1183:
1173:
25:
137:, because the firmware is usually very specific to the manufacturer of each device (often being unique for each model), and the programming documentation and complete specifications that would be necessary to create a replacement are often withheld by the hardware manufacturer.
191:
suggests that "it's reasonable to assume that all firmware is a cesspool of insecurity courtesy of incompetence of the worst degree from manufacturers, and competence of the highest degree from a very wide range of such agencies".
152:
from their devices, requiring the operating system to upload the firmware each time the device is used. However, in order to do so, the operating system still has to have distribution rights for this proprietary microcode.
676:
755:
99:
access, firmware replacement restrictions (by denying complete tooling that may be necessary in order to recompile and replace the firmware), or by legal means, such as through
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Many open-source operating systems reluctantly choose to include proprietary firmware files in their distributions simply to make their
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restricted by the producer. Proprietors may enforce restrictions by technical means, such as by restricting
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suggests that wireless firmware are kept proprietary because of poor design quality and firmware defects.
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The security and reliability risks posed by proprietary microcode may be lower than those posed by
92:
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200:
254:, which are often the systems used by the manufacturer in their original proprietary firmware.
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261:, which goes a step further by also providing schematics for replicating the hardware itself.
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88:
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Proprietary firmware (and especially the microcode) is much more difficult to avoid than
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Proprietary firmware poses a significant security risk to the user because of the
518:
493:
16:
Firmware with restrictions on use, private modification, copying, or republishing
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149:
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951:
450:
422:
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243:
469:"Page 13: The hardware: 802.11 wireless networking (more detail)"
226:, and is especially popular in certain segments of hardware like
1461:
1456:
1395:
494:"Почему так важно иметь документацию по программированию железа"
309:
284:
277:
1201:
550:
332:
303:
18:
171:(DMA) architecture of modern computers and the potential for
222:
may still be available for certain products, which is often
533:"Drunk drivers granted access to breathalyser source code"
144:
work, because manufacturers try to save money by removing
238:, which are capable of running complete general-purpose
385:"Feature: OpenBSD's "Out of the Box" Wireless Support"
597:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
1568:
1523:
1470:
1432:
1409:
1328:
1235:
1103:
1037:
965:
835:
812:
774:
650:
584:
481:. Courtyard Venice Airport, Venice/Tessera, Italy.
441:"Feature: OpenBSD Works To Open Wireless Chipsets"
125:Proprietary device driver § Device firmware
199:, because the microcode in this context isn't
107:. Alternatives to proprietary firmware may be
1213:
562:
8:
602:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
87:that has had its use, private modification,
1220:
1206:
1198:
962:
569:
555:
547:
280:found in IBM-compatible Personal Computers
48:. Please do not remove this message until
434:
432:
406:
404:
257:Another potential solution is going with
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
509:
507:
44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
375:
325:wireless network interface controllers
492:Constantine A. Murenin (2006-12-10).
7:
1125:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
1657:Free software culture and documents
592:Alternative terms for free software
932:Python Software Foundation License
519:"ACPI, firmware and your security"
14:
995:Definition of Free Cultural Works
612:Free software project directories
1182:
1181:
1171:
632:Open-source software development
207:, and doesn't run on the host's
23:
1543:Light-weight Linux distribution
1371:Hacking of consumer electronics
990:Debian Free Software Guidelines
822:Free Software Movement of India
479:OpenCON 2006, 2–3 December 2006
474:Open Documentation for Hardware
302:(RTAS), used in computers from
163:Firmware § Security risks
1:
980:Contributor License Agreement
794:Open-source-software movement
578:Free and open-source software
439:Jeremy Andrews (2004-11-02).
411:Jeremy Andrews (2006-05-02).
383:Jeremy Andrews (2005-03-08).
