Descartes
6428:
6423:
6421:Gilles Deleuze
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6396:William Alston
6393:
6388:
6386:Thomas Aquinas
6382:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6343:
6336:
6335:
6301:
6273:
6267:
6254:
6248:
6235:
6229:
6216:
6191:
6161:
6155:
6142:
6118:
6098:"Epistemology"
6093:
6064:
6058:
6045:
6020:
6014:
6001:
5995:
5978:
5956:"Epistemology"
5951:
5945:
5932:
5926:
5913:
5907:
5894:
5888:
5875:
5869:
5856:
5850:
5837:
5812:
5806:
5793:
5787:
5774:
5768:
5755:
5749:
5736:
5711:
5705:
5692:
5667:
5661:
5653:89β90, 97bβ98a
5648:Five Dialogues
5645:Plato (2002).
5642:
5636:
5623:
5617:
5604:
5579:
5550:
5525:
5519:
5506:
5500:
5487:
5481:
5468:
5448:"A posteriori"
5443:
5437:
5424:
5418:
5405:
5399:
5386:
5361:
5343:
5313:
5307:
5294:
5284:
5271:
5265:
5252:
5246:
5233:
5206:
5200:
5187:
5164:
5158:
5145:
5128:
5113:
5107:
5094:
5068:
5041:
5035:
5022:
5001:
4995:
4982:
4976:
4963:
4957:
4944:
4919:
4913:
4900:
4894:
4881:
4875:
4862:
4856:
4843:
4818:
4791:
4785:
4772:
4766:
4753:
4728:
4703:
4697:
4684:
4678:
4665:
4638:
4611:
4605:
4592:
4586:
4573:
4567:
4554:
4503:
4497:
4484:
4478:
4465:
4459:
4446:
4440:
4427:
4421:
4408:
4402:
4389:
4361:(1): 185β200.
4343:
4337:
4324:
4318:
4305:
4299:
4286:
4280:
4267:
4261:
4248:
4242:
4229:
4212:
4197:
4191:
4178:
4160:
4145:
4127:
4112:
4058:
4052:
4039:
4033:
4020:
4014:
4001:
3995:
3982:
3976:
3963:
3957:
3944:
3917:
3911:
3898:
3892:
3879:
3836:
3830:
3817:
3811:
3798:
3788:(5): 152β158.
3777:
3771:
3758:
3748:
3735:
3729:
3716:
3710:
3697:
3691:
3678:
3672:
3659:
3637:10.1086/324131
3620:
3614:
3601:
3576:
3551:
3533:
3518:
3512:
3499:
3493:
3480:
3462:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3421:Plantinga 2000
3413:
3397:
3381:
3365:
3349:
3333:
3321:
3305:
3289:
3273:
3254:
3242:
3226:
3207:
3188:
3184:89β90; 97bβ98a
3172:
3156:
3140:
3124:
3101:
3086:
3078:Pritchard 2023
3065:
3046:
3027:
3011:
2995:
2974:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2821:
2814:
2798:
2782:
2774:Pritchard 2023
2766:
2750:
2734:
2718:
2699:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2633:
2626:
2610:
2594:
2578:
2562:
2546:
2530:
2511:
2492:
2476:
2460:
2444:
2432:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2357:
2345:
2329:
2306:
2287:
2271:
2255:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2214:Zagzebski 1999
2211:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2180:Schelling 2013
2172:
2156:
2140:
2124:
2108:
2092:
2076:
2060:
2044:
2028:
2012:
1996:
1980:
1957:
1949:Broadbent 2016
1941:
1925:
1909:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1824:
1816:Pritchard 2023
1808:
1792:
1773:
1757:
1741:
1729:
1713:
1701:
1686:
1674:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1585:Zagzebski 1999
1582:
1576:
1566:
1559:
1543:
1527:
1519:Kornblith 2008
1511:
1495:
1479:
1463:
1447:
1443:Zagzebski 1999
1435:
1423:
1411:
1407:Zagzebski 1999
1399:
1383:
1367:
1351:
1339:
1320:
1301:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1170:
1166:Zagzebski 1999
1158:
1143:
1124:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
962:
959:
928:
925:
833:the flavor of
788:
785:
734:rules of thumb
613:self-knowledge
580:
577:
566:premises that
531:counterfactual
490:
487:
483:epistemic luck
421:
418:
379:
376:
372:Katalin Farkas
359:
356:
347:Edmund Gettier
311:
308:
284:knowledge-that
268:expert systems
264:knowledge base
228:Princess Diana
207:
204:
69:knowledge-that
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7029:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6835:Justification
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6711:Phenomenalism
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6701:NaΓ―ve realism
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6651:Contextualism
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6617:
6616:Vienna Circle
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6551:Hilary Putnam
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6526:Robert Nozick
6524:
6522:
6521:John McDowell
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6481:Immanuel Kant
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6451:Alvin Goldman
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6364:
6359:
6357:
6352:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6251:
6245:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6192:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6143:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6059:9780393706079
6055:
6051:
6046:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5979:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5781:. MIT Press.
