207:, reports of prostitution in Lhasa: "in the teeming streets women outnumber men and many of them are prostitutes. Due to the practice of polyandry, many women do not find husbands and come to the villages and towns where they fall into prostitution. Their customers are from the caravans that cross the Tibetan Plateau and also the monasteries". He adds that for most of the duration of their stay in Lhasa, the German residence
335:, the Association of Tibetan Women claimed that the previous decade had seen an increase in prostitution in some major cities of Tibet. The causes were said to be discrimination against Tibetan women in competition with Chinese women for education and employment, as well as increased tourism. But the most important factor was said to be the influx of soldiers in the strategically important region.
24:
120:, though officially illegal, has been growing. French poet Jean Dif, traveling in the Tibet Autonomous Region in September–October 2004, said of Lhasa, "There are said to be more than 4,000 prostitutes in the city, but I saw none". According to the French sociologist and religious historian Frédéric Lenoir writing in 2008, the traditional commercial quarter of
519:
universal." Asked about discos and nightclubs in Lhasa, the Vice-President of the Tibet
Autonomous Region justified them as part of the "western way of life," adding that they contribute to the diversity of local Tibetan and Han culture. Sautman argues that the 'vices' in Tibet denounced by émigrés are mostly also present in religious centers such as
448:
is the patron, estimated that there were 7000 Tibetan girls in 1000 brothels in Lhasa in the year 2000. The organisation criticised the lack of hygiene and protective measures, the influx of prostitutes from the rest of China where AIDS is more prevalent, and the lack of preventative educational and
380:
conducted a study that identified "at least 658 brothels" in Lhasa. Patrick French returning from a trip to Tibet in 1999, indicated that he had found them to be an important phenomenon in Lhasa, and that "there are now hundreds of brothels there". In 2000 and 2002, a figure of 1000 brothels was put
277:
raped women everywhere, all this, of course, is far from the truth. As people who lived through that time know well, in this (Maoist) period, sex was seen as socially quite unacceptable. PLA soldiers and Red Guards, who had the strongest ideology, couldn't possibly have done this sort of thing. With
228:
According to the
Tibetan Women's Association: "in the past, in Tibet, there were no brothels or drugs, and excessive alcohol use was low". For its part, the Tibetan government in exile says prostitution as an industry was virtually non-existent before the Chinese occupation of Tibet. Tibetan lawyer
296:
newspaper in 1996, journalist Mike
Dempsey observed that prostitution in Lhasa had become "more brazen than in most other Chinese cities" and that "every street is full of bars and video arcades and brothels". "In some neighbourhoods of Lhasa... every third storefront is a brothel." Dempsey added
387:
citing the same source. Between 1998 and 2005 the number of brothels increased to 1600, according to the
Tibetan Women's Association. In 2008 Frederic Lenoir estimated the number of brothels in Lhasa at more than 300 brothels, one of the highest rates of any Chinese city in terms of population.
476:
was arrested. He had been working since 2001 on AIDS prevention, especially among prostitutes. Despite his not having personally participated in the Lhasa demonstrations he was sentenced to life imprisonment on charges of espionage and sending information abroad. According to the association
518:
has expressed "concern that more and more young
Tibetans are exposed to the temptations of the worst aspects of Chinese culture". Sautman points out that "none of these vices is particularly 'Chinese'. Billiards is a Western invention, karaoke originated in Japan, prostitution and drugs are
493:. In "Lhasa: the Death of the Soul", a 1994 article, William Hanks quotes a Buddhist monk's words: "A monk in a monastery doorway murmured to me 'It's a shame; we want these bars to close because they contribute to the planned destruction of Tibetan culture'". The travel comparator website
352:, the academic Frederic Lenoir and the writer and historian Patrick French. The figures range from 300 to 1806 depending on the source. The term "brothel" covers prostitution taking place in premises disguised as hair salons, beauty salons, massage parlors, hostess bars and karaoke bars.
