Protein–protein interaction

1425:(RNAi) screens (repression of individual proteins between transcription and translation) are one method that can be utilized in the process of providing signs to the protein–protein interactions. Individual proteins are repressed and the resulting phenotypes are analyzed. A correlating phenotypic relationship (i.e. where the inhibition of either of two proteins results in the same phenotype) indicates a positive, or activating relationship. Phenotypes that do not correlate (i.e. where the inhibition of either of two proteins results in two different phenotypes) indicate a negative or inactivating relationship. If protein A is dependent on protein B for activation then the inhibition of either protein A or B will result in a cell losing the service that is provided by protein A and the phenotypes will be the same for the inhibition of either A or B. If, however, protein A is inactivated by protein B then the phenotypes will differ depending on which protein is inhibited (inhibit protein B and it can no longer inactivate protein A leaving A active however inactivate A and there is nothing for B to activate since A is inactive and the phenotype changes). Multiple 953:, in which the two proteins are tested for biophysically direct interaction. The Y2H is based on the functional reconstitution of the yeast transcription factor Gal4 and subsequent activation of a selective reporter such as His3. To test two proteins for interaction, two protein expression constructs are made: one protein (X) is fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding domain (DB) and a second protein (Y) is fused to the Gal4 activation domain (AD). In the assay, yeast cells are transformed with these constructs. Transcription of reporter genes does not occur unless bait (DB-X) and prey (AD-Y) interact with each other and form a functional Gal4 transcription factor. Thus, the interaction between proteins can be inferred by the presence of the products resultant of the reporter gene expression. In cases in which the reporter gene expresses enzymes that allow the yeast to synthesize essential amino acids or nucleotides, yeast growth under selective media conditions indicates that the two proteins tested are interacting. Recently, software to detect and prioritize protein interactions was published. 1009:

in aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-coated slide. BSA can improve the binding efficiency of DNA. Biotinylated plasmid DNA was bound by avidin. New protein was synthesized by using cell-free expression system i.e. rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL), and then the new protein was captured through anti-GST antibody bounded on the slide. To test protein–protein interaction, the targeted protein cDNA and query protein cDNA were immobilized in a same coated slide. By using in vitro transcription and translation system, targeted and query protein was synthesized by the same extract. The targeted protein was bound to array by antibody coated in the slide and query protein was used to probe the array. The query protein was tagged with hemagglutinin (HA) epitope. Thus, the interaction between the two proteins was visualized with the antibody against HA.

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interface water molecules make hydrogen bonds with both partners of each complex. Some interface amino acid residues or atomic groups of one protein partner engage in both direct and water mediated interactions with the other protein partner. Doubly indirect interactions, mediated by two water molecules, are more numerous in the homologous complexes of low affinity. Carefully conducted mutagenesis experiments, e.g. changing a tyrosine residue into a phenylalanine, have shown that water mediated interactions can contribute to the energy of interaction. Thus, water molecules may facilitate the interactions and cross-recognitions between proteins.

927: 291:. In addition to the conventional complexes, as enzyme-inhibitor and antibody-antigen, interactions can also be established between domain-domain and domain-peptide. Another important distinction to identify protein–protein interactions is the way they have been determined, since there are techniques that measure direct physical interactions between protein pairs, named “binary” methods, while there are other techniques that measure physical interactions among groups of proteins, without pairwise determination of protein partners, named “co-complex” methods. 969: 1074:

multimer. Genes that encode multimer-forming polypeptides appear to be common. One interpretation of the data is that polypeptide monomers are often aligned in the multimer in such a way that mutant polypeptides defective at nearby sites in the genetic map tend to form a mixed multimer that functions poorly, whereas mutant polypeptides defective at distant sites tend to form a mixed multimer that functions more effectively. Direct interaction of two nascent proteins emerging from nearby

33: 1245:, protein domains, protein tertiary structure, and interaction network topology. The construction of a positive set (known interacting protein pairs) and a negative set (non-interacting protein pairs) is needed for the development of a computational prediction model. Prediction models using machine learning techniques can be broadly classified into two main groups: supervised and unsupervised, based on the labeling of input variables according to the expected outcome. 323:, scaffolding proteins, and transcriptional regulatory factors carry out their functions as homo-oligomers. Distinct protein subunits interact in hetero-oligomers, which are essential to control several cellular functions. The importance of the communication between heterologous proteins is even more evident during cell signaling events and such interactions are only possible due to structural domains within the proteins (as described below). 1233: 6294: 1346: 6282: 1331:

example, the primary database IntAct has 572,063 interactions, the meta-database APID has 678,000 interactions, and the predictive database STRING has 25,914,693 interactions. However, it is important to note that some of the interactions in the STRING database are only predicted by computational methods such as Genomic Context and not experimentally verified.

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positives. Limitations in lower coverage of membrane proteins have been overcoming by the emergence of yeast two-hybrid variants, such as the membrane yeast two-hybrid (MYTH) and the split-ubiquitin system, which are not limited to interactions that occur in the nucleus; and, the bacterial two-hybrid system, performed in bacteria;

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were analyzed using the mating-based ubiquitin system (mbSUS). The system detects membrane proteins interactions with extracellular signaling proteins Of the 705 integral membrane proteins 1,985 different interactions were traced that involved 536 proteins. To sort and classify interactions a support

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is based on the hypothesis that if two or more proteins are concurrently present or absent across several genomes, then they are likely functionally related. Therefore, potentially interacting proteins can be identified by determining the presence or absence of genes across many genomes and selecting

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appears to be a general mechanism for homo-oligomer (multimer) formation. Hundreds of protein oligomers were identified that assemble in human cells by such an interaction. The most prevalent form of interaction is between the N-terminal regions of the interacting proteins. Dimer formation appears

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This system was first developed by LaBaer and colleagues in 2004 by using in vitro transcription and translation system. They use DNA template encoding the gene of interest fused with GST protein, and it was immobilized in the solid surface. Anti-GST antibody and biotinylated plasmid DNA were bounded

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and Negatome databases, resulted in 96-99% correctly classified instances of protein–protein interactions. RCCs are a computational vector space that mimics protein fold space and includes all simultaneously contacted residue sets, which can be used to analyze protein structure-function relation and

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Protein–protein interactions often result in one of the interacting proteins either being 'activated' or 'repressed'. Such effects can be indicated in a PPI network by "signs" (e.g. "activation" or "inhibition"). Although such attributes have been added to networks for a long time, Vinayagam et al.

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of the gene. Separately, the mutants were tested in pairwise combinations to measure complementation. An analysis of the results from such studies led to the conclusion that intragenic complementation, in general, arises from the interaction of differently defective polypeptide monomers to form a

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Despite its usefulness, the yeast two-hybrid system has limitations. It uses yeast as main host system, which can be a problem when studying proteins that contain mammalian-specific post-translational modifications. The number of PPIs identified is usually low because of a high false negative rate;

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Publicly available information from biomedical documents is readily accessible through the internet and is becoming a powerful resource for collecting known protein–protein interactions (PPIs), PPI prediction and protein docking. Text mining is much less costly and time-consuming compared to other

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Protein–protein interaction networks are often constructed as a result of lab experiments such as yeast two-hybrid screens or 'affinity purification and subsequent mass spectrometry techniques. However these methods do not provide the layer of information needed in order to determine what type of

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The experimental detection and characterization of PPIs is labor-intensive and time-consuming. However, many PPIs can be also predicted computationally, usually using experimental data as a starting point. However, methods have also been developed that allow the prediction of PPI de novo, that is

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differs greatly between databases. In general, primary databases have the fewest total protein interactions recorded as they do not integrate data from multiple other databases, while prediction databases have the most because they include other forms of evidence in addition to experimental. For

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In initial studies that utilized Y2H, proper controls for false positives (e.g. when DB-X activates the reporter gene without the presence of AD-Y) were frequently not done, leading to a higher than normal false positive rate. An empirical framework must be implemented to control for these false

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is based on the hypothesis that interacting proteins are sometimes fused into a single protein in another genome. Therefore, we can predict if two proteins may be interacting by determining if they each have non-overlapping sequence similarity to a region of a single protein sequence in another

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The great majority of PPI interfaces reflects the composition of protein surfaces, rather than the protein cores, in spite of being frequently enriched in hydrophobic residues, particularly in aromatic residues. PPI interfaces are dynamic and frequently planar, although they can be globular and

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To describe the types of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) it is important to consider that proteins can interact in a "transient" way (to produce some specific effect in a short time, like signal transduction) or to interact with other proteins in a "stable" way to form complexes that become

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to its reductase were identified as two basic Arg residues on the surface of the reductase and two acidic Asp residues on the adrenodoxin. More recent work on the phylogeny of the reductase has shown that these residues involved in protein–protein interactions have been conserved throughout the

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for them. Signed networks are often expressed by labeling the interaction as either positive or negative. A positive interaction is one where the interaction results in one of the proteins being activated. Conversely, a negative interaction indicates that one of the proteins being inactivated.

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One example of a manually produced molecular interaction map is the Kurt Kohn's 1999 map of cell cycle control. Drawing on Kohn's map, Schwikowski et al. in 2000 published a paper on PPIs in yeast, linking 1,548 interacting proteins determined by two-hybrid screening. They used a layered graph

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and Joel Janin found that between 1,130 and 1,720 Å of surface area was removed from contact with water indicating that hydrophobicity is a major factor of stabilization of PPIs. Later studies refined the buried surface area of the majority of interactions to 1,600±350 Å. However, much larger

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Water molecules play a significant role in the interactions between proteins. The crystal structures of complexes, obtained at high resolution from different but homologous proteins, have shown that some interface water molecules are conserved between homologous complexes. The majority of the

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protein–protein relationships are often the result of multiple types of interactions or are deduced from different approaches, including co-localization, direct interaction, suppressive genetic interaction, additive genetic interaction, physical association, and other associations.

