1136:, which are fundamental values that help raise the defenses of peace against violent extremism. In line with the understanding of Global Citizenship Education, individual level impacts, which encompasses three domains of learning include: cognitive, social-emotional and behavioural. Cognitive impacts involves critical thinking skills, an understanding of violent extremism and radicalization. Social-emotional impacts relate to the development of a sense of belonging to a common humanity, sharing values and responsibilities, based on human rights. Behavioural impacts relate to encouraging participants to act effectively and responsibly at local, national and global levels for a more peaceful and sustainable world.
1050:
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1240:. This was to lessen the overemphasis on examinations and to reduce student pressure, incorporating other indicators of student achievement, such as abilities in sport and artistic talent. The purpose is to reduce the stress of students’ lives at home and in school that may be vented through escape tactics, including joining outlawed groups. The Strategy also employs other effective means to prevent violent extremism, including the integration of Preventing of Violent Extremism through Education (PVE-E) in
892:"Pull factors" are factors which nurture the appeal of violent extremism; for example, the existence of well-organized violent extremist groups with compelling discourses and effective programs that are providing services, revenue and/or employment in exchange for membership. Groups can also lure new members by providing outlets for grievances and promise of adventure and freedom. Furthermore, these groups appear to offer spiritual comfort, "a place to belong" and a supportive social network.
1262:
project focused on the theory of change that; “building relationships with the policing units at the community level while dealing with trauma and unintended actions of both the police and communities, will reduce the susceptibility to radicalization and increase the response to address cases of injustice through conflict management and countering violent extremism while fostering tolerance”.
1258:
security from government agencies including law enforcement. In most cases, however, the process of policy and strategy implementation does more harm than good. The actions from the government as administered by the law enforcement teams over time, serve as a pointer to the never-ending link between violent extremism and the grievance narrative that has fueled the revenge in the communities.
1076:
also emphasized this point in its
Resolutions 2178 and 2250, which notably highlights the need for “quality education for peace that equips youth with the ability to engage constructively in civic structures and inclusive political processes” and called on “all relevant actors to consider instituting
2751:
Younis, Sara Zeiger, Anne Aly, Peter R. Neumann, Hamed El Said, Martine
Zeuthen, Peter Romaniuk, Mariya Y. Omelicheva, James O. Ellis, Alex P. Schmid, Kosta Lucas, Thomas K. Samuel, Clarke R. Jones, Orla Lynch, Ines Marchand, Myriam Denov, Daniel Koehler, Michael J. Williams, John G. Horgan, William
1261:
The model developed by
Community Together Initiative provided an opportunity to show what works in P/CVE programs. The project stressed community relationships, accountability, reporting, and response; which formed part of the existing structures of conflict management at the community level. CTI-II
1257:
In essence, local communities perceive policies as good or bad, depending on the methods of implementation and practice. Discussions about the challenges associated with the impact of violent extremism and terrorism, especially to those directly affected by attacks, are aware of the importance of
1151:
as increasing terrorist attacks have called attention for more critical approaches to media via MIL and the issue of radicalization has been added to the MIL agenda. According to UNESCO, "MIL can effectively contribute to intercultural dialogue, mutual understanding, peace, promote human rights,
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Most studies fail to provide evidence on the drivers of interest in extremist sites, the engagement of social media in these issues, the reasons for the influence of its content, and the correlated external and internal factors, as well as the trajectories of youth who come to perpetuate violent
1228:
To tackle the issue of violent extremism and radicalization in schools, the
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Kenya launched a new national strategy targeting youth in 2014, entitled Initiatives to Address Radicalization of the Youth in Educational Institutions in the Republic of
1194:
Some research supports the effectiveness of these interventions. For example, raising awareness among individuals about the psychological manipulation techniques employed by extremist organizations has been shown to have an impact. However, this effect appears to be weaker in conflict regions.
1253:
Other than the education project in Kenya, there are other initiatives that strive to respond to the challenge of violent extremism and terrorism. While responding to the drivers, one critical component includes the challenge of profiling and poor relationship between the community and the law
973:, as well as the reinforcement, identification and engagement of a (self)-selected audience that is interested in radical and violent messages. The synthesis of evidence shows, at its best, that social media is an environment that facilitates violent radicalization, rather than driving it.
1274:
Some research suggests, however, that "women are serious candidates for violent radicalization." Although there may be a gender-based distribution of tasks (e.g. especially where participation in combat is involved), this distinction does not apply when it comes to embracing the radical
1303:
claim of women coming forward to take their place in the fighting, which coincides with a structured use of communication processes by terrorist groups to recruit them. The
Internet allows women to move out of relative invisibility, without crossing the limits drawn by their ideology.