5780:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5670:Poston, Ted.
5668:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5457:
5454:. Routledge.
5453:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:. Routledge.
5193:
5188:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5135:
5131:
5129:9780191718472
5125:
5121:
5120:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4441:9781446296691
4437:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4219:
4215:
4213:9780415073103
4209:
4206:. Routledge.
4205:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4073:: S193βS202.
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3893:9789814522670
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:(8): 1673β6.
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3377:5.5 Testimony
3374:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3329:Gardiner 2001
3325:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:Goldberg 2006
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:Yamamoto 2016
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:Hamilton 2003
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:Cassirer 2021
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:Tolliver 1989
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1603:Kleinman 2013
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1409:, p. 96.
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:, p. 93.
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Morrison 2005
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1103:, p. 371
1102:
1099:
1097:, p. 255
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:communication
1029:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
995:
992:
988:
987:rote learning
984:
980:
976:
967:
960:
958:
955:
951:
947:
941:
939:
935:
926:
924:
922:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
893:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
843:
839:
836:
826:
822:
820:
815:
809:
807:
803:
802:direct object
793:
786:
784:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
729:
724:
720:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
658:
654:
649:
645:
644:probabilistic
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
621:introspection
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:understanding
586:
578:
576:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
551:
549:
543:
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
519:
516:
511:
506:
504:
495:
488:
486:
484:
480:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:
446:
444:
439:
433:
431:
427:
420:Justification
419:
417:
415:
411:
405:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
377:
375:
373:
368:
366:
357:
355:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
327:
323:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:understanding
213:
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:introspection
185:
181:
180:understanding
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:
109:
104:
102:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
27:
19:
7007:Intelligence
6894:
6795:Common sense
6773:A posteriori
6772:
6764:
6726:Reductionism
6620:
6571:Gilbert Ryle
6441:Fred Dretske
6426:Keith DeRose
6370:Epistemology
6327:. Retrieved
6284:
6258:
6239:
6220:
6208:. Retrieved
6199:
6186:
6174:
6168:
6146:
6135:. Retrieved
6126:
6110:. Retrieved
6101:
6075:(1): 29β51.