423:
1998–2008, warned in 2000 that the development of the
Chinese entertainment industry might be inhibited due to competition from the sex trade. He launched a national campaign to prevent this and accused government agencies of taking part in the trade. On 1 October 2009, as the
343:
The
Chinese government does not give an estimate of the number of brothels in Tibet because prostitution is officially banned in China. However, estimated figures on the number of brothels in Lhasa are provided by a number of sources. These include organizations close to the
513:
is that "Emigrés try to attribute the 'vices' found in the towns of Tibet to the harmful cultural effects of the Han presence there. But Lhasa, like many other towns around the world, contains many places teeming with prostitution, gambling and drugs". The
Director of the
196:, encouraged his Chinese soldiers to marry Tibetans by granting them money and land. These women, according to the historian Laurent Deshayes, "often ended up in soldiers' brothels" although "abandoning a Tibetan wife was severely punished by Zhao."
411:. Chinese authorities often denounce prostitution and frequently launch raids in an attempt to rid Tibet of the trade, such as the action against vice in Lhasa in May 1995 when Chinese police arrested 111 prostitutes and pimps. According to
365:, there were about 8,890 prostitutes in Lhasa in 1998, or 9% of the female population. The article reported that there were 1,270 brothels in Lhasa, mostly disguised as hair salons, and on average, seven prostitutes in each brothel.
251:. The Communists forced monks and nuns to have sex. The management of the monasteries was entrusted to the dissolute characters who "frequented prostitutes, drank heavily," thus discrediting the monasteries in the eyes of Tibetans.
262:, were reported to have suffered multiple rape, resulting in pregnancies for which they underwent forced abortions. This type of treatment is, according to the Tibet Justice Center, the norm for Tibetan girls in the Chinese army.
504:
However, as Mike
Dempsey comments: "most observers of Tibet doubt it is official Chinese policy to promote gambling and prostitution in order to undermine the exiled Dalai Lama's spiritual hold". The view of professor
258:, an organization linked to the Tibetan Government in Exile, Chinese officials have committed violence against Tibetan women by forcing them into prostitution. Tibetan teenagers, believing they were joining the
90:, many women were unable to find a husband and moved to villages and towns, where they fell into prostitution. Their clients came from the caravans crossing the Tibetan plateau, and also from the monasteries.
1710:
273:, published in 1998, he wrote: "In the West, the persecution of Tibetans by the Chinese communists is greatly exaggerated. That the PLA soldiers forced the lamas and nuns to have sex publicly while
229:
Lobsang Sangay points out that we can not say that prostitution did not exist at all before the arrival of the
Chinese. Nevertheless, the phenomenon was minimal compared to its current extent.
497:
mentions that the western part of Lhasa looks like all modern Chinese cities with its concrete architecture, shops, karaoke and even prostitution. The French interpreter for the Dalai Lama,
290:, took place in 1990 as a result of the influx of a predominantly male working population which added to the large population of Chinese soldiers already deployed in Tibet. In an article in
328:
which described the practice of prostitution in Lhasa. In 2006 the American photographer Sarah Schorr put on an exhibition of photographs of Tibetan and Chinese prostitutes taken in Lhasa.
501:
says that "the Tibetan town has disappeared beneath the neon karaoke... the Chinese impose their morals, alcohol, karaoke, brothels... China imposes its dogmas and crushes the culture!"
429:
420:
449:
screening programs. Increases in prostitution are said to lead to increased HIV transmission in Tibet. In 2007, the Dalai Lama claimed that Beijing was using the recently completed
82:
is thought to have existed for centuries. Testimonies of its existence were provided by outside visitors in the first half of the twentieth century. According to the British writer
425:
1316:
286:
According to the Tibetan government in exile, prostitution in Tibet is growing rapidly. They claim that the large-scale introduction of prostitution, especially to Lhasa and
297:
that most of the prostitutes "are from nearby Szechuan " while "Tibetan prostitutes, far fewer in number, service their poor clients in the rubbish-heaped alleys behind the
305:
wrote that prostitution in Lhasa was "the subject of ethnic segregation". There were very few Tibetan prostitutes, the majority being Chinese, originally from Sichuan and
165:, the young Tsangyang Gyatso (1683–1706), is said to have refused to take his vows and "spent his nights drinking in brothels", frequenting an inn in the village of Shöl (
132:
bars, gambling houses and brothels. The number of brothels in Lhasa was estimated at more than 300. The establishments were located on the island of Jamalinka and in the
1603:
1787:
453:
between China and Tibet to sending uneducated young girls from the countryside to be "inducted as prostitutes" in Lhasa which "is increasing the danger of AIDS".
