238:
38:
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420:, they are not equipped with the full enzymatic machinery to accomplish the required post-translational modifications or molecular folding. Hence, multi-domain eukaryotic proteins expressed in bacteria often are non-functional. Also, many proteins become insoluble as inclusion bodies that are difficult to recover without harsh denaturants and subsequent cumbersome protein-refolding.
430:
expression systems have however low yield and other limitations (time-consuming, toxicity to host cells,..). To combine the high yield/productivity and scalable protein features of bacteria and yeast, and advanced epigenetic features of plants, insects and mammalians systems, other protein production
685:
C1 has been developed into an expression platform for screening and production of native and heterologous proteins.The expression system C1 shows a low viscosity morphology in submerged culture, enabling the use of complex growth and production media. C1 also does not "hyperglycosylate" heterologous
423:
To address these concerns, expressions systems using multiple eukaryotic cells were developed for applications requiring the proteins be conformed as in, or closer to eukaryotic organisms: cells of plants (i.e. tobacco), of insects or mammalians (i.e. bovines) are transfected with genes and cultured
746:
into the chromosomal DNA of insect cells for subsequent gene expression. This is followed by selection and screening of recombinant clones. The non-lytic system has been used to give higher protein yield and quicker expression of recombinant genes compared to baculovirus-infected cell expression.
1505:
Jeong, H; Barbe, V; Lee, CH; Vallenet, D; Yu, DS; Choi, SH; Couloux, A; Lee, SW; Yoon, SH; Cattolico, L; Hur, CG; Park, HS; Ségurens, B; Kim, SC; Oh, TK; Lenski, RE; Studier, FW; Daegelen, P; Kim, JF (11 December 2009). "Genome sequences of
Escherichia coli B strains REL606 and BL21(DE3)".
734:) allow production of glycosylated or membrane proteins that cannot be produced using fungal or bacterial systems. It is useful for production of proteins in high quantity. Genes are not expressed continuously because infected host cells eventually lyse and die during each infection cycle.
781:
cells. With this system, cells do not lyse and several cultivation modes can be used. Additionally, protein production runs are reproducible. This system gives a homogeneous product. A drawback of this system is the requirement of an additional screening step for selecting viable
1302:
Visser H, Joosten V, Punt PJ, Gusakov AV, Olson PT, Joosten R, et al. (June 2011). "Development of a mature fungal technology and production platform for industrial enzymes based on a
Myceliophthora thermophila isolate, previously known as Chrysosporium lucknowense C1".
874:
using purified RNA polymerase, ribosomes, tRNA and ribonucleotides. These reagents may be produced by extraction from cells or from a cell-based expression system. Due to the low expression levels and high cost of cell-free systems, cell-based systems are more widely used.
1541:
Brinkrolf K, Schröder J, Pühler A, Tauch A (September 2010). "The transcriptional regulatory repertoire of
Corynebacterium glutamicum: reconstruction of the network controlling pathways involved in lysine and glutamate production".
1461:
The production of abnormally large amounts of a substance which is coded for by a particular gene or group of genes; the appearance in the phenotype to an abnormally high degree of a character or effect attributed to a particular
1225:
Rosser MP, Xia W, Hartsell S, McCaman M, Zhu Y, Wang S, Harvey S, Bringmann P, Cobb RR (April 2005). "Transient transfection of CHO-K1-S using serum-free medium in suspension: a rapid mammalian protein expression system".
804:(cannot infect mammals) expression systems allow stable and lasting production of proteins at high yield, in chemically defined media. Produced proteins exhibit fully eukaryotic post-translational modifications, including
1618:
Meissner D, Vollstedt A, van Dijl JM, Freudl R (September 2007). "Comparative analysis of twin-arginine (Tat)-dependent protein secretion of a heterologous model protein (GFP) in three different Gram-positive bacteria".
1261:
Lackner A, Genta K, Koppensteiner H, Herbacek I, Holzmann K, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Berger W, Grusch M (September 2008). "A bicistronic baculovirus vector for transient and stable protein expression in mammalian cells".
317:
to a cell for expression, and many different host cells may be used for expression — each expression system has distinct advantages and liabilities. Expression systems are normally referred to by the
1778:
Yin J, Li G, Ren X, Herrler G (January 2007). "Select what you need: a comparative evaluation of the advantages and limitations of frequently used expression systems for foreign genes".