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Modulation of PPI is challenging and is receiving increasing attention by the scientific community. Several properties of PPI such as allosteric sites and hotspots, have been incorporated into drug-design strategies. Nevertheless, very few PPIs are directly targeted by

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approaches. A wide variety of text mining applications for PPI extraction and/or prediction are available for public use, as well as repositories which often store manually validated and/or computationally predicted PPIs. Text mining can be implemented in two stages:

144:(i.e. an acceptor of the electron). These interactions between proteins are dependent on highly specific binding between proteins to ensure efficient electron transfer. Examples: mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation chain system components cytochrome c-reductase / 1128: 1257:, an example of a supervised technique, was found to be the most-effective machine learning method for protein interaction prediction. Such methods have been applied for discovering protein interactions on human interactome, specifically the interactome of 1307:), Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD), IntAct Molecular Interaction Database, Molecular Interactions Database (MINT), MIPS Protein Interaction Resource on Yeast (MIPS-MPact), and MIPS Mammalian Protein–Protein Interaction Database (MIPS-MPPI).< 475:. This technique is based on the study of magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, thus determining physical and chemical properties of the correspondent atoms or the molecules. Nuclear magnetic resonance is advantageous for characterizing weak PPIs. 1253:

vector machine was used to define high medium and low confidence interactions. The split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid system uses transcriptional reporters to identify yeast transformants that encode pairs of interacting proteins. In 2006,

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Information found in PPIs databases supports the construction of interaction networks. Although the PPI network of a given query protein can be represented in textbooks, diagrams of whole cell PPIs are frankly complex and difficult to generate.

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The activity of the cell is regulated by extracellular signals. Signal propagation inside and/or along the interior of cells depends on PPIs between the various signaling molecules. The recruitment of signaling pathways through PPIs is called

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Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry mostly detects stable interactions and thus better indicates functional in vivo PPIs. This method starts by purification of the tagged protein, which is expressed in the cell usually at

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Ideker T., Tan K. & Uetz P. (2005) Visualization and integration of protein–protein interactions. In: Golemis, E. (ed.) protein–Protein Interactions – A Molecular Cloning Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

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The study of the molecular structure can give fine details about the interface that enables the interaction between proteins. When characterizing PPI interfaces it is important to take into account the type of complex.

464:. In this technique the angles and intensities of a beam of X-rays diffracted by crystalline atoms are detected in a film, thus producing a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. 331:

Stable interactions involve proteins that interact for a long time, taking part of permanent complexes as subunits, in order to carry out functional roles. These are usually the case of homo-oligomers (e.g.

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Many computational methods have been suggested and reviewed for predicting protein–protein interactions. Prediction approaches can be grouped into categories based on predictive evidence: protein sequence,

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The horseshoe shaped ribonuclease inhibitor (shown as wireframe) forms a protein–protein interaction with the ribonuclease protein. The contacts between the two proteins are shown as coloured patches.

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of a particular gene, the mixed multimer may exhibit greater functional activity than the unmixed multimers formed by each of the mutants alone. In such a case, the phenomenon is referred to as

1216:, basing their functionalities on the theory that proteins involved in common pathways co-evolve in a correlated fashion across species. Some more complex text mining methodologies use advanced 5903: 1168:

is based on the hypothesis that if genes encoding two proteins are neighbors on a chromosome in many genomes, then they are likely functionally related (and possibly physically interacting).

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include many PPIs that are predicted using several techniques (main article). Examples: Human Protein–Protein Interaction Prediction Database (PIPs), Interlogous Interaction Database (I2D),

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hydrophobic residue. Some of the proteins identified as having PDZ domains are scaffolding proteins or seem to be involved in ion receptor assembling and receptor-enzyme complexes formation.

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concentrations, and its interacting proteins (affinity purification). One of the most advantageous and widely used methods to purify proteins with very low contaminating background is the

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also started to be applied with the aim of unravelling the molecular structure of protein complexes. One of the first examples was the structure of calmodulin-binding domains bound to

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to be able to occur independently of dedicated assembly machines. The intermolecular forces likely responsible for self-recognition and multimer formation were discussed by Jehle.

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Lisova O, Belkadi L, Bedouelle H (April 2014). "Direct and indirect interactions in the recognition between a cross-neutralizing antibody and the four serotypes of dengue virus".

820:), shape, complementarity between surfaces, residue interface propensities, hydrophobicity, segmentation and secondary structure, and conformational changes on complex formation. 4722:

Rigaut G, Shevchenko A, Rutz B, Wilm M, Mann M, Séraphin B (October 1999). "A generic protein purification method for protein complex characterization and proteome exploration".

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screens need to be performed in order to reliably appoint a sign to a given protein–protein interaction. Vinayagam et al. who devised this technique state that a minimum of nine

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SH2 domains are structurally composed by three-stranded twisted beta sheet sandwiched flanked by two alpha-helices. The existence of a deep binding pocket with high affinity for

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Bioinformatic tools have been developed to simplify the difficult task of visualizing molecular interaction networks and complement them with other types of data. For instance,

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In 2014, Amit Jaiswal and others were able to develop 30 peptides to inhibit recruitment of telomerase towards telomeres by utilizing protein–protein interaction studies.

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is an open-source software widely used and many plugins are currently available. Pajek software is advantageous for the visualization and analysis of very large networks.

2713: 6849: 1032:(also called inter-allelic complementation). Intragenic complementation has been demonstrated in many different genes in a variety of organisms including the fungi 3777:

Marcotte EM, Pellegrini M, Ng HL, Rice DW, Yeates TO, Eisenberg D (July 1999). "Detecting protein function and protein-protein interactions from genome sequences".

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Kendrew JC, Bodo G, Dintzis HM, Parrish RG, Wyckoff H, Phillips DC (March 1958). "A three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by x-ray analysis".

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England P, Brégégère F, Bedouelle H (January 1997). "Energetic and kinetic contributions of contact residues of antibody D1.3 in the interaction with lysozyme".

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PDZ domains were first identified in three guanylate kinases: PSD-95, DlgA and ZO-1. These domains recognize carboxy-terminal tri-peptide motifs (S/TXV), other

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Structurally, SH3 domains are constituted by a beta barrel formed by two orthogonal beta sheets and three anti-parallel beta strands. These domains recognize

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Identification of functional modules in PPI networks is an important challenge in bioinformatics. Functional modules means a set of proteins that are highly

6212: 1567: 1172: 1164: 1155: 1139: 63:. Many are physical contacts with molecular associations between chains that occur in a cell or in a living organism in a specific biomolecular context. 1572: 1396: 6798: 1300: 1326:

The aforementioned computational methods all depend on source databases whose data can be extrapolated to predict novel protein–protein interactions

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Vinogradova O, Qin J (2012). "NMR as a unique tool in assessment and complex determination of weak protein–protein interactions". In Zhu G (ed.).

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Hanukoglu I (December 2017). "Conservation of the Enzyme-Coenzyme Interfaces in FAD and NADP Binding Adrenodoxin Reductase-A Ubiquitous Enzyme".

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proteins prior to the receptor-ligand binding. Interactions between intrinsically disordered protein regions to globular protein domains (i.e.

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Papanikolaou N, Pavlopoulos GA, Theodosiou T, Iliopoulos I (March 2015). "Protein-protein interaction predictions using text mining methods".

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Terentiev AA, Moldogazieva NT, Shaitan KV (December 2009). "Dynamic proteomics in modeling of the living cell. Protein-protein interactions".

6793: 6254: 4782: 2637: 2455: 1941: 1820: 715: 1220:(NLP) techniques and build knowledge networks (for example, considering gene names as nodes and verbs as edges). Other developments involve 1103:, luminescence-based mammalian interactome mapping (LUMIER), resonance-energy transfer systems, mammalian protein–protein interaction trap, 1021:

form a complex, this protein structure is referred to as a multimer. When a multimer is formed from polypeptides produced by two different

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There are a multitude of methods to detect them. Each of the approaches has its own strengths and weaknesses, especially with regard to the

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Jaiswal A, Lakshmi PT (9 September 2014). "Molecular inhibition of telomerase recruitment using designer peptides: an in silico approach".

5908: 5831:"Overview of methods for characterization and visualization of a protein-protein interaction network in a multi-omics integration context" 1838:"Charge pair interactions stabilizing ferredoxin-ferredoxin reductase complexes. Identification by complementary site-specific mutations" 3408:

Ramachandran N, Hainsworth E, Bhullar B, Eisenstein S, Rosen B, Lau AY, et al. (July 2004). "Self-assembling protein microarrays".

341: 5109:"Overcoming Chemical, Biological, and Computational Challenges in the Development of Inhibitors Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions" 5939: 3359:"Protein stickiness, rather than number of functional protein-protein interactions, predicts expression noise and plasticity in yeast" 3234:

Petschnigg J, Snider J, Stagljar I (February 2011). "Interactive proteomics research technologies: recent applications and advances".