6072:
6068:
6049:
6037:. Retrieved
6028:
6005:
5986:
5970:. Retrieved
5959:
5936:
5917:
5898:
5879:
5860:
5841:
5831:18 September
5829:. Retrieved
5820:
5797:
5778:
5759:
5740:
5730:19 September
5728:. Retrieved
5719:
5696:
5684:. Retrieved
5675:
5647:
5627:
5608:
5596:. Retrieved
5587:
5558:
5554:
5542:. Retrieved
5533:
5510:
5491:
5472:
5462:18 September
5460:. Retrieved
5451:
5428:
5409:
5390:
5378:. Retrieved
5369:
5356:
5330:
5317:Magee, Bryan
5298:
5289:
5275:
5256:
5237:
5225:. Retrieved
5214:
5191:
5179:. Retrieved
5169:
5149:
5138:. Retrieved
5118:
5098:
5086:. Retrieved
5049:
5026:
5009:
5005:
4986:
4967:
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4927:
4904:
4885:
4866:
4847:
4835:. Retrieved
4826:
4810:. Retrieved
4799:
4776:
4757:
4745:. Retrieved
4736:
4720:. Retrieved
4711:
4688:
4669:
4657:. Retrieved
4646:
4630:. Retrieved
4619:
4596:
4577:
4558:
4515:
4511:
4488:
4469:
4450:
4431:
4412:
4393:
4358:
4354:
4328:
4309:
4290:
4271:
4252:
4233:
4222:. Retrieved
4202:
4182:
4170:. Retrieved
4150:
4137:. Retrieved
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4070:
4066:
4043:
4024:
4005:
3986:
3967:
3948:
3936:. Retrieved
3925:
3902:
3883:
3848:
3844:
3821:
3802:
3785:
3781:
3762:
3753:
3739:
3720:
3701:
3682:
3663:
3628:
3624:
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3584:
3570:17 September
3568:. Retrieved
3559:
3543:. Retrieved
3523:
3503:
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3444:
3416:
3409:introduction
3400:
3393:introduction
3389:Leonard 2021
3384:
3368:
3352:
3336:
3324:
3308:
3292:
3276:
3245:
3229:
3199:Dempsey 1993
3175:
3168:introduction
3159:
3143:
3127:
3014:
2998:
2987:Haskell 2001
2961:
2913:
2865:
2829:introduction
2817:
2801:
2785:
2769:
2753:
2737:
2721:
2691:Gaskins 2005
2686:
2659:introduction
2629:
2613:
2602:Fischer 2019
2597:
2581:
2565:
2549:
2533:
2479:
2463:
2447:
2440:Russell 2020
2435:
2419:
2375:
2348:
2332:
2274:
2258:
2199:Kirkham 1984
2191:
2175:
2164:Battaly 2018
2159:
2143:
2136:5. Knowledge
2127:
2116:Crumley 2009
2111:
2095:
2079:
2063:
2047:
2031:
2015:
1999:
1983:
1944:
1928:
1912:
1896:
1887:Cameron 2018
1859:
1852:introduction
1843:
1827:
1811:
1795:
1784:Goldman 1992
1769:Introduction
1760:
1749:Allwood 2013
1744:
1732:
1716:
1709:Villoro 1998
1704:
1682:Villoro 1998
1677:
1616:
1587:, p. 93
1579:Villoro 1998
1562:
1546:
1539:introduction
1530:
1514:
1498:
1482:
1466:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1395:introduction
1386:
1370:
1354:
1342:
1316:introduction
1293:Colman 2009b
1288:
1280:, p. 48
1243:
1221:Leondes 2001
1192:
1161:
1116:Colman 2009a
1111:
1068:Colman 2009a
1060:
1028:rationalists
1020:
1012:
1004:capital city
1000:
996:
972:
942:
930:
921:Gilbert Ryle
917:
903:
900:actually are
899:
896:
884:
879:
849:
844:
837:
831:
810:
798:
769:
754:
726:
718:
715:
710:
707:a posteriori
706:
693:
690:a posteriori
689:
685:A posteriori
684:
677:a posteriori
676:
672:
670:
666:A posteriori
665:
661:
657:a posteriori
656:
652:
633:
605:mathematical
582:
564:self-evident
552:
544:
524:
520:
507:
500:
475:
455:
438:Internalists
434:
423:
406:
381:
369:
361:
337:that is (2)
332:
315:
313:
304:epistemology
283:
276:descriptions
272:
209:
161:
146:
121:
113:a posteriori
112:
105:
75:Epistemology
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
40:
39:
26:
6875:Proposition
6845:Objectivity
6731:Reliabilism
6721:Rationalism
6666:Fallibilism
6641:Coherentism
6586:Ernest Sosa
6561:Thomas Reid
6546:James Pryor
6516:G. E. Moore
6506:David Lewis
6496:Saul Kripke
6491:Peter Klein
6471:Susan Haack
6401:Robert Audi
4823:"Knowledge"
4708:"knowledge"
3631:(1): 1β18.