405:
cell lines are used when human-like splicing of mRNA is required. Nonetheless, bacterial expression has the advantage of easily producing large amounts of protein, which is required for
2491:
1493:
In biology, to make too many copies of a protein or other substance. Overexpression of certain proteins or other substances may play a role in cancer development.
576:, thus demonstrating a potential for industrial-scale production of human proteins. Expressed proteins can be targeted for secretion through either the general,
476:
are well developed and work by increasing the number of copies of the gene or increasing the binding strength of the promoter region so assisting transcription.
300:, its cloned DNA, and the host for the vector that provide a context to allow foreign gene function in a host cell, that is, produce proteins at a high level
742:
Non-lytic insect cell expression is an alternative to the lytic baculovirus expression system. In non-lytic expression, vectors are transiently or stably
652:
allow stable and lasting production of proteins that are processed similarly to mammalian cells, at high yield, in chemically defined media of proteins.
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Altmann F, Staudacher E, Wilson IB, März L (February 1999). "Insect cells as hosts for the expression of recombinant glycoproteins".
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Olczak M, Olczak T (December 2006). "Comparison of different signal peptides for protein secretion in nonlytic insect cell system".
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281:
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Malys N, Wishart JA, Oliver SG, McCarthy JE (2011). "Protein production in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae for systems biology studies".
2642:
2622:
372:
394:
1662:
Retallack DM, Jin H, Chew L (February 2012). "Reliable protein production in a
Pseudomonas fluorescens expression system".
2726:
2591:
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is a metabolically versatile organism, allowing for high throughput screening and rapid development of complex proteins.
619:, is used for high level production of recombinant proteins; commonly for the development bio-therapeutics and vaccines.
2324:
2200:
915:
2023:
Hacker DL, Balasubramanian S (June 2016). "Recombinant protein production from stable mammalian cell lines and pools".
1743:
Kost TA, Condreay JP (October 1999). "Recombinant baculoviruses as expression vectors for insect and mammalian cells".
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strain BL21 and BL21(DE3) are two strains commonly used for protein production. As members of the B lineage, they lack
2667:
252:
246:
2697:
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2412:
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Dyring, Charlotte (2011). "Optimising the drosophila S2 expression system for production of therapeutic vaccines".
827:
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is most well known for its ability to rapid and successfully produce high titers of active, soluble protein.
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proteases, protecting the produced proteins from degradation. The DE3 prophage found in BL21(DE3) provides
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McCarroll L, King LA (October 1997). "Stable insect cell cultures for recombinant protein production".
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and the DNA source or the delivery mechanism for the genetic material. For example, common hosts are
142:
research uses numerous proteins and enzymes, many of which are from expression systems; particularly
1321:
Aspergillus and
Trichoderma are currently the main fungal genera used to produce industrial enzymes.
220:. When biopharmaceuticals are produced with one of these systems, process-related impurities termed
166:
or as potential drugs themselves. There are also significant applications for expression systems in
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in suspension and even as tissues or whole organisms, to produce fully folded proteins. Mammalian
17:
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171:
934:
Gräslund S, Nordlund P, Weigelt J, Hallberg BM, Bray J, Gileadi O, et al. (February 2008).
452:
1976:"Better and faster: improvements and optimization for mammalian recombinant protein production"
1335:"Host cell proteins in biologics development: Identification, quantitation and risk assessment"
535:(driven by the LacUV5 promoter), allowing for vectors with the T7 promoter to be used instead.
513:
analog) activates the lac promoter and causes the bacteria to express the protein of interest.
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The oldest and most widely used expression systems are cell-based and may be defined as the "
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from their own genomes ("native", "homologous") and from recombinant DNA ("heterologous").
2677:
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1932:
Zhu J (2012-09-01). "Mammalian cell protein expression for biopharmaceutical production".
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This article is about the biotechnological method. For the natural process in cells, see
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2000:
1975:
1397:. Centre for Cancer Education, University of Newcastle upon Tyne: Cancerweb. 1997-11-13
1202:
1178:"Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells"
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is one of the most widely used expression hosts, and DNA is normally introduced in a
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986:
Baneyx F (October 1999). "Recombinant protein expression in
Escherichia coli".