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and other proteins involved in development, LIM domains have also been identified in non-homeodomain proteins with relevant roles in

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The protein protein interactions are displayed in a signed network that describes what type of interactions that are taking place

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Large scale identification of PPIs generated hundreds of thousands of interactions, which were collected together in specialized

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Diverse techniques to identify PPIs have been emerging along with technology progression. These include co-immunoprecipitation,

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that are built from numerous protein components organized by their PPIs. These physiological interactions make up the so-called

6286: 6232: 5215:"Protein-protein interactions: general trends in the relationship between binding affinity and interfacial buried surface area" 926: 817: 399: 151:

In the case of the mitochondrial P450 systems, the specific residues involved in the binding of the electron transfer protein

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Proteins rarely act alone as their functions tend to be regulated. Many molecular processes within a cell are carried out by

4236:"Evaluation of different biological data and computational classification methods for use in protein interaction prediction" 1108: 75: 3194:

Stelzl U, Wanker EE (December 2006). "The value of high quality protein-protein interaction networks for systems biology".

6834: 6260: 5340:"Adaptor-Specific Antibody Fragment Inhibitors for the Intracellular Modulation of p97 (VCP) Protein-Protein Interactions" 1381: 6824: 6318: 1457: 1443: 1295:

collect information about published PPIs proven to exist via small-scale or large-scale experimental methods. Examples:

993: 5786:"Protein-Protein Interactions: Gene Acronym Redundancies and Current Limitations Precluding Automated Data Integration" 632:

CX2CX16-23HX2CX2CX2CX16-21CX2C/H/D. LIM domains bind to PDZ domains, bHLH transcription factors, and other LIM domains.

410:. Non-covalent bonds are usually established during transient interactions by the combination of weaker bonds, such as 6176: 3007:

Wodak SJ, Vlasblom J, Turinsky AL, Pu S (December 2013). "Protein-protein interaction networks: the puzzling riches".

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and others were able to develop antibody fragment-based inhibitors to regulate specific protein-protein interactions.

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Chen GI, Gingras AC (July 2007). "Affinity-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) of serine/threonine phosphatases".

3600:"Towards a model to explain the intragenic complementation in the heteromultimeric protein propionyl-CoA carboxylase" 2272:

Barillari C, Taylor J, Viner R, Essex JW (March 2007). "Classification of water molecules in protein binding sites".

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drawing method to find an initial placement of the nodes and then improved the layout using a force-based algorithm.

6854: 6844: 5881: 3085:"Next-generation yeast-two-hybrid analysis with Y2H-SCORES identifies novel interactors of the MLA immune receptor" 1029: 912: 761: 583: 556:

enriched sequences, as polyproline type II helical structure (PXXP motifs) in cell signaling proteins like protein

468: 356:. These are called transient interactions. For example, some G protein–coupled receptors only transiently bind to G 352:, external factors, presence of other binding proteins, etc. – as it happens with most of the proteins involved in 5387:

Soini L, Leysen S, Davis J, Ottmann C (August 2022). "Molecular glues to stabilise protein-protein interactions".

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Kohl M, Wiese S, Warscheid B (2011). "Cytoscape: Software for Visualization and Analysis of Biological Networks".

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and molecular etiology of disease, as well as the discovery of putative protein targets of therapeutic interest.

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normally result from the integration of primary databases information, but can also collect some original data.

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Hanukoglu I (1996). "Electron transfer proteins of cytochrome P450 systems". In Bittar EE, Jefcoate CR (eds.).

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Jones S, Thornton JM (September 1997). "Analysis of protein-protein interaction sites using surface patches".

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where targeted information (interacting proteins, implicated residues, interaction types, etc.) is extracted.

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De Domenico M, Nicosia V, Arenas A, Latora V (April 2015). "Structural reducibility of multilayer networks".

2912: 105:, among others. All this information enables the creation of large protein interaction networks – similar to 6207: 6079: 5663:

Chatr-aryamontri A, Ceol A, Palazzi LM, Nardelli G, Schneider MV, Castagnoli L, et al. (January 2007).

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PTB domains interact with sequences that contain a phosphotyrosine group. These domains can be found in the

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In many metabolic reactions, a protein that acts as an electron carrier binds to an enzyme that acts as its

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Hermjakob H, Montecchi-Palazzi L, Lewington C, Mudali S, Kerrien S, Orchard S, et al. (January 2004).

1700:"Amber Suppression Technology for Mapping Site-specific Viral-host Protein Interactions in Mammalian Cells" 1196:

between interacting proteins from individual sentences using rule/pattern-based information extraction and

662:) for example, bind to non-SAM domain-containing proteins and they also appear to have the ability to bind 6839: 6407: 6248: 6164: 5967: 5932: 4634: 3786: 2359: 1213: 845:

of one of the interaction partners. PPIs interfaces exhibit both shape and electrostatic complementarity.

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Venkatesan K, Rual JF, Vazquez A, Stelzl U, Lemmens I, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, et al. (January 2009).

2524:"X-ray crystallography: Assessment and validation of protein-small molecule complexes for drug discovery" 6492: 6467: 6447: 6227: 6181: 5577:

Peri S, Navarro JD, Kristiansen TZ, Amanchy R, Surendranath V, Muthusamy B, et al. (January 2004).

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molecular machines within the living systems. A protein complex assembly can result in the formation of

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Schwikowski B, Uetz P, Fields S (December 2000). "A network of protein-protein interactions in yeast".

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Pagel P, Kovac S, Oesterheld M, Brauner B, Dunger-Kaltenbach I, Frishman G, et al. (March 2005).

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Pagel P, Kovac S, Oesterheld M, Brauner B, Dunger-Kaltenbach I, Frishman G, et al. (March 2005).

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Berridge MJ (2012). "Cell Signalling Biology: Module 6 – Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Signalling".

1376:. There are some methods such as Jactive modules and MoBaS. Jactive modules integrate PPI network and 32: 6712: 6522: 6472: 5987: 5972: 5484: 4917: 4137: 3891: 3417: 3096: 2820: 2480: 2027:"Abundance and stability of complexes containing inactive G protein-coupled receptors and G proteins" 1979: 1886: 1769: 1654: 1547: 1446:-approved small-molecule PPI inhibitors, emphasizing a huge untapped opportunity for drug discovery. 1278: 1242: 1058: 940: 609: 461: 308: 281: 74:

of the organism, while aberrant PPIs are the basis of multiple aggregation-related diseases, such as

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Ganapathiraju MK, Thahir M, Handen A, Sarkar SN, Sweet RA, Nimgaonkar VL, et al. (April 2016).

3791: 3559:"Intragenic complementation and oligomerization of the L subunit of the sendai virus RNA polymerase" 3459:

Ramachandran N, Raphael JV, Hainsworth E, Demirkan G, Fuentes MG, Rolfs A, et al. (June 2008).

6829: 6819: 6627: 6497: 6197: 6171: 6029: 6016: 5977: 5706:

Güldener U, Münsterkötter M, Oesterheld M, Pagel P, Ruepp A, Mewes HW, et al. (January 2006).

2364: 446: 415: 353: 172: 165: 140:. After it receives an electron, it dissociates and then binds to the next enzyme that acts as its 114: 102: 4023:"Computational Methods for Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions Using Various Protein Features" 526:, is essential for the recognition of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, mainly autophosphorylated 6788: 6742: 6722: 6707: 6532: 6527: 6341: 6151: 5962: 5471:

Hargreaves D, Carbajo RJ, Bodnarchuk MS, Embrey K, Rawlins PB, Packer M, et al. (May 2023).

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as biological model. Yeast two hybrid allows the identification of pairwise PPIs (binary method)

629: 238: 232: 188: 98: 60: 5025:"Integrating protein-protein interaction networks with phenotypes reveals signs of interactions" 4849:"MOBAS: identification of disease-associated protein subnetworks using modularity-based scoring" 3975:

Kotlyar M, Rossos AE, Jurisica I (December 2017). "Prediction of Protein-Protein Interactions".

5473:"Design of rigid protein-protein interaction inhibitors enables targeting of undruggable Mcl-1" 3679:"Interactions between nascent proteins translated by adjacent ribosomes drive homomer assembly" 3598:

Rodríguez-Pombo P, Pérez-Cerdá C, Pérez B, Desviat LR, Sánchez-Pulido L, Ugarte M (June 2005).

3320:"The bacterial two-hybrid system based on adenylate cyclase reconstitution in Escherichia coli" 1750:

Mashaghi AR, Ramezanpour A, Karimipour V (2004). "Investigation of a protein complex network".

1602:"Discovering cellular protein-protein interactions: Technological strategies and opportunities" 6727: 6607: 6462: 6202: 6011: 5925: 5862: 5817: 5772: 5737: 5694: 5651: 5608: 5565: 5512: 5453: 5404: 5369: 5279: 5244: 5187: 5138: 5089: 5054: 4992: 4933: 4880: 4829: 4788: 4778: 4739: 4696: 4654: 4550: 4501: 4452: 4417: 4366: 4314: 4265: 4216: 4165: 4098: 4054: 3992: 3954: 3919: 3860: 3804: 3759: 3708: 3656: 3621: 3580: 3539: 3490: 3433: 3390: 3339: 3300: 3251: 3211: 3173: 3124: 3065: 3024: 2976: 2934: 2893: 2836: 2793: 2758: 2653: 2633: 2602: 2553: 2496: 2451: 2421: 2377: 2324: 2289: 2254: 2213: 2159: 2110: 2058: 2007: 1937: 1902: 1859: 1816: 1729: 1680: 1623: 1562: 1537: 1450: 1258: 1034: 982: 958: 920: 106: 94: 67: 4824: 4807: 854:

Protein concentration, which in turn are affected by expression levels and degradation rates;

769:

Pleckstrin homology domains bind to phosphoinositides and acid domains in signaling proteins.

