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Tarrow (1998) notes that "such widespread contention produces externalities that give challengers at least a temporary advantage and allows them to overcome the weaknesses in their resource base. It demands that states devise broad strategies of response that are either repressive or facilitative, or
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He writes that even defeated or suppressed movements leave some kind of residue behind them, and that effect of social movements, successful or failed, is cumulative in the long term, leading to new protest cycles. This is visible especially when those cycles are analysed in the historical frame.
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Prior to the 18th century, rebellions were usually aimed at local targets in response to local grievances, usually without many preparations and without allies in different social or ethnic groups. This has however changed in the 18th century, when
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by affecting their expectations of success or failure". When the political opportunity disappears, for example because of a change in the
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as existing social movements create political opportunities for others to act or join in;
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caused by a rise in insecurity and violence, the movement dissolves.
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are increasing. He defines the political opportunity as "consistent
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Power in
Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements and Politics
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increased interaction between challengers and authorities.
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coexistence of organized and unorganized activists;
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Sociological theory about the evolution of protests
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