597:
One possibility for making the criminal procedure more speedy and effective in
Estonia is the application of the principle of opportunity instead of the principle of legality which governs at present. The author also introduces the provisions concerning the principle of opportunity as proposed in the
346:
is also the Public
Prosecutor. Deputy Public Prosecutors (DPPs) and Assistant Public Prosecutors (APPs), legal officers from the Attorney-General's Chambers (AGC) Crime Division, act under the authority of the Public Prosecutor. As Public Prosecutor, the Attorney-General has prosecutorial discretion;
87:
has wide latitude in determining when, who, how, and even whether to prosecute for apparent violations of federal criminal law. The prosecutor's broad discretion in such areas as initiating or forgoing prosecutions, selecting or recommending specific charges, and terminating prosecutions by accepting
107:
In our criminal justice system, the
Government retains "broad discretion" as to whom to prosecute. This broad discretion rests largely on the recognition that the decision to prosecute is particularly ill-suited to judicial review. Such factors as the strength of the case, the prosecution's general
276:
According to
Article 12 of the Dutch Criminal Procedure Code, a person with a direct concern in the prosecution of a crime may file a complaint at a court of law against the cancellation of the prosecution. If the council chamber of the court decides that the crime should be prosecuted, the crime
136:
Scholarly study of prosecutorial discretion in the US has reported a wide variance among prosecutors' responses to the same potential scenario. The scholars who conducted the study reported observing prosecutors who appeared to be motivated to do justice but who lacked guidelines and supervision.
285:
In order to encourage reconciliation and restitution, most cases in Japan are resolved through discretionary prosecution. Discretion may be exercised due a wide range of reasons including age, character, circumstances of the offense or even due to events following the offense.
440:, 877 (Ariz. 2006) ("Indictments can be dismissed for various reasons, including a prosecutor's determination that the person charged did not in fact commit the crime or—as this case illustrates—that there is no reasonable likelihood of conviction.")..
358:. This means that in order for a defendant to be found guilty, the case presented by the prosecution must be enough to remove any reasonable doubt in the mind of the judge(s) that the defendant is guilty of the crime with which he/she is charged.
108:
deterrence value, the
Government's enforcement priorities, and the case's relationship to the Government's overall enforcement plan are not readily susceptible to the kind of analysis the courts are competent to undertake.
269:), unless the Public Department has made a formal communication to the crime suspect that the suspect is no longer prosecuted (then, prosecution cannot be resumed according to the principle of
150:
126:
613:
398:
335:
39:
There is a divide between countries where prosecutions are generally discretionary and where prosecutions are mandatory (known as the legality principle or
50:
are predominately based on the principal of compulsory prosecution, although the principle of opportunity is encoded in law in the
Netherlands, Germany,
43:). In addition, in some countries prosecutors operate independently with more discretion vs in a hierarchical system that require more conformity.
946:
789:
773:
350:
Prosecutorial discretion grants AGC the power to institute, conduct or discontinue any prosecution at his discretion. The prosecution bears the
550:
92:, if they determine that there is no reasonable likelihood of conviction. Prosecutors may dismiss charges in this situation by seeking a
88:
guilty pleas has been recognized on numerous occasions by the courts. Prosecutors may decide not to press the charges even when there is
692:
173:
166:
28:
a wide latitude to decide whether or not to charge a person for a crime, and which charges to file. A similar principle in
598:
draft
Estonian Criminal Procedure Act. Under the draft act, the principle should be applied as an exception rather than a rule
895:
848:
461:
181:
162:
343:
121:
ruled that a law that is race-neutral on its face, but is administered in a prejudicial manner, is an infringement of the
875:
180:. However, this does not prevent the initial suspect—and the victim who filed the complaint—from being registered in the
511:
742:
118:
573:
355:
339:
329:
47:
122:
246:: there is not enough evidence to obtain a conviction from a court or such a conviction is highly unlikely.