6452: 6126: 6121: 5852: 5842: 5807: 5797: 5762: 5727: 5719: 5684: 5676: 5641: 5633: 5598: 5590: 5555: 5547: 5502: 5492: 5443: 5435: 5396: 5359: 5351: 5318: 5271: 5234: 5226: 5177: 5169: 5128: 5120: 5081: 5044: 5036: 5023:

Vinayagam A, Zirin J, Roesel C, Hu Y, Yilmazel B, Samsonova AA, et al. (January 2014).

4982: 4972: 4925: 4870: 4860: 4819: 4770: 4731: 4688: 4646: 4540: 4532: 4491: 4483: 4444: 4407: 4397: 4356: 4348: 4304: 4296: 4255: 4247: 4206: 4196: 4155: 4145: 4088: 4044: 4034: 3984: 3946: 3909: 3899: 3850: 3840: 3796: 3749: 3739: 3698: 3690: 3648: 3611: 3570: 3529: 3521: 3480: 3472: 3425: 3380: 3370: 3331: 3290: 3282: 3243: 3203: 3163: 3155: 3114: 3104: 3055: 3016: 2968: 2924: 2883: 2875: 2828: 2785: 2748: 2740: 2695: 2643: 2625: 2592: 2584: 2543: 2535: 2488: 2411: 2369: 2316: 2281: 2244: 2233:"Wet and dry interfaces: the role of solvent in protein-protein and protein-DNA recognition" 2203: 2193: 2149: 2141: 2100: 2092: 2048: 2038: 1997: 1987: 1894: 1849: 1808: 1777: 1719: 1711: 1670: 1662: 1613: 1552: 1527: 1456:

As the "modulation" of PPIs not only includes the inhibition, but also the stabilization of

1430: 1426: 1422: 1197: 1096: 1065:

defective in the same gene were often isolated and mapped in a linear order on the basis of

651: 557: 523: 391: 320: 110: 17: 4959:

Fischer B, Sandmann T, Horn T, Billmann M, Chaudhary V, Huber W, et al. (March 2015).

4124:

Miller JP, Lo RS, Ben-Hur A, Desmarais C, Stagljar I, Noble WS, et al. (August 2005).

6737: 6702: 6141: 6131: 6116: 6052: 5898: 5158:"Small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions: progressing towards the dream" 4594: 3677:

Bertolini M, Fenzl K, Kats I, Wruck F, Tippmann F, Schmitt J, et al. (January 2021).

1577: 1522: 1377: 1193: 1000:

has been used to study the whole set of identified protein–protein interactions in cells.

531: 515: 494: 311:

of the protein. Disruption of homo-oligomers in order to return to the initial individual

300: 254: 246: 214: 175:

and plays a fundamental role in many biological processes and in many diseases including

5507: 5488: 5472: 4921: 4185:"A membrane protein/signaling protein interaction network for Arabidopsis version AMPv2" 4141: 3895: 3421: 3100: 2824: 2484: 1983: 1890: 1807:. Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology. Vol. 14. JAI Press, Inc. pp. 29–55. 1773: 1658: 1205:, where texts containing names of either or both interacting proteins are retrieved and 6592: 6402: 6298: 6136: 6039: 5982: 5812: 5785: 5732: 5707: 5689: 5664: 5560: 5535: 5448: 5423: 5364: 5339: 5239: 5214: 5182: 5157: 5133: 5108: 5049: 5024: 4987: 4960: 4875: 4848: 4545: 4520: 4448: 4412: 4385: 4361: 4336: 4309: 4284: 4260: 4235: 4211: 4184: 4160: 4125: 4049: 4022: 3914: 3879: 3855: 3828: 3703: 3678: 3534: 3509: 3485: 3460: 3385: 3358: 3295: 3270: 3168: 3143: 3119: 3084: 2753: 2728: 2648: 2597: 2572: 2548: 2523: 2208: 2181: 2154: 2129: 2105: 2080: 2053: 2026: 1724: 1699: 1675: 1642: 1557: 1461: 1414:

interaction is present in order to be able to attribute signs to the network diagrams.

1373: 1232: 997: 886: 833: 490: 484: 411: 403: 395: 5857: 5830: 5646: 5621: 5603: 5578: 4650: 4496: 4471: 3754: 3727: 3652: 2888: 2863: 2588: 2416: 2399: 2249: 2232: 1854: 1837: 1812: 6813: 6672: 6567: 6457: 6432: 6427: 6111: 6057: 6021: 5893: 5534:

Stark C, Breitkreutz BJ, Reguly T, Boucher L, Breitkreutz A, Tyers M (January 2006).

4470:

Xenarios I, Rice DW, Salwinski L, Baron MK, Marcotte EM, Eisenberg D (January 2000).

4110: 3510:"Intragenic Complementation among Temperature Sensitive Mutants of Bacteriophage T4D" 2444: 2002: 1967: 1372:

to each other in PPI network. It is almost similar problem as community detection in

1254: 1221: 876: 837: 722: 527: 519: 381: 56: 5767: 5750: 5291: 5199: 4945: 4004: 3445: 2988: 2929: 2145: 1127: 650:

SAM domains are composed by five helices forming a compact package with a conserved

6717: 6697: 6662: 6657: 6647: 6642: 6622: 6602: 6512: 6482: 6442: 6422: 6412: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6101: 6062: 5994: 5124: 4708: 2848: 2508: 2336: 1914: 1789: 1282: 1070: 655: 617: 333: 202: 198: 145: 90: 4808:"Discovering regulatory and signalling circuits in molecular interaction networks" 4751: 3639:

Crick FH, Orgel LE (January 1964). "The theory of inter-allelic complementation".

2879: 1805:

Physiological Functions of Cytochrome P450 in Relation to Structure and Regulation

5275: 4774: 3904: 3800: 3616: 3599: 3247: 3142:

Rajagopala SV, Sikorski P, Caufield JH, Tovchigrechko A, Uetz P (December 2012).

3109: 2539: 1781: 1433:

screens are required with confidence increasing as one carries out more screens.

911:

of the method. The most conventional and widely used high-throughput methods are

390:

Covalent interactions are those with the strongest association and are formed by

51:

molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include

6767: 6762: 6732: 6687: 6632: 6572: 6557: 6552: 6517: 6477: 6367: 6357: 6352: 6074: 6006: 5085: 4077:"Machine-learning techniques for the prediction of protein-protein interactions" 3950: 3525: 3335: 3159: 1473:

Tirobifan, inhibitor of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, used as a cardiovascular drug

1345: 1340: 1186: 1131: 1116: 1088: 706: 497:

that provide binding to other proteins. Here are some examples of such domains:

454: 407: 265: 152: 71: 5477:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5439: 5400: 4283:

Qi Y, Dhiman HK, Bhola N, Budyak I, Kar S, Man D, et al. (December 2009).

4130:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3732:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3207: 2811:

Chothia C, Janin J (August 1975). "Principles of protein-protein recognition".

2624:. Topics in Current Chemistry. Vol. 326. Springer Berlin. pp. 35–45. 1972:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1643:"Visualization and targeted disruption of protein interactions in living cells" 1264:

As of 2020, a model using residue cluster classes (RCCs), constructed from the

6752: 6747: 6692: 6677: 6617: 6582: 6577: 6547: 6507: 6487: 6417: 6397: 6159: 6106: 6096: 6091: 5847: 4865: 4437:"Machine Learnable Fold Space Representation based on Residue Cluster Classes" 4183:

Lalonde S, Sero A, Pratelli R, Pilot G, Chen J, Sardi MI, et al. (2010).

4093: 4076: 3020: 2972: 2744: 1898: 1532: 1052: 693: 689: 685: 676: 642: 621: 596: 574: 544: 506: 472: 349: 5802: 5338:

Jiang Z, Kuo YH, Zhong M, Zhang J, Zhou XX, Xing L, et al. (July 2022).

4386:"Protein-Protein Interactions Efficiently Modeled by Residue Cluster Classes" 4201: 2081:"Inactive-state preassembly of G(q)-coupled receptors and G(q) heterotrimers" 223:

interact with each other to produce small compounds or other macromolecules.

6667: 6652: 6637: 6587: 6562: 6218:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer

6086: 5497: 4352: 4150: 4126:"Large-scale identification of yeast integral membrane protein interactions" 3694: 3429: 3375: 3083:

Velásquez-Zapata V, Elmore JM, Banerjee S, Dorman KS, Wise RP (April 2021).

2198: 1715: 1507: 1476: 1362: 1192:

high-throughput techniques. Currently, text mining methods generally detect

779: 625: 457: 345: 299:

Homo-oligomers are macromolecular complexes constituted by only one type of

269: 194: 137: 47:) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more 5866: 5821: 5776: 5741: 5698: 5655: 5612: 5569: 5516: 5457: 5408: 5373: 5283: 5248: 5191: 5142: 5093: 5058: 4996: 4937: 4884: 4833: 4792: 4743: 4700: 4658: 4554: 4505: 4487: 4456: 4421: 4370: 4318: 4300: 4269: 4220: 4169: 4102: 4058: 3996: 3958: 3923: 3864: 3808: 3763: 3712: 3660: 3625: 3584: 3575: 3558: 3543: 3494: 3437: 3394: 3343: 3304: 3255: 3215: 3177: 3128: 3069: 3028: 2980: 2938: 2789: 2762: 2657: 2557: 2500: 2328: 2293: 2258: 2217: 2163: 2114: 2062: 1906: 1733: 1684: 1627: 5323: 5306: 5107:

Laraia L, McKenzie G, Spring DR, Venkitaraman AR, Huggins DJ (June 2015).

3845: 3744: 3060: 3043: 3042:

Banerjee S, Velásquez-Zapata V, Fuerst G, Elmore JM, Wise RP (July 2021).

