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restrictions. It is sought when household members or police believe a particular individual is at risk to use firearms to harm themselves or others. If a court agrees, the person can have their firearms taken away. This type of restraining order is not intended to protect a specific individual but rather the community at large from someone believed to be a danger for gun violence. It has been cited as a possible tool to help prevent mass shootings such as the
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it be by telephone, notes, mail, fax, email, text, social media, or delivery of flowers, gifts, or drinks be prohibited ("no contact" provisions). Courts can also instruct an alleged abuser to not hurt or threaten someone ("cease abuse" provisions) known as no violent contact orders. The no-violent contact order statutes from the court may allow the alleged abuser to maintain their current living situation with the alleged victim or have contact with them.
218:"followed by worse events" almost 21 percent of the time, and concluded that "evidence of relative efficacy is lacking", and that they may pose some degree of risk. Other studies have found that restraining orders offer little or no assurance against future interpersonal violence. A large America-wide telephone survey conducted in 1998 found that, of stalking victims who obtained a restraining order, only 30% of these orders kept the stalker away.
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property damage caused by the alleged abuser ("restitution" provisions). Some courts might also be able to instruct the alleged abuser to turn over any firearms and ammunition they have ("relinquish firearms" provisions), attend a batterers' treatment program, appear for regular drug tests, or start alcohol or drug abuse counselling. Its issuance is sometimes called a "de facto divorce".
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order if the sexual assault occurred in the context of a domestic relationship or if the statute is written sufficiently broad. In such cases, sexual assault survivors can sometimes qualify for domestic violence restraining orders because any act of sexual intercourse between petitioner and respondent, even during rape, legally establishes the required sexually intimate relationship.
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every state and federal territory would be required to adhere to every provision. Federal law prohibits any person who is subject to a state protective order from possessing a firearm, provided that the protected party is an intimate partner, meaning a spouse or former spouse, or a person with whom the protected party has had a child. Violating a restraining order is a
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In the United States, every state has some form of domestic violence restraining order law, and many states also have specific restraining order laws for stalking and sexual assault. In the US, each state has its own restraining order laws, but they tend to be divided into five main types. Not every
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All protective order statutes permit the court to instruct an alleged abuser to stay a certain distance away from someone, such as their home, workplace or school ("stay away" provisions), and not to contact them. Alleged victims generally may also request the court to order that all contact, whether
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Any police officer has authority under the Police Act to issue restraining order prohibiting a person from entering common dwelling and nearby areas and from contacting the threatened person. Such restraining order is valid for a period of ten days. In case that the threatened person files for court
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Restraining orders most commonly protect a woman against a male alleged abuser. A California study found that 72% of restraining orders active in the state at the time protected a woman against an alleged male abuser. The
Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence uses female pronouns to refer to
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after a woman made claims of abuse and harassment, including allegations that
Letterman had spoken to her via coded messages on his TV show. The judge later admitted that he granted the restraining order not on the merits of the case, but because the petitioner had completely filled out the required
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Restraining and personal protection order laws vary from one jurisdiction to another but all establish who can file for an order, what protection or relief a person can get from such an order, and how the order will be enforced. The court will order the adverse party to refrain from certain actions
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A court may issue a domestic violence or stalking restraining order based on application of threatened person for a period of up to one month. This may later be extended if the threatened person files for extension. Extension is possible for necessary period of time, but no more than six months in
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Harassment and stalking restraining orders also generally do not require any specific relationship to exist or not exist between the parties, but also may not be available in all states. These types of restraining orders also generally require at least two instances of, respectively, harassment or
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A sexual assault restraining order specifically protects a victim of sexual assault regardless of what relationship may or may not exist between petitioner and respondent. If the state has no sexual assault restraining order statute, the victim may still qualify for a domestic violence restraining
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Federal law requires that all states give "full faith and credit" to every portion of a restraining order issued by any state provided that certain minimum due process requirements are met. Thus a state with very lax standards for issuing a restraining order may enter such a protective order, and
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reviewed 15 U.S. studies of restraining order effectiveness, and concluded that restraining orders "can serve a useful role in threat management". However, a 2002 analysis of 32 U.S. studies found that restraining orders are violated an average of 40 percent of the time and are perceived as being
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Some states also allow the court to order the alleged abuser to pay temporary support or continue to make mortgage payments on a home owned by both people ("support" provisions), to award sole use of a home or car owned by both people ("exclusive use" provisions), or to pay for medical costs or
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Some attorneys have criticized the use of restraining orders on the theory that parties to a divorce may file such orders to gain tactical advantages, rather than out of a legitimate fear of harm. Liz
Mandarano, an attorney who specializes in family and matrimonial law, speculates that divorce
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Judges have some incentives to err on the side of granting restraining orders. If a judge grants a restraining order against someone who might not warrant it, typically the only repercussion is that the defendant might appeal the order. If, however, the judge denies a restraining order and the
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is a form of US restraining order, currently used in 13 states. Other forms of restraining order will sometimes order firearms restrictions as a part of a larger injunction intended to protect a specific individual. But with an extreme risk restraining order, the sole focus is on the firearms
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attorneys are incentivized to push for restraining orders because such orders force all communications to go through the parties' lawyers and may prolong the legal struggle. Some attorneys offer to have restraining orders dropped in exchange for financial concessions in such proceedings.