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1991:
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1042:
1026:"Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: advances and challenges"
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2479:
1481:. National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health. 2011-02-02
856:
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2009:
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1579:"Secretion of human epidermal growth factor by Corynebacterium glutamicum"
37:
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systems are developed using unicellular eukaryotes (i.e. non-pathogenic '
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2027:. New constructs and expression of proteins • Sequences and topology.
1982:. New constructs and expression of proteins / Sequences and topology.
1351:
1334:
2247:
2060:"Engine out of the chassis: cell-free protein synthesis and its uses"
706:
565:, components of human food, animal feed and pharmaceutical products.
562:
494:
402:
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207:
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Commonly used protein production systems include those derived from
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are used for the commercial production of various amino acids. The
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820:
451:
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36:
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2134:
Protein
Expression Technologies: Current Status and Future Trends
302:". Overexpression is an abnormally and excessively high level of
752:
727:
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527:
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384:
100:
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For example, a DNA sequence for a protein of interest could be
459:, one of the most popular hosts for artificial gene expression.
314:
231:
96:
53:
49:
1078:
Cregg JM, Cereghino JL, Shi J, Higgins DR (September 2000).
1333:
Wang, Xing; Hunter, Alan K.; Mozier, Ned M. (2009-06-15).
1136:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 500. pp. 197–212.
393:
is often preferred for proteins that require significant
472:
expression vector. The techniques for overexpression in
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for cloning, and to make proteins that are screened in
60:
in the second step covering the production of protein.
1577:
Date M, Itaya H, Matsui H, Kikuchi Y (January 2006).
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to specific subcellular or extracellular locations.
111:
chains, which are ultimately folded into functional
2781:
2735:
2615:
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2503:
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2343:
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2223:
1080:"Recombinant protein expression in Pichia pastoris"
224:also arrive in the final product in trace amounts.
214:cells, and more recently filamentous fungi such as
1024:Rosano, Germán; Ceccarelli, Eduardo (2014-04-17).
75:. It is typically achieved by the manipulation of
816:The most common mammalian expression systems are
351:. Common DNA sources and delivery mechanisms are
1927:
1925:
1297:
1295:
1293:
852:Human embryonic retinal cells (Crucell's Per.C6)
1447:. Oxford University Press. 2017. Archived from
613:The non-pathogenic and gram-negative bacteria,
487:into a high copy-number plasmid containing the
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870:Cell-free production of proteins is performed
823:(CHO) and Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells.
2201:
1695:
1693:
383:). The best expression system depends on the
8:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1176:Kost TA, Condreay JP, Jarvis DL (May 2005).
545:Non-pathogenic species of the gram-positive
2208:
2194:
2186:
2058:Rosenblum G, Cooperman BS (January 2014).
122:Protein production systems (also known as
2831:Physical factors affecting microbial life
2821:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
2083:
1999:
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1815:
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1201:
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959:
747:Cell lines used for this system include:
672:, have long been used to produce diverse
413:experiments for structure determination.
313:There are many ways to introduce foreign
306:which produces a pronounced gene-related
282:Learn how and when to remove this message
2113:Protein Expression: A Practical Approach
568:Expression of functionally active human
245:This article includes a list of general
2607:International Census of Marine Microbes
2582:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
926:
1621:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2025:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
1980:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
936:"Protein production and purification"
557:species is widely used for producing
7:
2628:Microbiomes of the built environment
1019:
1017:
1664:Protein Expression and Purification
1228:Protein Expression and Purification
582:twin-arginine translocation pathway
2816:Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes
1142:10.1016/B978-0-12-385118-5.00011-6
251:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
18:Protein expression (biotechnology)
71:process of generating a specific
2849:
2848:
2643:Microbial symbiosis and immunity
2281:
1946:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.022
1896:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
1745:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
1596:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01802.x
1422:. Biology-Online.org. 2005-10-03
1416:"Expression system - definition"
1339:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
988:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
738:Non-lytic insect cell expression
640:Expression systems using either
236:
1583:Letters in Applied Microbiology
1391:"Definition: expression system"
1974:Almo SC, Love JD (June 2014).
1479:NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
845:Human embryonic kidney cells (
808:and disulfide bond formation.
660:Filamentous fungi, especially
395:posttranslational modification
1:
2727:Synthetic microbial consortia
2592:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
2492:Host microbe interactions in
2110:Higgins SJ, Hames BD (1999).