2897: 2840: 2797: 2606: 2425: 2381: 2011: 1863: 6757: 6682: 6612: 6542: 6537: 6362: 5948: 5723: 5680: 5637: 5594: 5579:"Human protein reference database as a discovery resource for proteomics" 5551: 5355: 4536: 4402: 2629: 2096: 2043: 1992: 1930: 1764: 1075: 1062: 872: 813: 312: 288: 5829:

Robin V, Bodein A, Scott-Boyer MP, Leclercq M, Périn O, Droit A (2022).

4977: 3461:"Next-generation high-density self-assembling functional protein arrays" 6772: 6502: 6372: 6047: 5040: 4929: 4337:"Schizophrenia interactome with 504 novel protein-protein interactions" 4251: 3476: 3286: 2699: 2182:"Identification of protein interactions involved in cellular signaling" 1666: 1542: 1304: 829: 825: 553: 360:

proteins when they are activated by extracellular ligands, while some G

316: 220: 141: 48: 6310: 2373: 2285: 1618: 1601: 6437: 5912: 5230: 2832: 2492: 2320: 1320: 1025: 1022: 364:-coupled receptors, such as muscarinic receptor M3, pre-couple with G 337: 242: 5173: 4570:"Proteins, Interactions, Binary interactions and N-ary interactions" 4039: 3988: 3319: 1752:

The European Physical Journal B-Condensed Matter and Complex Systems

3829:"Construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks" 2442:

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).

945:

This system was firstly described in 1989 by Fields and Song using

841:

interaction interfaces were also observed and were associated with

812:

Parameters evaluated include size (measured in absolute dimensions

148:/ cytochrome c oxidase; microsomal and mitochondrial P450 systems. 5424:"Targeting protein-protein interactions as an anticancer strategy" 4912: 4735: 4692: 4436: 2864:"Protein-protein interactions: methods for detection and analysis" 1395: 1344: 1231: 1126: 967: 925: 748: 369: 250: 31: 4769:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 696. pp. 291–303. 4635:"How reliable are experimental protein-protein interaction data?" 1479:, inhibitor of the CCR5-gp120 interaction, used as anti-HIV drug. 449:

of many protein complexes have been unlocked by the technique of

27:

Physical interactions and constructions between multiple proteins

3604:

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease

3044:"NGPINT: a next-generation protein-protein interaction software" 1502: 1483: 1303:(BIND), Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets ( 1265: 1018: 880: 865: 659: 561: 6314: 5921: 5307:"AtTRB1–3 Mediates Structural Changes in AtPOT1b to Hold ssDNA" 4285:"Systematic prediction of human membrane receptor interactions" 344:

manner with other proteins in only certain cellular contexts –

5784:

Casado-Vela J, Matthiesen R, Sellés S, Naranjo JR (May 2013).

4961:"A map of directional genetic interactions in a metazoan cell" 4806:

Ideker T, Ozier O, Schwikowski B, Siegel AF (1 January 2002).

1600:

Titeca K, Lemmens I, Tavernier J, Eyckerman S (January 2019).

663: 453:. The first structure to be solved by this method was that of 303:. Protein subunits assembly is guided by the establishment of 4521:"PIPs: human protein-protein interaction prediction database" 2727:

Yan C, Wu F, Jernigan RL, Dobbs D, Honavar V (January 2008).

340:. On the other hand, a protein may interact briefly and in a 193:

A protein may be carrying another protein (for example, from

2130:"Computational identification of MoRFs in protein sequences" 1321:

Known and Predicted Protein–Protein Interactions (STRING-db)

5917: 5887:

Library of Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions (PPI)

3144:"Studying protein complexes by the yeast two-hybrid system" 2522:

Cooper DR, Porebski PJ, Chruszcz M, Minor W (August 2011).

1745: 1743: 1641:

Herce HD, Deng W, Helma J, Leonhardt H, Cardoso MC (2013).

1281:

that are continuously updated in order to provide complete

336:), and some hetero-oligomeric proteins, as the subunits of 1261:

and the interactome of Schizophrenia-associated proteins.

747:

CH domains are mainly present in cytoskeletal proteins as

692:

and bind them through a short peptide sequence that has a

5751:"The MIPS mammalian protein-protein interaction database" 4847:

Ayati M, Erten S, Chance MR, Koyutürk M (December 2015).

2913:"The MIPS mammalian protein-protein interaction database" 1177:

those genes which are always present or absent together.

398:. While rare, these interactions are determinant in some 5536:"BioGRID: a general repository for interaction datasets" 1140:

Computational prediction of protein–protein interactions

729:(FAK) are two of the proteins that present FERM domains. 5708:"MPact: the MIPS protein interaction resource on yeast" 5622:"IntAct: an open source molecular interaction database" 4853:

EURASIP Journal on Bioinformatics & Systems Biology

3271:"An empirical framework for binary interactome mapping" 857:

Protein affinity for proteins or other binding ligands;

714:

FERM domains contain basic residues capable of binding

530:

receptors. Growth factor receptor binding proteins and

4435:

Corral-Corral R, Chavez E, Del Rio G (December 2015).

1061:, an RNA virus and humans. In such studies, numerous 260:

family associate with other proteins, as activator of

253:

enables filament sliding. Furthermore, members of the

1460:, molecules with this mechanism of action (so called 4234:

Qi Y, Bar-Joseph Z, Klein-Seetharaman J (May 2006).

2400:"The structure of protein-protein recognition sites" 1236:

Machine-learning technique classification hierarchy.

930:

Principles of yeast and mammalian two-hybrid systems

315:

often requires denaturation of the complex. Several

6781: 6241: 6190: 6150: 6038: 5955: 4595:"Agile Protein Interactomes DataServer: About APID" 3878:Badal VD, Kundrotas PJ, Vakser IA (December 2015). 1017:When multiple copies of a polypeptide encoded by a 903:

Methods to investigate protein–protein interactions

3728:"Intermolecular forces and biological specificity" 2443: 2180:Westermarck J, Ivaska J, Corthals GL (July 2013). 1929: 1111:, as well as real-time label-free measurements by 977:Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry 5018: 5016: 4609:"STRING: functional protein association networks" 4519:McDowall MD, Scott MS, Barton GJ (January 2009). 4384:Poot Velez AH, Fontove F, Del Rio G (July 2020). 534:γ are examples of proteins that have SH2 domains. 5264:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics 4633:Sprinzak E, Sattath S, Margalit H (April 2003). 3672: 3670: 3557:Smallwood S, Cevik B, Moyer SA (December 2002). 3508:Bernstein H, Edgar RS, Denhardt GH (June 1965). 2729:"Characterization of protein-protein interfaces" 2074: 2072: 824:protruding as well. Based on three structures – 560:and the growth factor receptor bound protein 2 ( 268:comparative gene identification-58, to regulate 2573:"Protein complexes studied by NMR spectroscopy" 2079:Qin K, Dong C, Wu G, Lambert NA (August 2011). 1146:without prior evidence for these interactions. 1004:Nucleic acid programmable protein array (NAPPA) 624:. These domains contain a tandem cysteine-rich 604:LIM domains were initially identified in three 2393: 2391: 1698:Isa NF, Bensaude O, Murphy S (February 2022). 1380:data where as MoBaS integrate PPI network and 787:WW domains bind to proline enriched sequences. 327:Stable interactions vs. transient interactions 289:homo-oligomeric or hetero-oligomeric complexes 6326: 5933: 3822: 3820: 3818: 2712:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 1595: 1593: 608:(lin11, is11, and mec3). In addition to this 8: 1968:"Principles of protein-protein interactions" 6213:Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization 4472:"DIP: the database of interacting proteins" 4390:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2450:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. 2025:Qin K, Sethi PR, Lambert NA (August 2008). 832:-pancreatic trypsin inhibitor complex, and 654:. These domains, which can be found in the 6333: 6319: 6311: 6281: 5940: 5926: 5918: 5665:"MINT: the Molecular INTeraction database" 4330: 4328: 3970: 3968: 2437: 2435: 1936:(2nd ed.). Washington DC: ASM Press. 6799:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry 5856: 5846: 5811: 5801: 5766: 5731: 5688: 5645: 5602: 5559: 5506: 5496: 5447: 5363: 5322: 5238: 5181: 5132: 5048: 4986: 4976: 4911: 4874: 4864: 4823: 4544: 4495: 4411: 4401: 4360: 4308: 4259: 4210: 4200: 4159: 4149: 4092: 4070: 4068: 4048: 4038: 3913: 3903: 3854: 3844: 3790: 3753: 3743: 3702: 3615: 3574: 3533: 3484: 3384: 3374: 3294: 3189: 3187: 3167: 3118: 3108: 3059: 2928: 2887: 2752: 2647: 2596: 2547: 2415: 2363: 2248: 2207: 2197: 2153: 2104: 2052: 2042: 2001: 1991: 1853: 1763: 1723: 1674: 1617: 1323:, and Unified Human Interactive (UniHI). 1301:Biomolecular Interaction Network Database 1156:The Rosetta Stone or Domain Fusion method 972:Principle of tandem affinity purification 5902:) is being considered for deletion. See 5344:Journal of the American Chemical Society 5213:Chen J, Sawyer N, Regan L (April 2013). 3941:. Text mining of biomedical literature. 3318:Battesti A, Bouveret E (December 2012). 3002: 3000: 2998: 2274:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2175: 2173: 1482:AMG-176, AZD5991, S64315, inhibitors of 113:– that empower the current knowledge on 5422:Ivanov AA, Khuri FR, Fu H (July 2013). 4016: 4014: 3357:Brettner LM, Masel J (September 2012). 3229: 3227: 3225: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1589: 1285:. The first of these databases was the 1248:In 2005, integral membrane proteins of 441:Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 4825:10.1093/bioinformatics/18.suppl_1.s233 2705: 2622:NMR of Proteins and Small Biomolecules 1568:Protein–protein interaction prediction 1287:Database of Interacting Proteins (DIP) 1109:protein–fragment complementation assay 818:solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) 658:and the stromal interaction molecule ( 6794:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 6255:European Molecular Biology Laboratory 5882:Protein–Protein Interaction Databases 3009:Current Opinion in Structural Biology 2571:Wand AJ, Englander SW (August 1996). 2398:Janin J, Chothia C (September 1990). 1966:Jones S, Thornton JM (January 1996). 1836:Brandt ME, Vickery LE (August 1993). 1573:Protein–protein interaction screening 892:Occurrence of covalent modifications; 570:Phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain 7: 4027:Current Protocols in Protein Science 2862:Phizicky EM, Fields S (March 1995). 1932:The cell : a molecular approach 1486:(Mcl-1) protein and its interactions 5389:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 4441:Computational Biology and Chemistry 4075:Sarkar D, Saha S (September 2019). 3977:Current Protocols in Bioinformatics 3196:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2404:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2186:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 1842:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 843:significant changes in conformation 479:Protein-protein interaction domains 295:Homo-oligomers vs. hetero-oligomers 6850:Protein–protein interaction assays 5835:Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 5428:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 4449:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.07.010 25: 5906:to help reach a consensus. › 5156:Arkin MR, Wells JA (April 2004). 3880:"Text Mining for Protein Docking" 2128:Malhis N, Gsponer J (June 2015). 1224:to predict protein interactions. 1165:The Conserved Neighborhood method 638:Sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain 606:homeodomain transcription factors 258:lipid droplet-associated proteins 201:or vice versa in the case of the 89:and from different perspectives: 6293: 6292: 6280: 4021:Ding Z, Kihara D (August 2018). 3236:Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2577:Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2528:Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery 2309:Journal of Molecular Recognition 1464:) are also intensively studied. 6233:Chromosome conformation capture 1382:Genome Wide association Studies 1173:The Phylogenetic Profile method 400:posttranslational modifications 241:involves several interactions. 219:In many biosynthetic processes 5162:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 5125:10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.04.019 1879:Journal of Molecular Evolution 1105:electro-switchable biosurfaces 1093:analytical ultracentrifugation 735:Calponin homology (CH) domain 372:) are transient interactions. 1: 6261:National Institutes of Health 5768:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti115 5718:(Database issue): D436–D441. 5675:(Database issue): D572–D574. 5632:(Database issue): D452–D455. 5589:(Database issue): D497–D501. 5546:(Database issue): D535–D539. 4651:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00239-0 4531:(Database issue): D651–D656. 3653:10.1016/s0022-2836(64)80156-x 2930:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti115 2880:10.1128/MMBR.59.1.94-123.1995 2589:10.1016/s0958-1669(96)80115-7 2446:Molecular biology of the cell 2417:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46181-3 2250:10.1016/s0969-2126(00)88333-1 2146:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv060 1855:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)85311-5 1813:10.1016/S1569-2558(08)60339-2 1212:There are also studies using 5276:10.1080/07391102.2014.953207 4775:10.1007/978-1-60761-987-1_18 4639:Journal of Molecular Biology 3905:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004630 3801:10.1126/science.285.5428.751 3641:Journal of Molecular Biology 3617:10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.10.009 3248:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.09.001 3110:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008890 2778:Journal of Molecular Biology 2540:10.1517/17460441.2011.585154 1458:quaternary protein complexes 994:tandem affinity purification 540:Src homology 3 (SH3) domain 502:Src homology 2 (SH2) domain 489:Some proteins have specific 85:PPIs have been studied with 41:Protein–protein interactions 18:Protein–protein interactions 6177:Structure-based drug design 5086:10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.02.018 3951:10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.10.026 3336:10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.07.018 3160:10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.07.015 3048:Briefings in Bioinformatics 1498:Glycan-protein interactions 1392:Signed interaction networks 1218:Natural Language Processing 909:sensitivity and specificity 804:Properties of the interface 799:Found in cytokine receptors 757:Pleckstrin homology domain 262:adipose triglyceride lipase 111:genetic/epigenetic networks 6871: 5440:10.1016/j.tips.2013.04.007 5401:10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102169 3884:PLOS Computational Biology 3726:Jehle H (September 1963). 3208:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.10.005 3089:PLOS Computational Biology 1782:10.1140/epjb/e2004-00301-0 1338: 1184: 1030:intragenic complementation 1013:Intragenic complementation 980: 938: 935:Yeast two-hybrid screening 913:yeast two-hybrid screening 900: 777: 762:Pleckstrin homology domain 759: 737: 704: 674: 640: 594: 584:insulin receptor substrate 572: 542: 504: 482: 469:nuclear magnetic resonance 434: 379: 279: 230: 212: 186: 163: 156:evolution of this enzyme. 129: 126:Electron transfer proteins 6348: 6276: 6267:Wellcome Sanger Institute 5848:10.3389/fmolb.2022.962799 4866:10.1186/s13637-015-0025-6 4767:Data Mining in Proteomics 4094:10.1007/s12038-019-9909-z 3833:Automated Experimentation 3827:Raman K (February 2010). 3526:10.1093/genetics/51.6.987 3021:10.1016/j.sbi.2013.08.002 2973:10.1134/s0006297909130112 2745:10.1007/s10930-007-9108-x 2231:Janin J (December 1999). 1899:10.1007/s00239-017-9821-9 1606:Mass Spectrometry Reviews 1113:surface plasmon resonance 1101:fluorescence spectroscopy 1047:Schizosaccharomyces pombe 386:Non-covalent interactions 376:Covalent vs. non-covalent 305:non-covalent interactions 132:Electron transfer protein 6223:Microfluidic-based tools 6068:Human Connectome Project 6000:Human Microbiome Project 5904:templates for discussion 5803:10.3390/proteomes1010003 4202:10.3389/fphys.2010.00024 2961:Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 2702:(inactive 1 April 2024). 1418:RNA interference screens 1250:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1228:Machine learning methods 1041:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 947:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 860:Ligands concentrations ( 740:Calponin homology domain 614:cellular differentiation 462:Sir John Cowdery Kendrew 418:, or hydrophobic bonds. 6208:Electrospray ionization 6080:Human Epigenome Project 5498:10.1073/pnas.2221967120 5311:ISRN Structural Biology 5113:Chemistry & Biology 4353:10.1038/npjschz.2016.12 4189:Frontiers in Physiology 4151:10.1073/pnas.0505482102 3695:10.1126/science.abc7151 3430:10.1126/science.1097639 3376:10.1186/1752-0509-6-128 2868:Microbiological Reviews 2199:10.1074/mcp.R113.027771 2085:Nature Chemical Biology 1716:10.21769/bioprotoc.4315 1553:Protein domain dynamics 1484:myeloid cell leukemia 1 1405:(2014) coined the term 1207:information extraction, 1150:Genomic context methods 1083:Other potential methods 6408:Biological engineering 6249:DNA Data Bank of Japan 6165:Human proteome project 5968:Computational genomics 5712:Nucleic Acids Research 5669:Nucleic Acids Research 5626:Nucleic Acids Research 5583:Nucleic Acids Research 5540:Nucleic Acids Research 4818:(Suppl 1): S233–S240. 