300:Run-Time Abstraction Services
287:found in modern x86 Computers
224:free and open-source software
1631:List of open-source hardware
1151:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
1005:The Free Software Definition
535:. 2005-11-03. Archived from
1055:Mozilla software rebranding
1020:Permissive software license
50:conditions to do so are met
1698:
1548:Real-time operating system
1060:Proprietary device drivers
1010:The Open Source Definition
413:"Interview: Theo de Raadt"
197:proprietary device drivers
160:
135:proprietary device drivers
122:
1621:
1533:Linux on embedded systems
1167:
1145:Source-available software
1045:Digital rights management
293:, used in computers from
1538:Linux for mobile devices
1140:Shared Source Initiative
937:Shared Source Initiative
890:Free Software Foundation
827:Free Software Foundation
677:Configuration management
1386:PlayStation 3 Jailbreak
1075:SCO/Linux controversies
1376:Homebrew (video games)
975:Comparison of licenses
784:Free software movement
1667:Software distribution
1570:Programming languages
1308:Single-board computer
1248:Board support package
1050:License proliferation
1662:Proprietary software
1636:Open-source robotics
1626:Lightweight browsers
1349:Proprietary firmware
1258:Consumer electronics
1135:Open-source hardware
1070:Proprietary software
1065:Proprietary firmware
766:Formerly open-source
761:Formerly proprietary
627:Open-source software
353:Open-source hardware
259:open-source hardware
169:direct memory access
131:proprietary software
81:Proprietary firmware
1677:Software by license
1366:Defective by Design
1273:Embedded hypervisor
1015:Open-source license
617:Gratis versus libre
37:of this article is
1672:Software licensing
1434:Software libraries
1644:
1643:
1583:Assembly language
1525:Operating systems
1505:Stand-alone shell
1472:Programming tools
1391:Rooting (Android)
1283:Embedded software
1268:Embedded database
1195:
1194:
1095:Trusted Computing
1085:Software security
1033:
1032:
714:Operating systems
622:Long-term support
515:Mark Shuttleworth
240:operating systems
185:Mark Shuttleworth
157:Security concerns
78:
77:
70:
1689:
1381:iOS jailbreaking
1298:Memory footprint
1229:Embedded systems
1222:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1080:Software patents
963:
875:Creative Commons
734:Web applications
571:
564:
557:
548:
541:
540:
529:
523:
522:
511:
502:
501:
489:
483:
482:
461:
455:
454:
449:. Archived from
436:
427:
426:
421:. Archived from
408:
399:
398:
393:. Archived from
380:
335:processors, etc.
312:'s control menus
295:Silicon Graphics
232:wireless routers
205:operating system
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
27:
26:
19:
1697:
1696:
1692:
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1686:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1617:
1564:
1519:
1466:
1428:
1405:
1356:Closed platform
1344:Custom firmware
1324:
1303:Microcontroller
1231:
1226:
1196:
1191:
1163:
1130:Open-core model
1105:
1099:
1029:
967:
961:
831:
808:
770:
653:
646:
580:
575:
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544:
531:
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438:
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410:
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377:
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367:
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228:gaming consoles
220:Custom firmware
217:
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159:
127:
121:
74:
63:
57:
54:
43:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Almquist shell
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:Embedded GLIBC
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1401:Vendor lock-in
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1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:Cross compiler
1260:
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1245:
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1237:
1233:
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689:
679:
674:
669:
667:Bioinformatics
664:
658:
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644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
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582:
581:
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574:
573:
566:
559:
551:
543:
542:
539:on 2008-09-30.
524:
517:(2014-03-17).
503:
484:
467:(2016-12-03).
456:
453:on 2006-06-20.
428:
425:on 2006-06-03.
400:
397:on 2005-03-09.