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Both parties must be informed of the restraining order for it to go into effect. Law enforcement may have trouble serving the order, making the petition unproductive. A study found that some counties had 91 percent of restraining orders non-served. A temporary order of restraint
386:
In
California, domestic violence restraining orders are issued under Family Code Section 6200, et. seq. The California courts have designed domestic violence restraining orders to be accessible to the public so as not to require a lawyer to obtain or defend against one.
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characterized restraining orders as "homework assignments police give to women to prove they're really committed to getting away from their pursuers," and said they "clearly serve police and prosecutors," but "they do not always serve victims". The
515:
Sullivan, Tami P.; Weiss, Nicole H.; Woerner, Jacqueline; Wyatt, Janan; Carey, Camille (28 October 2019). "Criminal Orders of
Protection for Domestic Violence: Associated Revictimization, Mental Health, and Well-being Among Victims".
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A domestic violence restraining order generally protects only parties deemed to be in some form of "domestic" relationship which may, depending on the statute, include a family, household, intimate, or sexual relationship.
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order, the defendant must "appear before the court at a specific time and date and . . . show cause, if any, why said temporary civil protection order should not be made permanent". That is, Colorado courts place the
867:
McFarlane J, Malecha A, Gist J et al. Protection orders and intimate partner violence: An 18-month study of 150 Black, Hispanic, and White women. American
Journal of Public Health, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 613–618.
857:
Harrell A and Smith B. Effects of restraining orders on domestic violence victims. In Buzawa C and Buzawa E (eds.): Do
Arrests and Restraining Orders Work? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996. p.
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on the accused to establish his or her innocence, rather than requiring the accuser to prove his or her case. Hawaii similarly requires the defendant to prove his or her own innocence.
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316:. Non-molestation orders are a type of injunction used to protect an individual from intimidation or harassment. Breaching a non-molestation order is a criminal offence. Under the
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320:, cohabiting same-sex couples are able to seek a non-molestation order. Non-molestation orders sought for protection from domestic violence qualify for
275:" order) is in effect for two weeks before a court settles the terms of the order, but it is still not in effect until the alleged abuser is served.
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Grau J, Fagan J, and Wexler S. Restraining orders for battered women: Issues of access and efficacy. Women and
Politics, Vol. 4, 1984, pp. 13–28.
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257: (2005), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled, 7–2, that a town and its police department could not be sued under
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Many jurisdictions offer a simplified process for filing a civil complaint for unrepresented litigants. For example, in North
Carolina,
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Threat management experts are often suspicious of restraining orders, believing they may escalate or enrage stalkers. In his 1997 book
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petitioners and male pronouns to refer to abusers due to the fact that most petitioners are women and most alleged abusers are men.
1391:"When marriage becomes unbearable: Restraining order and preliminary injunction for alimony prior to divorce in the Czech Republic"
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required to obtain a restraining order can vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but it is generally lower than the standard of
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Experts disagree on whether restraining orders are effective in preventing further harassment. A 2010 analysis published in the
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for failing to enforce a restraining order, which had led to the murder of a woman's three children by her estranged husband.
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litigants can file a 50B (also called a DVPO, for domestic violence protective order) complaint with the clerk of court.
380:
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707:
Slocum, Peter (2010). "Biting the D.V. Bullet: Are
Domestic-Restraining Orders Trampling on Second Amendment Rights?".
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or require compliance with certain provisions. Failure to comply is a violation of the order which can result in the
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laws in the UK. Minnesota law provides for an order for protection (OFP) and a harassment restraining order (HRO).
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plaintiff is killed or injured, poor publicity and an enraged community reaction may harm the jurist's career.
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A domestic violence restraining order in the Czech Republic may be issued by a police officer or by a court.
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In many cases, one statute may cover more than one type of restraining order. For example, what is called a
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decries them as "lulling women into a false sense of security," and in its Family Legal Guide, the
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Breaching of restraining order is a separate crime punishable by up to two years of imprisonment.
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There are other names such as "criminal orders of protection" and "criminal protective orders".
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restraining order, the police restraining order remains valid until court renders decision.
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The low burden of proof for restraining orders has led to some high-profile cases involving
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746:"The Worst Thing A Woman Can Do In Divorce Proceedings - The Abuse Of Orders of Protection"
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of celebrities obtaining restraining orders against their targets. For example, in 2005 a
31:
995:
962:. Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10
636:"Erring on the Side of Hidden Harm: The Granting of Domestic Violence Restraining Orders"
504:
Davis, J.A. (2001, August). Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection, CRC Press, 568 pages.