239:: petty crimes are not prosecuted to free up capacity in the legal system and to prosecute serious crimes.
177:
40:
930:
924:
617:
351:
487:
311:
299:
197:
437:
347:
i.e. he may, at his discretion, institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for any offense.
146:
93:
55:
830:
530:
270:
113:
758:
661:
253:: the crime suspect is spared from being prosecuted if the suspect commits no other crimes. In
880:
822:
581:
546:
385:
377:
130:
814:
538:
529:
Ligeti, Katalin (2019). Brown, Darryl K.; Turner, Jenia
Iontcheva; Weisser, Bettina (eds.).
542:
717:
29:
917:
620:
609:
262:
225:
97:
89:
940:
80:
701:
228:
and is mentioned in the Dutch
Criminal Procedure Code (Articles from 12 to 13a).
59:
51:
716:
Wright, Megan; Baughman, Shima
Baradaran; Robertson, Christopher (2022-04-01).
305:
295:
216:'principle of opportunity'. Cancelling the prosecution of a crime is called a
84:
63:
25:
17:
826:
585:
389:
381:
368:
République française; Secrétariat général du gouvernement (19 October 2022).
203:
193:
402:
512:"THE INDEPENDENCE OF JUDGES AND PROSECUTORS: PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES"
531:"The Place of the Prosecutor in Common Law and Civil Law Jurisdictions"
488:"Legality/opportunity principle regarding corporate criminal liability"
261:
A crime whose prosecution is cancelled can still be resumed later (the
254:
834:
802:
818:
369:
401:[Dictionary of Criminal Law] (in French). Archived from
176:
that has the characteristics of a criminal case, and instead to
342:, as well as Section 11 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the
372:[The public service for dissemination of the law].
151:
fr:Opportunité des poursuites en procédure pénale française
66:. Some similar provisions exist in and in Estonian law.
165:. It is a power that is conferred by article 40-1 of the
376:. Direction de l'information légale et administrative.
370:"LĂ©gifrance Le service public de la diffusion du droit"
231:
There are three sorts of cancellation of prosecution:
876:"The public prosecutor, politics and the rule of law"
849:"Overview of Functions - Attorney General's Chambers"
921:, a generalised form of the principle of opportunity
651:, 359 F.2d 234 (D.C. Cir. 1965).
637:, 382 F.2d 479 (D.C. Cir. 1967).
788:is not a verdict of a judge, in the meaning of the
103:Wayte v. United States 470 U.S. 598 (1985) said:
718:"Inside the Black Box of Prosecutor Discretion"
803:"System of Discretionary Prosecution in Japan"
516:European Commission for Democracy Through Law
8:
933:, a defense strategy claiming discrimination
662:"Wayte v. United States 470 U.S. 598 (1985)"
309:
156:
207:
155:The principle of opportunity to prosecute (
257:, that is called a "praetorian probation".
927:, a general principle of law enforcement
769:
767:
688:, 118 U.S. 356 (1886) is available from:
807:The American Journal of Comparative Law
453:
421:
182:System for Processing Recorded Offenses
754:
738:
7:
543:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190659837.013.9
117:(1886) was the first case where the
462:"What is Prosecutorial Discretion?"
397:Doucet, Jean-Paul (11 April 2019).
874:Woon, Walter (29 September 2017).
354:and is required to prove its case
14:
172:The prosecutor may decide not to
167:French code of criminal procedure
399:"Dictionnaire de droit criminel"
947:Legal doctrines and principles
1:
743:Criminal procedure code, 40-1
344:Attorney-General of Singapore
265:principle does not apply to
900:Attorney-General's Chambers
119:United States Supreme Court
963:
801:Dando, Shigemitsu (1970).
574:"Principle of opportunity"
327:
293:
191:
163:Public Prosecutors' Office
158:opportunité des poursuites
144:
356:beyond a reasonable doubt
340:Constitution of Singapore
330:Criminal law of Singapore
320:'opportunity principle'.