374:
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318:
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288:
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274:
268:
266:
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236:Android phones
216:
213:
209:main processor
161:Main article:
158:
155:
142:device drivers
123:Main article:
120:
117:
76:
75:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1627:
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1620:
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1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Embedded Java
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1516:
1515:Yocto Project
1513:
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1238:
1236:General terms
1234:
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1204:
1203:
1200:
1188:
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1166:
1160:
1159:
1158:Revolution OS
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1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1119:GNU Manifesto
1116:
1114:
1111:
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1108:
1102:
1096:
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1083:
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1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1025:Public domain
1023:
1021:
1018:
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1011:
1008:
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1003:
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991:
988:
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838:
834:
828:
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823:
820:
819:
817:
815:
814:Organisations
811:
805:
802:
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797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
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779:
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773:
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736:
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732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
709:Office suites
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635:
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625:
623:
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615:
613:
610:
608:
607:Free software
605:
603:
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587:
583:
579:
572:
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560:
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538:
534:
528:
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520:
516:
510:
508:
504:
500:(in Russian).
499:
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480:
476:
475:
470:
466:
465:Theo de Raadt
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363:Open Firmware
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272:Breathalysers
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177:Theo de Raadt
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61:
51:
47:
41:
40:
36:
30:
21:
20:
1598:Embedded C++
1500:OpenEmbedded
1411:Boot loaders
1348:
1332:and controls
1313:Raspberry Pi
1156:
1149:
1117:
1064:
1000:Free license
746:Android apps
537:the original
527:
498:Linux.org.ru
497:
487:
473:
459:
451:the original
444:
423:the original
416:
395:the original
388:
378:
256:
218:
215:Alternatives
203:against the
194:
166:
146:flash memory
139:
128:
119:Distribution
109:free (libre)
93:republishing
80:
79:
64:
55:
33:
1613:MicroPython
1553:Windows IoT
1361:Crippleware
1278:Embedded OS
1090:Tivoization
729:Video games
704:Mathematics
329:video cards
173:DMA attacks
113:open-source
97:source code
1651:Categories
1593:Embedded C
1253:Bootloader
1038:Challenges
756:Commercial
739:E-commerce
724:Television
446:KernelTrap
418:KernelTrap
390:KernelTrap
370:References
58:April 2023
35:neutrality
1490:Buildroot
968:standards
966:Types and
947:Unlicense
942:Sleepycat
776:Community
348:ROM image
321:Microcode
316:Cisco IOS
101:copyright
46:talk page
1682:Firmware
1447:dietlibc
1339:Firmware
1330:Firmware
1187:Category
1104:Related
985:Copyleft
905:GNU LGPL
900:GNU AGPL
865:Beerware
860:Artistic
837:Licenses
804:Advocacy
751:iOS apps
692:Wireless
687:Graphics
654:packages
652:Software
642:Timeline
358:Coreboot
341:See also
265:Examples
133:or even
85:firmware
39:disputed
1608:MISRA C
1495:BusyBox
1485:BitBake
1424:Barebox
1113:Forking
895:GNU GPL
789:History
719:Routing
682:Drivers
637:Outline
585:General
248:FreeBSD
181:OpenBSD
105:patents
89:copying
83:is any
1558:Win CE
1510:Toybox
1442:uClibc
1419:U-Boot
1177:Portal
1106:topics
927:Python
850:Apache
799:Events
699:Health
672:Codecs
252:NetBSD
201:linked
189:Ubuntu
150:EEPROM
952:WTFPL
662:Audio
283:Most
276:Most
244:Linux
242:like
91:, or
1588:CAPL
1462:musl
1457:lwIP
1396:UEFI
1288:FPGA
1243:ASIC
957:zlib
880:CDDL
855:APSL
310:iPod
308:The
291:ARCS
285:UEFI
278:BIOS
234:and
103:and
32:The
1578:Ada
1320:SoC
1293:IoT
922:MPL
917:MIT
912:ISC
885:EPL
870:BSD
845:AFL
333:x86
323:in
304:IBM
250:or
187:of
179:of
148:or
111:or
1653::
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496:.
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403:^
387:.
331:,
327:,
246:,
230:,
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115:.
1221:e
1214:t
1207:v
570:e
563:t
556:v
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