2076:10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.016
1908:10.1016/s0958-1669(97)80034-1
1792:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.07.012
1757:10.1016/S0958-1669(99)00005-1
1556:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.12.004
1000:10.1016/s0958-1669(99)00003-8
726:strains) or mammalian cells (
2325:Microbial population biology
2178:Resources in other libraries
1508:Journal of Molecular Biology
916:List of recombinant proteins
170:, notably the production of
79:in an organism such that it
2116:. Oxford University Press.
859:cells (Glycotope and CEVEC)
775:and Schneider 3 cells from
599:that function as antigenic
2896:
2587:Marine microbial symbiosis
2413:Kill the Winner hypothesis
2385:Bacteria collective motion
1134:Methods in Systems Biology
887:, a database of cell lines
828:Chinese hamster ovary cell
704:
682:Myceliophthora thermophila
497:) promoter, which is then
411:nuclear magnetic resonance
387:involved, for example the
217:Myceliophthora thermophila
190:Protein production systems
29:
2844:
2623:Microbes in human culture
2279:
2173:Resources in your library
2131:Baneyx, François (2004).
2037:10.1016/j.sbi.2016.06.005
1992:10.1016/j.sbi.2014.03.006
1676:10.1016/j.pep.2011.09.010
1633:10.1007/s00253-007-0934-8
1520:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.09.052
1395:Online Medical Dictionary
1240:10.1016/j.pep.2004.07.015
1030:Frontiers in Microbiology
156:restriction endonucleases
2717:Human Microbiome Project
2428:Microbial biodegradation
1868:10.1016/j.ab.2006.09.003
1780:Journal of Biotechnology
1544:Journal of Biotechnology
1445:Oxford Living Dictionary
1305:Industrial Biotechnology
1276:10.1016/j.ab.2008.05.020
1043:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00172
714:-infected insect cells (
390:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
27:Biotechnological process
2768:Microbiological culture
2763:Microbial DNA barcoding
2572:Antarctic microorganism
2320:Microbial phylogenetics
1856:Analytical Biochemistry
1714:10.1023/A:1026488408951
1264:Analytical Biochemistry
1084:Molecular Biotechnology
778:Drosophila melanogaster
616:Pseudomonas fluorescens
608:Pseudomonas fluorescens
570:epidermal growth factor
266:more precise citations.
168:industrial fermentation
2753:Impedance microbiology
2494:Caenorhabditis elegans
2310:Microbial intelligence
2300:Microbial biogeography
1934:Biotechnology Advances
1702:Glycoconjugate Journal
1317:10.1089/ind.2011.7.214
906:Precision fermentation
589:gram-negative bacteria
460:
373:artificial chromosomes
61:
2799:Microbial dark matter
2743:Dark-field microscopy
2547:Marine microorganisms
2423:Microbial cooperation
1822:BioProcessing Journal
758:Spodoptera frugiperda
455:
416:Because bacteria are
407:X-ray crystallography
182:, and to manufacture
152:reverse transcriptase
40:
2418:Microbial consortium
2315:Microbial metabolism
1834:10.12665/j102.dyring
1451:on February 10, 2018
1182:Nature Biotechnology
901:Protein purification
591:, the gram-positive
87:. This includes the
2521:Seagrass microbiome
2137:. Garland Science.