4525:Nucleic Acids Research 4476:Nucleic Acids Research 4301:10.1002/pmic.200900259 4081:Journal of Biosciences 3576:10.1006/viro.2002.1720 2790:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1234 1437:As therapeutic targets 1401: 1350: 1237: 1214:phylogenetic profiling 1135: 1069:frequencies to form a 973: 931: 414:, ionic interactions, 37: 6493:Developmental biology 6468:Computational biology 6448:Cellular microbiology 6228:Isotope affinity tags 6182:Expression proteomics 4900:Nature Communications 3846:10.1186/1759-4499-2-2 3745:10.1073/pnas.50.3.516 1647:Nature Communications 1399: 1348: 1235: 1203:information retrieval 1185:Further information: 1130: 1123:Computational methods 971: 929: 917:affinity purification 727:focal adhesion kinase 451:X-ray crystallography 437:X-ray crystallography 35: 6835:Biochemistry methods 6713:Reproductive biology 6598:Mathematical biology 6523:Evolutionary biology 6473:Conservation biology 5988:Human Genome Project 5973:Comparative genomics 5909:Proteins and Enzymes 5356:10.1021/jacs.2c03665 4724:Nature Biotechnology 4681:Nature Biotechnology 4488:10.1093/nar/28.1.289 4403:10.3390/ijms21134787 2630:10.1007/128_2011_216 2097:10.1038/nchembio.642 2044:10.1096/fj.08-105775 1993:10.1073/pnas.93.1.13 1548:Multiprotein complex 1335:Interaction networks 1317:Prediction databases 1279:biological databases 1243:comparative genomics 941:Two-hybrid screening 897:Experimental methods 610:homeodomain proteins 447:molecular structures 416:Van der Waals forces 354:biochemical cascades 309:quaternary structure 282:Multiprotein complex 115:biochemical cascades 80:Alzheimer's diseases 53:electrostatic forces 6825:Signal transduction 6498:Ecological genetics 6342:Branches of biology 6198:2-D electrophoresis 6172:Call-map proteomics 6030:Structural genomics 6017:Population genomics 5978:Functional genomics 5489:2023PNAS..12021967H 5483:(21): e2221967120. 5350:(29): 13218–13225. 5324:10.1155/2014/827201 4978:10.7554/eLife.05464 4922:2015NatCo...6.6864D 4142:2005PNAS..10212123M 4136:(34): 12123–12128. 3983:(1): 8.2.1–8.2.14. 3896:2015PLSCB..11E4630B 3422:2004Sci...305...86R 3363:BMC Systems Biology 3101:2021PLSCB..17E8890V 3061:10.1093/bib/bbaa351 2825:1975Natur.256..705C 2733:The Protein Journal 2688:Biochemical Journal 2485:1958Natur.181..662K 2410:(27): 16027–16030. 1984:1996PNAS...93...13J 1891:2017JMolE..85..205H 1848:(23): 17126–17130. 1774:2004EPJB...41..113M 1659:2013NatCo...4.2660H 1558:Protein flexibility 1518:Biological machines 1181:Text mining methods 1089:protein microarrays 616:, association with 272:in skeletal muscle 177:Parkinson's disease 173:signal transduction 166:Signal transduction 160:Signal transduction 103:signal transduction 6789:History of biology 6723:Structural biology 6708:Relational biology 6533:Generative biology 6528:Freshwater biology 6152:Structural biology 5963:Cognitive genomics 5724:10.1093/nar/gkj003 5681:10.1093/nar/gkl950 5638:10.1093/nar/gkh052 5595:10.1093/nar/gkh070 5552:10.1093/nar/gkj109 5305:Jaiswal A (2014). 5041:10.1038/nmeth.2733 4930:10.1038/ncomms7864 4537:10.1093/nar/gkn870 4252:10.1002/prot.20865 3477:10.1038/nmeth.1210 3287:10.1038/nmeth.1280 2700:10.1042/csb0001006 1928:Cooper GM (2000). 1667:10.1038/ncomms3660 1513:Biological network 1402: 1351: 1349:Schizophrenia PPI. 1238: 1136: 974: 932: 871:Presence of other 630:consensus sequence 491:structural domains 249:and by binding to 239:muscle contraction 233:Muscle contraction 227:Muscle contraction 189:Membrane transport 183:Membrane transport 99:molecular dynamics 68:molecular machines 61:hydrophobic effect 38: 6855:Protein complexes 6845:Quantum chemistry 6807: 6806: 6728:Synthetic biology 6608:Molecular biology 6463:Cognitive biology 6308: 6307: 6203:Mass spectrometer 6012:Personal genomics 4784:978-1-60761-986-4 4730:(10): 1030–1032. 4687:(12): 1257–1261. 4341:npj Schizophrenia 4295:(23): 5243–5255. 3785:(5428): 751–753. 2967:(13): 1586–1607. 2819:(5520): 705–708. 2639:978-3-642-28916-3 2479:(4610): 662–666. 2457:978-0-8153-3218-3 2374:10.1021/bi961419y 2286:10.1021/ja066980q 2243:(12): R277–R279. 2140:(11): 1738–1744. 1943:978-0-87893-106-4 1822:978-0-7623-0113-3 1619:10.1002/mas.21574 1563:Protein structure 1538:Human interactome 1293:Primary databases 1259:Membrane proteins 1035:Neurospora crassa 983:Mass spectrometry 959:membrane proteins 957:and, understates 921:mass spectrometry 245:filaments act as 95:quantum chemistry 76:Creutzfeldt–Jakob 16:(Redirected from 6862: 6453:Chemical biology 6335: 6328: 6321: 6312: 6296: 6295: 6284: 6283: 6127:Pharmacogenomics 6122:Pharmacogenetics 5942: 5935: 5928: 5919: 5870: 5860: 5850: 5825: 5815: 5805: 5780: 5770: 5745: 5735: 5702: 5692: 5659: 5649: 5616: 5606: 5573: 5563: 5521: 5520: 5510: 5500: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5270:(7): 1442–1459. 5259: 5253: 5252: 5242: 5231:10.1002/pro.2230 5210: 5204: 5203: 5185: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5136: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5052: 5020: 5011: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4990: 4980: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4915: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4878: 4868: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4827: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4499: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4443:. 59 Pt A: 1–7. 4432: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4405: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4364: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4312: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4263: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4214: 4204: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4163: 4153: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4096: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4042: 4018: 4009: 4008: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3917: 3907: 3890:(12): e1004630. 3875: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3848: 3824: 3813: 3812: 3794: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3757: 3747: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3706: 3674: 3665: 3664: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3619: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3578: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3488: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3388: 3378: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3298: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3231: 3220: 3219: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3171: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3122: 3112: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3063: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3004: 2993: 2992: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2932: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2891: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2833:10.1038/256705a0 2808: 2802: 2801: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2756: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2703: 2683: 2662: 2661: 2651: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2551: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2493:10.1038/181662a0 2468: 2462: 2461: 2449: 2439: 2430: 2429: 2419: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2367: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2321:10.1002/jmr.2352 2304: 2298: 2297: 2280:(9): 2577–2587. 2269: 2263: 2262: 2252: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2201: 2192:(7): 1752–1763. 2177: 2168: 2167: 2157: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2076: 2067: 2066: 2056: 2046: 2037:(8): 2920–2927. 2022: 2016: 2015: 2005: 1995: 1963: 1948: 1947: 1935: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1885:(5–6): 205–218. 1874: 1868: 1867: 1857: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1767: 1765:cond-mat/0304207 1747: 1738: 1737: 1727: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1678: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1621: 1597: 1528:Enzyme catalysis 1423:RNA interference 1198:machine learning 1194:binary relations 1097:light scattering 1059:bacteriophage T4 1050:; the bacterium 889:around proteins. 652:hydrophobic core 628:and embrace the 558:tyrosine kinases 524:phosphothreonine 396:electron sharing 392:disulphide bonds 350:cell cycle stage 321:carrier proteins 247:molecular motors 57:hydrogen bonding 21: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6777: 6738:Systems biology 6703:Quantum biology 6344: 6339: 6309: 6304: 6272: 6237: 6186: 6146: 6142:Transcriptomics 6132:Systems biology 6117:Paleopolyploidy 6053:Cheminformatics 6034: 5951: 5946: 5907: 5878: 5873: 5828: 5783: 5748: 5705: 5662: 5619: 5576: 5533: 5529: 5527:Further reading 5524: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5219:Protein Science 5212: 5211: 5207: 5174:10.1038/nrd1343 5155: 5154: 5150: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5008: 5004: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4785: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4074: 4073: 4066: 4040:10.1002/cpps.62 4020: 4019: 4012: 3989:10.1002/cpbi.38 3974: 3973: 3966: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3826: 3825: 3816: 3792:10.1.1.535.9650 3776: 3775: 3771: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3689:(6524): 57–64. 3676: 3675: 3668: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3520:(6): 987–1002. 3507: 3506: 3502: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3416:(5680): 86–90. 3407: 3406: 3402: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3233: 3232: 3223: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3095:(4): e1008890. 3082: 3081: 3077: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3006: 3005: 2996: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2704: 2685: 2684: 2665: 2640: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2397: 2396: 2389: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2091:(10): 740–747. 2078: 2077: 2070: 2024: 2023: 2019: 1965: 1964: 1951: 1944: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1599: 1598: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578:Systems biology 1523:DIMA (database) 1493: 1470: 1462:molecular glues 1439: 1420: 1394: 1378:gene expression 1374:social networks 1343: 1337: 1275: 1230: 1189: 1183: 1152: 1143: 1125: 1085: 1015: 1006: 985: 979: 961:, for example. 943: 937: 905: 899: 887:Electric fields 851: 806: 782: 764: 742: 719: 709: 679: 645: 626:Zn-finger motif 599: 577: 547: 532:phospholipase C 516:phosphotyrosine 509: 495:sequence motifs 487: 481: 443: 435:Main articles: 433: 424: 388: 380:Main articles: 378: 367: 363: 359: 329: 301:protein subunit 297: 284: 278: 255:skeletal muscle 235: 229: 217: 215:Cell metabolism 211: 209:Cell metabolism 191: 185: 168: 162: 134: 128: 123: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6868: 6866: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6812: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6593:Marine biology 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6403:Bioinformatics 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6315: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6290: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6191:Research tools 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6156: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6137:Toxicogenomics 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6040:Bioinformatics 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5983:Genome project 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5891: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5876:External links 5874: 5872: 5871: 5826: 5781: 5761:(6): 832–834. 