3423:, pp.
3315:, pp.
3220:, pp.
3201:, pp.
3118:, pp.
3097:Olsson 2011
3059:, pp.
3040:, pp.
2989:, pp.
2968:, pp.
2941:, pp.
2932:, pp.
2884:, pp.
2882:Dunlap 2004
2854:, pp.
2845:, pp.
2836:, pp.
2806:Foxall 2017
2758:Pavese 2022
2666:, pp.
2655:Pavese 2022
2648:, pp.
2586:Finlay 2020
2556:, pp.
2470:, pp.
2321:Blaauw 2020
2182:, pp.
2100:Becker 2013
2006:, pp.
1878:Lehrer 2015
1802:, pp.
1786:, pp.
1751:, pp.
1723:, pp.
1648:Farkas 2015
1624:Hacker 2013
1597:Farkas 2015
1521:, pp.
1347:Truncellito
1333:, pp.
1312:Pavese 2022
1278:Burgin 2016
1262:, pp.
1253:, pp.
1215:Walton 2005
1207:, pp.
1024:Empiricists
954:electricity
886:learning a
874:things and
806:preposition
568:deductively
527:reliabilism
467:coherentism
430:rationality
288:information
280:proposition
6991:Categories
6976:Discussion
6966:Task Force
6885:Simplicity
6865:Perception
6741:Skepticism
6716:Positivism
6691:Infinitism
6656:Empiricism
6511:John Locke
6476:David Hume
6466:Anil Gupta
6461:Paul Grice
6436:John Dewey
6406:A. J. Ayer
6156:9042007427
6137:2023-04-16
5544:25 October
5140:2023-04-16
4914:0521824176
4722:25 October
4355:Erkenntnis
4224:2023-04-16
4107:2023-04-16
3359:, p.
3345:5.4 Reason
3299:, p.
3297:Hohwy 2013
3182:, p.
3180:Plato 2002
3150:, p.
3148:Leung 2019
3134:, p.
3132:Soled 1995
3021:, p.
3005:, p.
2950:, p.
2923:, p.
2902:, p.
2893:, p.
2875:, p.
2808:, p.
2792:, p.
2744:, p.
2728:, p.
2712:, p.
2710:Peels 2023
2693:, p.
2639:, p.
2620:, p.
2604:, p.
2588:, p.
2572:, p.
2540:, p.
2524:, p.
2505:, p.
2486:, p.
2454:, p.
2399:, p.
2390:, p.
2339:, p.
2337:Flick 2013
2323:, p.
2281:, p.
2265:, p.
2249:, p.
2222:, p.
2166:, p.
2118:, p.
2102:, p.
2086:, p.
1988:Craig 1996
1951:, p.
1935:, p.
1867:Klein 1998
1818:, p.
1737:Barth 2002
1721:Cohen 2010
1642:Black 1971
1626:, p.
1605:, p.
1591:Black 1971
1489:, p.
1473:, p.
1457:, p.
1431:Klein 1998
1419:Gupta 2021
1361:, p.
1359:Moser 2005
1232:, p.
1223:, p.
1183:, p.
1137:, p.
1088:, p.
1079:, p.
1047:References
989:. It is a
979:curriculum
892:verb forms
876:universals
872:particular
868:sense data
842:Lake TaupΕ
804:without a
681:experience
617:perception
601:scientific
585:observable
572:skepticism
556:infallible
548:inferences
471:infinitism
310:Components
184:perception
118:experience
101:infallible
6840:Knowledge
6825:Induction
6775:knowledge
6767:knowledge
6319:158886670
6089:170980707
5575:143034920
4532:0962-8436
4385:254470269
4329:Knowledge
3875:254541202
3655:0011-3204
3646:1956/4191
3357:Audi 2005
3313:Audi 2002
3218:Rhem 2005
2843:Miah 2006
2558:62, 65β66
1725:S193βS202
1455:Seel 2011
1154:Reif 2008
1052:Citations
975:education
950:magnetism
904:should be
835:chocolate
780:The Raven
738:lightning
699:conscious
648:apodictic
629:testimony
597:religious
404:is like.