952:10.1038/nmeth.f.202
896:Single-cell protein
597:lipopolysaccharides
501:into the bacterium
83:large amounts of a
2758:Microbial cytology
2722:Protein production
2557:Marine prokaryotes
2443:Microbial food web
2373:Protist locomotion
2351:Bacterial motility
2305:Microbial genetics
2164:Protein production
1097:10.1385/MB:16:1:23
674:industrial enzymes
631:Eukaryotic systems
461:
296:combination of an
228:Cell-based systems
222:host cell proteins
172:biopharmaceuticals
164:biological targets
154:for RNA analysis,
126:) are used in the
124:expression systems
65:Protein production
62:
2862:
2861:
2633:Food microbiology
2526:Soil microbiology
2465:Microbial synergy
2433:Microbial ecology
2159:Library resources
2144:978-0-9545232-5-1
2123:978-0-19-963623-5
1352:10.1002/bit.22304
911:Host cell protein
866:Cell-free systems
812:Mammalian systems
773:Schneider 2 cells
656:Filamentous fungi
578:secretory pathway
572:has been done in
533:T7 RNA polymerase
441:Bacterial systems
298:expression vector
292:
291:
284:
140:Molecular biology
16:(Redirected from
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2653:Human microbiome
2577:Coral microbiome
2511:Plant microbiome
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447:Escherichia coli
347:) or eukaryotic
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262:this article by
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85:recombinant gene
69:biotechnological
21:
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2875:Gene expression
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2562:Marine protists
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2516:Root microbiome
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2408:Biological pump
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1883:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1454:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1194:10.1038/nbt1095
1175:
1174:
1167:
1152:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1023:
1022:
1015:
985:
984:
977:
933:
932:
928:
924:
891:Gene expression
881:
868:
839:(e.g. NS0 cell)
818:Chinese Hamster
814:
796:
768:Trichoplusia ni
740:
709:
703:
701:-infected cells
679:More recently,
658:
649:Pichia pastoris
638:
633:
611:
593:Corynebacterium
548:Corynebacterium
543:
540:Corynebacterium
450:
443:
304:gene expression
288:
277:
271:
268:
258:Please help to
257:
241:
237:
230:
192:
93:recombinant DNA
77:gene expression
35:
32:Gene expression
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2877:
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2866:
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2857:
2856:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2794:Deep biosphere
2791:
2789:Bioremediation
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:DNA sequencing
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Marine viruses
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2487:Quorum sensing
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2448:microbial loop
2440:
2438:Microbial cyst
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2356:run-and-tumble
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2217:Microorganisms
2215:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:External links
2151:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2050:
2015:
1959:
1940:(5): 1158–70.
1921:
1881:
1839:
1805:
1770:
1735:
1689:
1654:
1610:
1569:
1533:
1497:
1466:
1432:
1420:Biology Online
1407:
1382:
1345:(3): 446–458.
1325:
1311:(3): 214–223.
1289:
1253:
1217:
1165:
1150:
1119:
1067:
1013:
975:
940:Nature Methods
925:
923:
920:
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913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
880:
877:
867:
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813:
810:
795:
788:
739:
736:
702:
696:
657:
654:
637:
634:
632:
629:
625:P. fluorescens
621:P. fluorescens
610:
605:
542:
537:
505:. Addition of
449:
444:
442:
439:
290:
289:
244:
242:
235:
229:
226:
191:
188:
174:such as human
160:drug discovery
144:DNA polymerase
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2892:
2881:
2880:Biotechnology
2878:
2876:
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2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Microbial oil
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:Human related
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Picoeukaryote
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
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2485:
2481:
2478:
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2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Microbial mat
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
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2426:
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2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
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2289:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Nanobacterium
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Cyanobacteria
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:(3): 335–47.
1785:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:(5): 428–33.
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:(2): 109–23.
1707:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:(2): 157–65.
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:(3): 633–42.
1626:
1622:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:(3): 173–82.
1549:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:(4): 644–52.
1513:
1509:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1480:
1476:
1475:"overexpress"
1470:
1467:
1463:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:(2): 237–43.
1233:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:(5): 567–75.
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:9780123851185
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:(5): 411–21.
993:
989:
982:
980:
976:
971:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
946:(2): 135–46.
945:
941:
937:
930:
927:
921:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:
873:
865:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
843:
841:
838:
837:lymphoblstoid
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
824:
822:
819:
811:
809:
807:
806:glycosylation
803:
801:
794:
793:
789:
787:
785:
780:
779:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
759:
754:
750:
745:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
700:
697:
695:
693:
689:
686:proteins, as
684:
683:
677:
675:
671:
670:
665:
664:
655:
653:
651:
650:
645:
644:
643:S. cerevisiae
635:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
617:
609:
606:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
580:(Sec) or the
579:
575:
574:C. glutamicum
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
555:
554:C. glutamicum
550:
549:
541:
538:
536:
534:
530:
529:
524:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
466:
458:
454:
448:
445:
440:
438:
436:
435:
429:
428:
421:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
377:bacteriophage
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
344:S. cerevisiae
340:
336:
335:
330:
329:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
299:
286:
283:
275:
265:
261:
255:
254:
248:
243:
234:
233:
227:
225:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:biotechnology
129:
128:life sciences
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
107:of mRNA into
106:
102:
98:
95:to messenger
94:
90:
89:transcription
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:transcription
43:
42:Central dogma
39:
33:
19:
2804:Microswimmer
2721:
2698:in pregnancy
2648:Nylon-eating
2531:Spermosphere
2493:
2292:Microbiology
2163:
2133:
2112:
2070:(2): 261–8.