510:
441:
1369:
670:
113:
recognizes the existence of prostitution before the arrival of the Chinese, but he says that the phenomenon was minimal compared to its current extent.
1320:
1319:[The Question of Human Rights and Fundamental Liberties...] (in French). United Nations Economic and Social Council. 1 July 2000. Archived from
1554:
408:
200:
1201:
1528:
1370:"TWA's President, Dr. B. Tsering Yeshi, tours North American Colleges Speaking on Violation of Reproductive Rights of Tibetan women in Tibet"
881:
218:, who lived in Lhasa from 1944 to 1950, reported in his memoirs that in Barkhor, "ladies of easy virtue practice their profession there".
1290:
1780:
1733:
1127:
722:
557:
332:
238:
641:
1027:
1423:
1111:
980:
948:
833:
793:
546:
481:, his imprisonment shows how far the Chinese government will go to silence those working for the health and well being of Tibetans.
66:
515:
1074:
33:
1439:
278:
regard to certain specific cases, we can only blame the individuals involved (nowhere is completely without such behaviour)."
2014:
1773:
345:
94:
98:
1648:
1343:
1272:
225:
who was regent of Tibet was slandered by saying that he "had an affair with a high-class prostitute called Nyi-a-sung".
489:
As Lhasa is a holy city for Tibetans, prostitution is particularly frowned upon by its Tibetan population, according to
391:
There are reports of prostitution outside the capital Lhasa, with Michael Kodas describing its practice at the Tibetan
1470:
1241:
259:
1683:
432:
announced the launch of a national campaign by the Chinese police aimed at closing nightclubs and massage parlours.
1968:
97:, prostitution as an industry was virtually non-existent before the Chinese occupation of Tibet. According to the
1887:
1810:
1373:
748:[Chronology of the history of Tibet and its relationship with the rest of the world (Part 3)] (in French)
674:
478:
309:. The sex trade was "controlled by Chinese gangs who benefit from political protection". According to journalist
243:
2009:
2004:
1973:
1293:(in French). United Nations Office for Tibet (republished by Drôme Ardèche - Tibet). March 2002. Archived from
377:
699:
125:
1604:"NGO worker Sentenced to life imprisonment: harsh sentences signal harder line on blocking news from Tibet"
247:
that anyone in Tibet who expressed his religious faith publicly was subject to persecution and accused of
37:
1867:
1815:
1796:
616:
117:
376:
in 1998, claimed that there were more than 1806 "Chinese brothels" in Lhasa. In 1999, the London-based
269:
who lives in Beijing, these comments are greatly exaggerated and only occur in rare cases. In his book
1532:
1937:
1872:
412:
255:
469:
274:
222:
585:
87:
825:
169:). The former village of Shöl, whose area stretched to the south of Potala, is said by the 2008
997:"Consideration of Beijing Platform for Action Critical Area of Concern: Violence Against Women"
1419:
1294:
1130:[Inside Forbidden Lhasa] (in French). Grands Reporters. 12 August 1999. Archived from
1107:
1023:
976:
944:
940:
877:
829:
789:
783:
542:
473:
392:
1744:
1131:
566:
1153:
461:
450:
383:
373:
349:
204:
83:
745:
1978:
1466:
597:
292:
215:
154:
746:"Chronologie de l'histoire du Tibet et de ses relations avec le reste du monde (Suite 3)"
645:
914:
818:
671:"Report by the Tibetan Women's Association to the United Nations' Human Rights Council"
498:
490:
321:
310:
302:
162:
110:
1711:"After the Olympics, it will be ruined. We will no longer be able to talk about Tibet"
642:"Growing sex workers in Tibet: Is It a Part of the Current Development Boom in Tibet?"
1998:
1877:
1851:
1506:
996:
933:
506:
445:
170:
137:
44:
1912:
1882:
1443:
1175:
611:
416:
266:
248:
166:
158:
133:
48:
369:
claims to have obtained this figure as a result of its own direct investigations.