198:nl:Opportuniteitsbeginsel
580:(VI). Estonia: 369–376.
34:principle of opportunity
32:countries is called the
22:prosecutorial discretion
896:"Overview of Functions"
634:Newman v. United States
572:Ploom, Tristan (2000).
300:de:Opportunitätsprinzip
123:Equal Protection Clause
310:
209:opportuniteitsbeginsel
208:
157:
110:
41:compulsory prosecution
931:Selective prosecution
925:Selective enforcement
722:U.C. Davis Law Review
294:Further information:
192:Further information:
105:
648:Powell v. Ratzenbach
537:. pp. 138–163.
438:127 P.3d 873
312:Opportunitätsprinzip
277:must be prosecuted.
127:Fourteenth Amendment
83:federal system, the
46:Countries following
178:dismiss the charges
147:French criminal law
94:voluntary dismissal
20:, the principle of
686:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
405:on 7 January 2023.
273:trustworthiness).
271:administrative law
114:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
881:The Straits Times
552:978-0-19-065983-7
319:
215:
161:) belongs to the
131:U.S. Constitution
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468:. April 11, 2019
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174:prosecute a case
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902:. 16 June 2020.
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352:burden of proof
332:
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308:, it is called
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292:
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200:
190:
188:The Netherlands
153:
143:
77:
72:
30:continental law
12:
11:
5:
960:
958:
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939:
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922:
918:Nolle prosequi
912:
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819:10.2307/839343
813:(3): 518–531.
793:
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747:
731:
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653:
639:
625:
610:Oyler v. Boles
602:
564:
551:
521:
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492:www.ibanet.org
479:
452:
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450:
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433:State v. Gomez
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325:
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291:
288:
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263:ne bis in idem
259:
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189:
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98:nolle prosequi
90:probable cause
76:
73:
71:
68:
24:allows public
13:
10:
9:
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2:
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853:AGC Singapore
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790:Art. 350, Sv.
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336:Article 35(8)
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35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
916:
899:
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869:
857:. Retrieved
852:
843:
810:
806:
796:
785:
780:
774:Art. 12, Sv.
750:
734:
725:
721:
711:
685:
680:
669:. Retrieved
665:
656:
647:
642:
633:
628:
605:
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589:. Retrieved
577:
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556:. Retrieved
534:
524:
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495:. Retrieved
491:
482:
470:. Retrieved
465:
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432:
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403:the original
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249:conditional
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135:
112:
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106:
102:
78:
45:
38:
33:
21:
15:
755:Doucet 2019
623: (1962)
472:January 16,
362:Works cited
222:seponering
60:Belgian law
26:prosecutors
859:19 January
739:Legifrance
728:(4): 2133.
671:2016-06-17
666:Justia Law
591:6 December
558:2024-06-04
497:2024-06-04
411:References
374:LĂ©gifrance
328:See also:
306:German law
296:German law
242:technical
145:See also:
85:prosecutor
70:By country
18:common law
827:0002-919X
586:1406-1074
448:Citations
390:867599055
382:2270-8987
324:Singapore
204:Dutch law
194:Dutch law
48:civil-law
941:Category
911:See also
684:Text of
578:Juridica
184:(STIC).
56:Slovenia
693:Findlaw
466:Findlaw
338:of the
290:Germany
255:Belgium
235:policy
129:to the
125:in the
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855:. 2020
835:839343
833:
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702:Justia
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388:
380:
334:Under
267:sepots
141:France
64:France
52:Sweden
831:JSTOR
786:sepot
616:
416:Notes
281:Japan
251:sepot
244:sepot
237:sepot
226:Dutch
218:sepot
861:2023
823:ISSN
784:The
618:U.S.
593:2009
582:ISSN
547:ISBN
474:2023
386:OCLC
378:ISSN
318:lit.
298:and
214:lit.
196:and
149:and
62:and
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429:See
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