2067:
2064:FEBS Letters
2063:
2053:
2028:
2024:
2018:
1983:
1979:
1937:
1933:
1902:(5): 590–4.
1899:
1895:
1862:(1): 45–53.
1859:
1855:
1828:(2): 28–35.
1825:
1821:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1705:
1701:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1589:(1): 66–70.
1586:
1582:
1572:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1490:
1483:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1460:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:the original
1444:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1320:
1308:
1304:
1270:(1): 146–8.
1267:
1263:
1256:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1185:
1181:
1133:
1090:(1): 23–52.
1087:
1083:
1033:
1029:
991:
987:
943:
939:
929:
871:
869:
842:Fully Human
815:
798:
797:
790:
776:
766:
756:
741:
710:
698:
694:tend to do.
691:
687:
680:
678:
667:
661:
659:
647:
641:
639:
624:
620:
614:
612:
607:
592:
586:
573:
567:
552:
546:
544:
539:
526:
520:
516:
515:
502:
488:
478:
473:
463:
462:
456:
446:
432:
425:
422:
415:
388:
342:
332:
326:
312:
295:
293:
278:
272:January 2024
269:
250:
215:
193:
121:
64:
63:
56:code to the
2836:Siderophore
2597:Phycosphere
2453:viral shunt
1491:overexpress
885:Cellosaurus
771:cells, and
744:transfected
712:Baculovirus
699:Baculovirus
692:Trichoderma
688:Aspergillus
669:Trichoderma
663:Aspergillus
603:in humans.
499:transformed
418:prokaryotes
357:baculovirus
334:B. subtilis
264:introducing
204:baculovirus
115:and may be
109:polypeptide
105:translation
2869:Categories
2736:Techniques
2567:Microalgae
2475:microbiota
2470:Microbiome
2258:Prokaryote
2031:: 129–36.
1426:2008-06-10
1401:2008-06-10
922:References
802:tarentolae
800:Leishmania
705:See also:
601:endotoxins
437:' cells).
434:Leishmania
365:adenovirus
361:retrovirus
349:cell lines
247:references
44:depicting
2809:biohybrid
2663:dysbiosis
2480:holobiont
2378:amoeboids
2361:twitching
1986:: 39–43.
1361:0006-3592
857:amniocyte
724:High Five
559:glutamate
485:subcloned
379:(such as
355:(such as
341:(such as
325:(such as
308:phenotype
212:mammalian
178:to treat
81:expresses
2854:Category
2773:Staining
2705:placenta
2335:Virology
2330:Mycology
2268:Protozoa
2238:Bacteria
2094:24161673
2045:27322762
2010:24721463
1954:21968146
1876:17046707
1800:16959350
1765:10508635
1730:34863069
1722:10612411
1684:21968453
1641:17453196
1605:16411922
1564:19963020
1528:19786035
1377:22707536
1369:19388135
1284:18541133
1248:15766864
1212:15877075
1160:21943899
1114:35874864
1106:11098467
1062:24860555
1008:10508629
970:18235434
879:See also
872:in vitro
835:myeloma
792:Excavata
369:plasmids
323:bacteria
196:bacteria
180:diabetes
136:medicine
117:targeted
113:proteins
58:proteins
52:code to
2403:Biofilm
2395:Ecology
2366:gliding
2263:Protist
2233:Archaea
2085:4133780
2001:4766836
1916:9353223
1649:6238466
1203:3610534
1053:4029002
1036:: 172.
961:3178102
847:HEK-293
761:cells,
732:HEK 293
587:Unlike
584:(Tat).
517:E. coli
511:lactose
503:E. coli
493:(often
474:E. coli
470:plasmid
465:E. coli
457:E. coli
427:in vivo
353:viruses
328:E. coli
260:improve
184:enzymes
176:insulin
103:), the
91:of the
73:protein
67:is the
2710:uterus
2693:vagina
2658:asthma
2540:Marine
2504:Plants
2344:Motion
2225:Groups
2161:about
2141:
2120:
2092:
2082:
2043:
2008:
1998:
1952:
1914:
1874:
1798:
1763:
1728:
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