1625:
1529:"Annual Report, 2000: Enforcing Loyalty; Chapter 3: Rights of Women and Children"
1440:"China-prostitution: crack down on sex trade Growing, top Chinese lawmaker Urges"
1044:
1932:
1922:
1907:
1660:
1347:
520:
362:
357:
185:
177:
1317:"Question de la Violation des Droits de l'Homme et des Libertés Fondamentales…"
702:. Harvard Asia Quarterly (republished by Canada Tibet Committee). 22 April 2000
1927:
1841:
1582:"Chinese court sentences seven Tibetans betweens 8 years to life Imprisonment"
1276:
1952:
1917:
1902:
899:
Himmler's Crusade: The Nazi Expedition to Find the Origins of the Aryan Race
524:
361:, a fortnightly newspaper linked to Tibetan exiles with its headquarters in
181:
1581:
1249:
1942:
465:
106:
1765:
381:
forward in a paper presented at the United Nations and in an article in
1947:
306:
298:
287:
129:
1372:. Tibetan Women's Association. 26 March – 6 April 2007. Archived from
1897:
1892:
1846:
1836:
1531:. Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy. 2000. Archived from
935:
A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: the Demise of the Lamaist State
457:
211:
was frequently besieged prostitutes seeking to seduce the occupants.
189:
313:, Jama Lingka island was developed in the 1990s with money from the
426:
60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China
314:
121:
102:
1484:
472:
one of their staff, an AIDS worker and former Tibetan monk named
1983:
1202:"NGO Alternative Report on the Status of Tibetan Women in Tibet"
193:
1769:
17:
673:. Tibetan Women's Association. 20 March 2007. Archived from
527:
and not uncommon amongst Buddhist monks in some countries".
816:
Bradley Mayhew; Robert Kelly; John Vincent Belleza (2008).
1649:"China in Tibet: Forty Years of Liberation or Occupation?"
1242:"China in Tibet: Forty Years of Liberation or Occupation?"
700:"China in Tibet: Forty Years of Liberation or Occupation?"
173:
Tibet guide book to have been Lhasa's red-light district.
1584:. Punjab Newsline (republished by Canada Tibet Committee)
644:. Tibetan Bulletin Online. May–June 2005. Archived from
192:
that included the greater part of the Tibetan region of
203:, the writer Christopher Hale, based on the diaries of
1509:. TCHRD Report (republished by Friends of Tibet). 2003
1442:. Agence France-Presse. 20 March 2000. Archived from
1606:. International Campaign for Tibet. 22 December 2008
785:
The Story of Tibet. Conversation with the Dalai Lama
1961:
1860:
1829:
1803:
1416:
High Crimes: The Fate of Everest in an Age of Greed
397:
High Crimes: The Fate of Everest in an Age of Greed
324:visited Tibet in secret and filmed the documentary
932:
913:
817:
436:Risk of the spread of sexually transmitted disease
1487:. Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy
1104:Tibet, Tibet: A Personal History Of A Lost Land
973:Tibet, Tibet: A Personal History Of A Lost Land
539:Tibet, Tibet: A Personal History Of A Lost Land
1555:"China rail link destroying Tibet: Dalai Lama"
1467:"Prostitution: Beijing wants to "strike hard""
1403:] (in French). Éditions Plon. p. 105.
511:Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
301:temple." In 2003 the journalist and historian
118:prostitution in the People's Republic of China
1781:
857:] (in French). Calmann-LĂ©vy. p. 126.
442:Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy
8:
1273:"Chinese brothels in the Holy City of Tibet"
723:"China: Prostitution on Every Street Corner"
1346:. Tibet Environmental Watch. Archived from
1022:. London Harper Collins. pp. 247–251.
1788:
1774:
1766:
1176:"Steel Butterflies: Prostitution in Lhasa"
1097:
1095:
1068:
1066:
1064:
939:. University of California Press. p.
265:According to the dissident Chinese writer
47:. Please do not remove this message until
1628:. Students for a Free Tibet. 5 March 2009
1342:Indira A.R. Lakshmanan (26 August 2002).
1156:(in French). Tibet Info. 1 September 2008
1075:"Chinese pervert Tibet's spiritual power"
67:Learn how and when to remove this message
1626:"Profiles in Courage: Day 7 - March 4th"
1207:. Tibetan Women's Association. p. 8
876:] (in French). Fayard. p. 249.