365:certainty
343:justified
256:harddisks
212:awareness
200:testimony
196:reasoning
88:justified
45:awareness
6961:Category
6780:Analysis
6765:A priori
6756:Concepts
6696:Innatism
6633:Theories
6323:Archived
6311:39269507
6279:(1999).
6210:30 March
6204:Archived
6183:20010182
6131:Archived
6106:Archived
6039:30 March
6033:Archived
5985:(1995).
5966:Archived
5825:Archived
5724:Archived
5686:30 March
5680:Archived
5598:31 March
5592:Archived
5538:Archived
5456:Archived
5374:Archived
5323:(1971).
5221:Archived
5181:16 April
5175:Archived
5134:Archived
5082:Archived
5078:38096851
4938:29 March
4932:Archived
4837:31 March
4831:Archived
4806:Archived
4747:31 March
4741:Archived
4716:Archived
4653:Archived
4626:Archived
4550:11571027
4218:Archived
4172:16 April
4166:Archived
4139:16 April
4133:Archived
4101:Archived
4097:40606072
3932:Archived
3782:Analysis
3595:31 March
3589:Archived
3564:Archived
3539:Archived
3474:16 April
3468:Archived
2004:Lee 2017
1006:of each
983:learning
961:Learning
948:linking
860:feelings
856:thoughts
721:or that
711:a priori
694:a priori
673:a priori
662:a priori
653:a priori
426:evidence
387:won the
341:and (3)
244:concepts
138:explicit
134:concepts
122:a priori
92:rational
82:that is
6896:more...
6676:Fideism
6622:more...
6329:12 June
6112:8 March
5380:5 April
5088:13 June
4541:1088519
3938:12 June
3853:Bibcode
3545:12 June
3435:Sources
3425:182β183
3250:OβBrien
3120:152β154
2991:101β103
2943:187β188
2934:121β122
2886:144β145
2668:105β106
2650:162β163
2036:Sudduth
2020:Sudduth
1788:105β106
1335:105β106
864:desires
776:grammar
742:thunder
728:jogging
609:logical
593:ethical
414:culture
108:certain
6790:Belief
6686:Holism
6317:
6309:
6299:
6265:
6246:
6227:
6181:
6153:
6087:
6056:
6012:
5993:
5972:22 May
5943:
5924:
5905:
5886:
5867:
5848:
5804:
5785:
5766:
5747:
5703:
5659:
5634:
5615:
5573:
5517:
5498:
5479:
5435:
5416:
5397:
5353:314039
5351:
5341:
5305:
5282:
5263:
5244:
5227:8 June
5198:
5156:
5126:
5105:
5076:
5066:
5033:
4993:
4974:
4955:
4911:
4892:
4873:
4854:
4812:28 May
4783:
4764:
4695:
4676:
4659:28 May
4632:8 June
4603:
4584:
4565:
4548:
4538:
4530:
4495:
4476:
4457:
4438:
4419:
4400:
4383:
4335:
4316:
4297:
4278:
4259:
4240:
4210:
4189:
4158:
4125:
4095:
4050:
4031:
4012:
3993:
3974:
3955:
3909:
3890:
3873:
3828:
3809:
3769:
3746:
3727:
3708:
3689:
3670:
3653:
3612:
3531:
3510:
3491:
3460:
1848:Poston
1765:Watson
1016:senses
957:them.