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of the offender. Violations in some jurisdictions may also constitute criminal or civil
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688:"Standards of Proof for Domestic Violence Civil Protection Orders (CPOs) By State"
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in Wisconsin also specifically includes cases of sexual assault and stalking.
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1358:"How a temporary restraining order for guns could help stop mass shootings"
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561:"Criminal Protective Orders in Connecticut: The Problem of a Hidden Right"
161:, which require that restraining orders be based on "reasonable grounds".
771:
Benitez, Christopher T.; McNiel, Dale E.; Binder, Renée L. (2010-09-01).
185:
93:
1223:. American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence. August 2016.
1257:. American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence. April 2015.
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1240:. American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence. June 2009.
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University of Baltimore School of Law Family Law Clinic (June 2009).
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warns “a court order might even add to the alleged offender's rage".
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Some states (e.g. Mississippi) may also call a restraining order a
812:"The Tactical Topography of Stalking Victimization and Management"
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312:, a non-molestation order may be granted under Section 42 of the
777:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
434:
1304:. Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Archived from
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state will have every type of restraining order on the books.
27:
Legal order prohibiting certain entities from specified actions
1235:"Stalking/Harassment Civil Protection Orders (CPOs) by State"
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Colorado's statute inverts the standard court procedures and
60:
A restraining order issued by the Justice Court of Las Vegas.
907:"Restraining Orders in California: A Look at Statewide Data"
586:
Partner stalking : how women respond, cope, and survive
1218:"Domestic Violence Civil Protection Orders (CPOs) By State"
693:. American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence.
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to protect a person in a situation often involving alleged
215:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
1252:"Sexual Assault Civil Protection Orders (CPOs) By State"
953:"Process for Obtaining a Restraining Order in Wisconsin"
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required in criminal trials. Many US states—such as
761:
HuffingtonPost The Blog, accessed 15 September 2018
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725:Colorado Revised Statutes Annotated § 13-14-102(5)
157:. Other states use different standards, such as
980:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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8:
734:Hawaii Revised Statutes Annotated § 586-5(b)
318:Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004
1173:. Minnesota Judicial Branch. Archived from
880:American Bar Association Family Legal Guide
588:. Logan, TK. New York: Springer Pub. 2006.
172:, providing that after the court issues an
1132:"Prosecutions Under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8)"
1134:. U.S. Attorney Manual. 19 February 2015.
884:. Random House Reference. 27 April 2004.
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192:judge issued a restraining order against
1268:Mindlin, Jessica; Reeves, Liani (2005).
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1274:The National Crime Victim Law Institute
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1069:"The Survivor's Handbook - Womens Aid"
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324:regardless of the applicant's income.
1197:"Domestic Violence Protective Orders"
7:
810:Spitzberg, Brian H. (October 2002).
1331:"Domestic Violence Prevention Act"
472:Civil Harassment Restraining Order
25:
1295:"Restraining Orders in Wisconsin"
905:Sorenson SB, Shen H (July 2005).
518:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1417:
1356:Fies, Andy (February 16, 2018).
744:Mandarano, Liz (13 April 2011).
435:Anti-Social Behaviour Injunction
773:"Do Protection Orders Protect?"
225:, American security specialist
392:extreme risk restraining order
1:
1389:Gawron, Tomáš (12 May 2020).
1146:"LexisNexis® Legal Resources"
155:preponderance of the evidence
1440:Common law legal terminology
381:harassment restraining order
120:Restraining order provisions
634:Heleniak, David N. (2010).
565:Quinnipiac Law Review (QLR)
559:DeVito, Frank (2018–2019).
429:Anti-Social Behaviour Order
40:Temporary restraining order
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1450:Judicial legal terminology
397:Orlando nightclub shooting
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133:Burden of proof and misuse
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665:10.1891/1946-6560.1.2.220
232:Independent Women’s Forum
143:beyond a reasonable doubt
923:10.1177/1077801205276944
828:10.1177/1524838002237330
649:(2). Springer: 220–229.
530:10.1177/0886260519883865
236:American Bar Association
72:, is an order used by a
51:Restraining Order (film)
30:Not to be confused with
758:Mandarano, Liz (2011).
243:Castle Rock v. Gonzales
1335:California Family Code
1000:www.legislation.gov.uk
911:Violence Against Women
616:: CS1 maint: others (
524:(21–22): 10198–10219.
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1055:broken-rainbow.org.uk
996:"Family Law Act 1996"
816:Trauma Violence Abuse
709:Seton Hall Law Review
376:stalking to qualify.
304:Non-molestation order
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36:Civil restraint order
1426:at Wikimedia Commons
447:Anti-suit injunction
452:Anti-Injunction Act
344:and are similar to
314:Family Law Act 1996
153:—use a standard of
1424:Restraining orders
1177:on August 15, 2013
1020:"About guidelines"
748:. Huffington Post.
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49:For the film, see
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279:Gender of parties
139:standard of proof
114:contempt of court
78:domestic violence
66:restraining order
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1171:"HRO FAQs"
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