694:
692:
43:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1507:"Briefing paper for travelers to Tibet"
771:(in French). Édition Plon. p. 105.
665:
663:
628:
1106:. Harper Perennial. pp. 253–254.
824:. Lonely Planet Publications. p.
593:
583:
721:Teresa M. Bentor (28 December 2008).
636:
634:
632:
464:) work in Lhasa on the prevention of
409:law of the People's Republic of China
331:In a report presented in 2009 to the
180:(director of the Tibetan building in
7:
1580:Bijender Sharma (19 December 2008).
403:Official suppression of prostitution
333:United Nations Human Rights Council
239:Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama
188:who created the former province of
176:According to writer and journalist
153:In his book of interviews with the
1709:Emmanuel Tellier (19 April 2008).
407:Prostitution is illegal under the
320:In 2003, French documentary-maker
201:1938–39 German expedition to Tibet
14:
1682:William Hanks (1 December 1994).
1414:Kodas, Michael (1 January 2008).
1291:"In brief: Human Rights in Tibet"
1248:. 27 January 2006. Archived from
1046:Sky Burial: The Destiny of Tibet
975:. Harper Perennial. p. 79.
516:International Campaign for Tibet
485:Prostitution and Tibetan culture
271:Sky Burial: The Destiny of Tibet
22:
1741:Texas International Law Journal
1734:"'Cultural Genocide' and Tibet"
1647:Sangay, Lobsang (Summer 1999).
1465:Marc Lebeaupin (20 June 2009).
1073:Mike Dempsey (5 October 1996).
1020:Tears of blood: A cry for Tibet
725:(in French). Chine Informations
556:Sautman, Barry (1 April 2003).
1732:Barry Sautman (1 April 2003).
1684:"Lhasa: the Death of the Soul"
1128:"Tibet. Dans Lhassa interdite"
456:The Australian organisations (
372:Ngawang Choephel, speaking on
1:
931:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1989).
855:Tibet, The Sacrificed Country
559:"Cultural Genocide" and Tibet
428:approached, the Chinese Vice-
1275:. Newsbriefs. Archived from
1043:Wang, Lixiong (1998). "14".
788:. Grove Press. p. 182.
348:, the documentary filmmaker
1471:Radio France Internationale
1271:Tashi Choedon Bidhartsang.
849:Arpi, Claude (2000). "11".
421:Chinese Minister of Culture
346:Tibetan Government in Exile
99:Tibetan Women's Association
95:Tibetan government in exile
49:conditions to do so are met
2031:
1969:Gai Shanxi and Her Sisters
1401:Tibet: The Moment of Truth
1395:Lenoir, Frédérick (2008).
897:Hale, Christopher (2003).
868:Deshayes, Laurent (1997).
769:Tibet: The Moment of Truth
93:However, according to the
1888:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai
1811:Prostitution in Hong Kong
1397:Tibet le Moment de Vérité
1049:. Mirror Books Publishing
912:Harrer, Heinrich (1954).
479:Students for a Free Tibet
378:Tibet Information Network
244:70,000 Character Petition
214:The Austrian mountaineer
128:, contained at that time
86:, due to the practice of
1974:Sex trafficking in China
1102:French, Patrick (2003).
971:French, Patrick (2003).
901:. John Wiley & Sons.
767:Frédéric Lenoir (2008).
537:French, Patrick (2003).
260:People's Liberation Army
1344:"Deemed a Road to Ruin"
851:Tibet, le pays sacrifié
444:, an NGO for which the
326:The Sidewalks of Lhassa
184:), the Chinese warlord
126:Tibet Autonomous Region
1653:Harvard Asia Quarterly
1246:Harvard Asia Quarterly
999:. Tibet Justice Center
782:Laird, Thomas (2007).
2015:Prostitution in China
1821:Prostitution in Tibet
1816:Prostitution in Macau
1797:Prostitution in China
617:Prostitution in China
80:Prostitution in Tibet
1873:Empress Dowager Bian
1018:Craig, Mary (1992).
916:Seven Years in Tibet
541:. Harper Perennial.
413:Agence France-Presse
256:Tibet Justice Center
1659:(3). Archived from
1376:on 24 February 2011
1230:. 13 November 1998.
1226:"journal article".