908:action
748:, and
746:maxims
625:memory
607:, and
489:Others
469:, and
443:causal
358:Belief
335:belief
296:skills
232:Goethe
198:, and
192:memory
157:skills
120:, and
80:belief
67:, and
43:is an
6971:Stubs
6890:Truth
6536:Plato
6315:S2CID
6179:JSTOR
6085:S2CID
5571:S2CID
5335:74β75
5010:XCIII
4381:S2CID
4093:JSTOR
3871:S2CID
3405:Green
3317:71β94
3222:42β43
3203:80β81
3042:38β39
2970:33β34
2856:93β94
2847:19β20
2838:26β28
2730:105β6
2472:14β15
2424:Baehr
2406:Baehr
2383:Moser
2368:Moser
2184:55β56
2148:Baehr
1804:32β33
1753:69β72
1264:44β45
1209:74β75
1008:state
927:Value
912:needs
750:norms
579:Types
397:proof
378:Truth
252:media
236:Faust
220:facts
49:facts
6331:2022
6307:OCLC
6297:ISBN
6263:ISBN
6244:ISBN
6225:ISBN
6212:2023
6151:ISBN
6114:2023
6054:ISBN
6041:2023
6010:ISBN
5991:ISBN
5974:2022
5941:ISBN
5922:ISBN
5903:ISBN
5884:ISBN
5865:ISBN
5846:ISBN
5833:2022
5802:ISBN
5783:ISBN
5764:ISBN
5745:ISBN
5732:2022
5701:ISBN
5688:2023
5657:ISBN
5632:ISBN
5613:ISBN
5600:2023
5546:2022
5515:ISBN
5496:ISBN
5477:ISBN
5464:2022
5433:ISBN
5414:ISBN
5395:ISBN
5382:2023
5349:OCLC
5339:ISBN
5303:ISBN
5280:ISBN
5261:ISBN
5242:ISBN
5229:2022
5196:ISBN
5183:2023
5154:ISBN
5124:ISBN
5103:ISBN
5090:2022
5074:OCLC
5064:ISBN
5031:ISBN
5006:Mind
4991:ISBN
4972:ISBN
4953:ISBN
4940:2023
4909:ISBN
4890:ISBN
4871:ISBN
4852:ISBN
4839:2023
4814:2022
4781:ISBN
4762:ISBN
4749:2023
4724:2022
4693:ISBN
4674:ISBN
4661:2022
4634:2022
4601:ISBN
4582:ISBN
4563:ISBN
4546:PMID
4528:ISSN
4493:ISBN
4474:ISBN
4455:ISBN
4436:ISBN
4417:ISBN
4398:ISBN
4333:ISBN
4314:ISBN
4295:ISBN
4276:ISBN
4257:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4208:ISBN
4187:ISBN
4174:2023
4156:ISBN
4141:2023
4123:ISBN
4048:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3991:ISBN
3972:ISBN
3953:ISBN
3940:2022
3907:ISBN
3888:ISBN
3826:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3767:ISBN
3744:ISBN
3725:ISBN
3706:ISBN
3687:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3651:ISSN
3610:ISBN
3597:2023
3572:2022
3547:2022
3529:ISBN
3508:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3476:2023
3458:ISBN
1459:1001
819:ants
719:stop
675:and
655:and
646:and
402:mind
339:true
298:and
166:and
151:and
140:and
128:and
86:and
84:true
6289:doi
6077:doi
5563:doi
5056:doi
5014:doi
4536:PMC
4520:doi
4516:356
4371:hdl
4363:doi
4083:hdl
4075:doi
3861:doi
3790:doi
3641:hdl
3633:doi
3450:doi
3361:315
3301:245
3152:210
3061:1β6
3007:370
2925:403
2904:251
2895:109
2877:307
2574:281
2542:328
2488:102
2341:123
2283:189
2267:208
2168:772
2120:117
2088:266
2008:6β9
1953:128
1937:180
1628:211
1607:258
1523:5β6
1491:114
1475:219
1234:295
1225:804
1185:251
1139:371
1090:354
1081:307
952:to
266:of
218:of
214:or
47:of
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