5755:Bioinformatics 5746: 5703: 5660: 5617: 5574: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5463: 5434:(7): 393–400. 5414: 5379: 5330: 5297: 5254: 5225:(4): 510–515. 5205: 5168:(4): 301–317. 5148: 5119:(6): 689–703. 5099: 5080:(3): 298–305. 5064: 5029:Nature Methods 5012: 5002: 4951: 4890: 4839: 4812:Bioinformatics 4798: 4783: 4757: 4714: 4671: 4645:(5): 919–923. 4625: 4600: 4586: 4560: 4511: 4482:(1): 289–291. 4462: 4427: 4376: 4324: 4275: 4246:(3): 490–500. 4226: 4175: 4116: 4064: 4010: 3964: 3929: 3870: 3814: 3769: 3718: 3666: 3631: 3590: 3549: 3500: 3471:(6): 535–538. 3465:Nature Methods 3451: 3400: 3349: 3330:(4): 325–334. 3310: 3275:Nature Methods 3261: 3221: 3202:(6): 551–558. 3183: 3154:(4): 392–399. 3134: 3075: 3034: 3015:(6): 941–953. 2994: 2951: 2923:(6): 832–834. 2917:Bioinformatics 2903: 2854: 2803: 2784:(1): 121–132. 2768: 2719: 2694:: csb0001006. 2663: 2638: 2612: 2583:(4): 403–408. 2563: 2534:(8): 771–782. 2514: 2463: 2456: 2431: 2387: 2365:10.1.1.613.413 2358:(1): 164–172. 2342: 2315:(4): 205–214. 2299: 2264: 2223: 2169: 2134:Bioinformatics 2120: 2068: 2017: 1949: 1942: 1920: 1869: 1828: 1821: 1795: 1758:(1): 113–121. 1739: 1690: 1633: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1480: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1438: 1435: 1419: 1416: 1407:Signed network 1393: 1390: 1339:Main article: 1336: 1333: 1311:Meta-databases 1274: 1271: 1229: 1226: 1222:kernel methods 1182: 1179: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1137: 1124: 1121: 1084: 1081: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1002: 998:network theory 981:Main article: 978: 975: 939:Main article: 936: 933: 901:Main article: 898: 895: 894: 893: 890: 884: 869: 858: 855: 850: 847: 834:oxyhaemoglobin 805: 802: 801: 800: 796: 795: 789: 788: 784: 783: 778:Main article: 771: 770: 766: 765: 760:Main article: 753: 752: 744: 743: 738:Main article: 731: 730: 717: 711: 710: 705:Main article: 698: 697: 681: 680: 675:Main article: 668: 667: 647: 646: 641:Main article: 634: 633: 601: 600: 595:Main article: 588: 587: 579: 578: 573:Main article: 566: 565: 549: 548: 543:Main article: 536: 535: 518:, but not for 511: 510: 505:Main article: 485:Protein domain 483:Main article: 480: 477: 432: 429: 423: 420: 412:hydrogen bonds 404:ubiquitination 377: 374: 365: 361: 357: 328: 325: 296: 293: 280:Main article: 277: 274: 237:Physiology of 231:Main article: 228: 225: 213:Main article: 210: 207: 187:Main article: 184: 181: 164:Main article: 161: 158: 130:Main article: 127: 124: 122: 119: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6867: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6840:Biotechnology 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673:Phylogenetics 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6568:Human biology 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Chronobiology 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433:Biotechnology 6431: 6429: 6428:Biostatistics 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6301: 6300: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242:Organizations 6240: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6112:Nutrigenomics 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6058:Chemogenomics 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5931: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5331: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5006: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4736:10.1038/13732 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4693:10.1038/82360 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4672: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4626: 4614: 4613:string-db.org 4610: 4604: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4575: 4574:www.ebi.ac.uk 4571: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3738:(3): 516–24. 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3610:(3): 489–98. 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3569:(2): 235–45. 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2874:(1): 94–123. 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:FASEB Journal 2028: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1612:(1): 79–111. 1611: 1607: 1603: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1398: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1255:random forest 1251: 1246: 1244: 1234: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1188: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1149: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1067:recombination 1064: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1012: 1010: 1003: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 984: 976: 970: 966: 962: 960: 954: 952: 948: 942: 934: 928: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 904: 896: 891: 888: 885: 882: 878: 877:nucleic acids 874: 870: 867: 863: 859: 856: 853: 852: 848: 846: 844: 839: 838:Cyrus Chothia 835: 831: 827: 821: 819: 815: 810: 803: 798: 797: 794: 791: 790: 786: 785: 781: 776: 773: 772: 768: 767: 763: 758: 755: 754: 750: 746: 745: 741: 736: 733: 732: 728: 724: 720: 713: 712: 708: 703: 700: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682: 678: 673: 670: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 648: 644: 639: 636: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602: 598: 593: 590: 589: 585: 581: 580: 576: 571: 568: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 550: 546: 541: 538: 537: 533: 529: 528:growth factor 525: 521: 520:phosphoserine 517: 513: 512: 508: 503: 500: 499: 498: 496: 492: 486: 478: 476: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 456: 452: 448: 442: 438: 430: 428: 422:Role of water 421: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 387: 383: 382:Covalent bond 375: 373: 371: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 326: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 294: 292: 290: 283: 275: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 234: 226: 224: 222: 216: 208: 206: 204: 200: 196: 190: 182: 180: 178: 174: 167: 159: 157: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 133: 125: 120: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 81: 77: 73: 72:interactomics 69: 64: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 34: 30: 19: 6718:Sociobiology 6698:Protistology 6663:Photobiology 6658:Pharmacology 6648:Parasitology 6643:Paleontology 6623:Neuroscience 6603:Microbiology 6513:Epidemiology 6483:Cytogenetics 6443:Cell biology 6423:Biosemiotics 6413:Biomechanics 6393:Biogeography 6388:Biochemistry 6383:Bacteriology 6378:Astrobiology 6297: 6285: 6107:Microbiomics 6102:Metabolomics 6063:Connectomics 6022: 5995:Metagenomics 5897: 5838: 5834: 5793: 5789: 5758: 5754: 5715: 5711: 5672: 5668: 5629: 5625: 5586: 5582: 5543: 5539: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5035:(1): 94–99. 5032: 5028: 5005: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4766: 4760: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4662:. Retrieved 4642: 4638: 4628: 4616:. Retrieved 4612: 4603: 4589: 4577:. Retrieved 4573: 4563: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4440: 4430: 4396:(13): 4787. 4393: 4389: 4379: 4344: 4340: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4084: 4080: 4030: 4026: 3980: 3976: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3836: 3832: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3686: 3682: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3281:(1): 83–90. 3278: 3274: 3264: 3242:(1): 50–58. 3239: 3235: 3199: 3195: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3012: 3008: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2942:. Retrieved 2920: 2916: 2906: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2739:(1): 59–70. 2736: 2732: 2722: 2708:cite journal 2691: 2687: 2621: 2615: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2445: 2407: 2403: 2355: 2352:Biochemistry 2351: 2345: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2189: 2185: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2088: 2084: 2034: 2030: 2020: 1978:(1): 13–20. 1975: 1971: 1931: 1923: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1804: 1798: 1755: 1751: 1710:(3): e4315. 1707: 1704:Bio-Protocol 1703: 1693: 1650: 1646: 1636: 1609: 1605: 1455: 1448: 1440: 1421: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1386: 1367: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1327: 1325: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1292: 1291: 1283:interactomes 1276: 1263: 1247: 1239: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1190: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1162: 1154: 1153: 1144: 1086: 1057:; the virus 1051: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1016: 1007: 989: 986: 963: 955: 950: 946: 944: 906: 822: 811: 807: 793:WSxWS motif 792: 774: 756: 734: 716:PtdIns(4,5)P 702:FERM domain 701: 671: 656:Eph receptor 637: 618:cytoskeleton 591: 569: 539: 501: 488: 466: 444: 425: 389: 334:cytochrome c 330: 298: 285: 236: 218: 205:importins). 203:nuclear pore 192: 179:and cancer. 169: 150: 146:cytochrome c 135: 91:biochemistry 87:many methods 84: 65: 44: 40: 39: 29: 6768:Xenobiology 6763:Virophysics 6733:Systematics 6688:Primatology 6633:Ornithology 6573:Ichthyology 6558:Herpetology 6553:Gerontology 6518:Epigenetics 6478:Cryobiology 6368:Agrostology 6358:Aerobiology 6353:Abiogenesis 6075:Epigenomics 6007:Pangenomics 5892:‹ The 5796:(1): 3–24. 4618:19 November 4579:19 November 1341:Interactome 1269:evolution. 1187:Text mining 1132:Text mining 1117:calorimetry 1071:genetic map 1055:typhimurium 919:coupled to 707:FERM domain 690:LIM domains 686:PDZ domains 672:PDZ domain 592:LIM domain 455:sperm whale 408:SUMOylation 266:coactivator 153:adrenodoxin 6830:Biophysics 6820:Proteomics 6814:Categories 6753:Toxicology 6748:Teratology 6693:Proteomics 6678:Physiology 6618:Neontology 6583:Lipidology 6578:Immunology 6548:Geobiology 6508:Embryology 6488:Dendrology 6418:Biophysics 6398:Biogeology 6160:Proteomics 6097:Lipidomics 6092:Immunomics 5841:: 962799. 5395:: 102169. 4289:Proteomics 4087:(4): 104. 4033:(1): e62. 1585:References 1533:HitPredict 1328:. Coverage 1053:Salmonella 862:substrates 849:Regulation 775:WW domain 694:C-terminal 677:PDZ domain 643:SAM domain 622:senescence 597:LIM domain 575:PTB domain 545:SH3 domain 507:SH2 domain 473:calmodulin 342:reversible 6668:Phycology 6653:Pathology 6638:Osteology 6628:Nutrition 6588:Mammalogy 6563:Histology 6087:Glycomics 5790:Proteomes 4913:1405.0425 4664:2 January 4347:: 16012. 4111:199668359 3945:: 47–53. 3787:CiteSeerX 3647:: 161–5. 2944:2 January 2360:CiteSeerX 2237:Structure 1508:Allostery 1477:Maraviroc 1370:connected 1363:Cytoscape 1273:Databases 1134:protocol. 1076:ribosomes 1063:mutations 780:WW domain 458:myoglobin 431:Structure 346:cell type 270:lipolysis 195:cytoplasm 138:reductase 107:metabolic 6782:See also 6758:Virology 6743:Taxonomy 6683:Pomology 6613:Mycology 6543:Genomics 6538:Genetics 6363:Agronomy 6299:Category 6025:genomics 5949:Genomics 5894:template 5867:36158572 5822:28250396 5777:15531608 5742:16381906 5699:17135203 5656:14681455 5613:14681466 5570:16381927 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