470:2008 Tibetan unrest
430:Minister of Justice
223:3rd Taktra Rinpoche
199:In its relation to
101:: "In the past, in
36:of this article is
1535:on 31 January 2011
1323:on 5 December 2005
109:". Tibetan lawyer
88:polyandry in Tibet
1992:
1991:
1561:. 1 February 2007
1446:on 3 January 2004
883:978-2-213-59502-3
870:Histoire du Tibet
393:Everest Base Camp
355:According to the
282:Current situation
254:According to the
161:records that the
157:, the journalist
116:Since the 1980s,
77:
76:
69:
2022:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1743:. Archived from
1738:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1679:
1673:
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1668:
1663:on 21 April 2010
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1328:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1279:on 13 July 2009.
1268:
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1154:"Marie Louville"
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1134:on 12 March 2012
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888:
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874:History of Tibet
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667:
658:
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655:
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638:
601:
595:
591:
589:
581:
579:
577:
571:
565:. Archived from
564:
552:
462:Burnet Institute
451:Qingzang railway
384:The Boston Globe
374:Voice of America
350:Ngawang Choephel
84:Christopher Hale
72:
65:
61:
58:
52:
26:
25:
18:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2010:Health in Tibet
2005:Tibetan society
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1979:Sing-song girls
1957:
1856:
1825:
1799:
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1751:
1750:on 7 April 2014
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1350:on 4 March 2016
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1297:on 3 March 2016
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920:. E. P. Dutton.
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241:claimed in his
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155:14th Dalai Lama
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679:. Retrieved
675:the original
650:. Retrieved
646:the original
612:Prostitution
574:. Retrieved
567:the original
558:
538:
531:Bibliography
503:
494:
488:
455:
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417:Sun Jiazheng
406:
396:
395:in his book
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267:Wang Lixiong
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249:superstition
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167:Zhol Village
159:Thomas Laird
152:
134:Zhol Village
115:
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32:
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1933:Su Xiaoxiao
1923:Ma Shouzhen
1908:Li Xiangjun
1830:Prostitutes
1690:(in French)
1228:Tibet Times
594:|work=
521:Dharamshala
367:Tibet Times
363:Dharamshala
358:Tibet Times
209:Tredilingka
186:Zhao Erfeng
178:Claude Arpi
149:Before 1950
1999:Categories
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1852:Lin Hei'er
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1485:"About Us"
1180:Phayul.com
744:Jean Dif.
623:References
495:Easyvoyage
446:Dalai Lama
275:Red Guards
233:After 1950
34:neutrality
1953:Yu Xuanji
1918:Liu Rushi
1903:Li Shishi
1868:Bai Mudan
1688:L'Express
1667:14 August
1539:14 August
1450:14 August
1380:14 August
1327:14 August
1256:14 August
1186:30 August
1138:14 August
1084:7 October
1053:25 August
956:21 August
801:21 August
596:ignored (
586:cite book
525:Kathmandu
237:In 1962,
182:Auroville
136:near the
45:talk page
1943:Xue Susu
1938:Wang Wei
1754:6 August
1717:8 August
1694:8 August
1632:8 August
1610:8 August
1588:8 August
1565:9 August
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1491:8 August
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1301:9 August
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1160:8 August
752:5 August
729:5 August
706:5 August
681:5 August
652:5 August
606:See also
576:5 August
466:HIV/AIDS
460:and the
399:(2008).
107:brothels
38:disputed
1948:Xue Tao
1804:Regions
509:of the
317:mafia.
307:Qinghai
299:Jokhang
288:Tsetang
144:History
130:karaoke
1898:Hongfu
1893:Gu Mei
1847:Du Zhu
1837:Ah Toy
1422:
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339:Extent
190:Xikang
1962:Other
1913:Li Ye
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570:(PDF)
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315:Macao
122:Lhasa
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1984:Geji
1756:2014
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1634:2014
1612:2014
1590:2014
1567:2014
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1493:2014
1452:2014
1420:ISBN
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1329:2014
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1188:2016
1162:2014
1140:2014
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878:ISBN
830:ISBN
803:2014
790:ISBN
754:2014
731:2014
708:2014
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598:help
578:2014
543:ISBN
523:and
194:Kham
31:The
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