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While it is being increasingly reported that women play an active role in violent extremist organizations and attacks as assailants and supporters, men are still more often the perpetrators of violent extremist acts and therefore the targets of recruitment campaigns.
1254:
enforcement agencies; who are at the forefront, when dealing with violent extremism. Over the years, programs have often assumed the linkage between good relationships between the community, and law enforcement agencies, as a means of preventing violent extremism.
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In spite of the growing presence of radicalized women online, the number of articles devoted to gender and radicalization on social media is very low. One possible explanation may stem from the fact that many women cloak their female identity online, because of a
1152:
freedom of expression, and counter hate, radicalization, and violent extremism." MIL has also been described as a strategy for "reducing demand for extremist content as a means to increase awareness of democracy, pluralism, and peaceful ideas for advancement."
1120:(GCED) as an emerging approach to education that focuses on developing learners’ knowledge, skills, values and attitudes in view of their active participation in the peaceful and sustainable development of their societies. GCED aims to instill respect for
1215:
and run by the Social
Welfare Academics and Training organization (SWAaT) since 2009, has been implemented to deradicalize and rehabilitate former militant youth who were involved in violent extremist activities and apprehended by the army in
1865:. Countering violent extremism is about preventing violence before it occurs. Countering violent extremism is a long-term challenge. It requires the combined efforts of governments, law enforcement, community groups, academia and individuals.
948:
and spread their ideology online." The increase of online
English-language extremist material in recent years is readily available with guidance to plan violent activity. "English-language web forums foster a sense of community and further
843:
There is no single profile or pathway for radicalization, or even speed at which it happens. Nor does the level of education seem to be a reliable predictor of vulnerability to radicalization. It is however established that there are
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mechanisms to promote a culture of peace, tolerance, intercultural and interreligious dialogue that involve youth and discourage their participation in acts of violence, terrorism, xenophobia, and all forms of discrimination.”
1244:
and school programs; adopting a multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder approach; encouraging student participation through student governance processes and peer-to-peer education; and the involvement of media as a stakeholder.
809:" is considered by some to be a contentious term, its general use has come to regard the process by which an individual or group adopts violence as a desirable and legitimate means of action. According to the
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Developing resilience to resist extremist narratives and acquire the social-emotional skills they need to overcome their doubts and engage constructively in society without having to resort to violence.
957:, and for terrorist recruiting, training, and planning. It is a means of social networking for like-minded extremists... including those who are not yet radicalized, but who may become so through the
831:(VEO) is defined as groups of "individuals who support or commit ideologically motivated violence to further political goals". This may include both international terrorist organizations (ITO) and
39:
813:, extremism is a term used to characterize a variety of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that often are on the extreme end of the political, religious, or ideological spectrum within
1233:. For example, it includes efforts to create child-friendly school environments and encourages students to participate in “talent academies” to pursue an area of their own interest.
2429:
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through violent extremism. These initiatives aim at creating digital counter-narratives that are authentic and reflect youth perceptions of self and others, especially in terms of
1882:
Miller, Martin A. (2022). "The
Dynamics of Entangled Political Violence: From the Greensboro Massacre (1979) to the War on Terror (2001)". In Larres, Klaus; Hof, Tobias (eds.).
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acts. Some evidence suggests that the
Internet and social media may play a role in the violent radicalization process, mainly through the dissemination of information and
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as compared to their male counterparts. When they are radicalized, women may appear more indoctrinated than men and more prone to encourage political violence.
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or the perception thereof; limited access to quality and relevant education; the denial of rights and civil liberties; and other environmental, historical, and
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of, or the legitimation of, violent attacks. Some reports reveal that women recognize the same truths and accept the same rules of compliance validated by
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254:
3155:"Active inoculation boosts attitudinal resistance against extremist persuasion techniques: a novel approach towards the prevention of violent extremism"
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factors that lead to violent extremism. Specialists group these factors into three main categories: push factors, pull factors, and contextual factors.
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the religious war it desperately wants. But, for the most part, both sides agree that when Obama says "violent extremists" he actually means "violent
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and the surrounding areas in
Pakistan. Based on an individualized approach and intervention, the project follows a three-step model (see image).
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1069:’s Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism which recognizes the importance of quality education to address the drivers of this phenomenon.
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Von Knop, Katharina. (2007). Hypermedia Seduction for Terrorist Recruiting. Conference Papers -- International Studies Association, 1.
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Gonzales, Daniel (2022). "It's Getting Harder to Do: Countering Terrorist Use of the Internet". In Larres, Klaus; Hof, Tobias (eds.).
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young people has only recently gained global acceptance. An important step in this direction was the launch, in December 2015, of the
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Contextual factors provide a favourable terrain to the emergence of violent extremist groups, such as: fragile states, the lack of
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Online recruitment functions differently at a distance and reshuffles the roles of men and women alike. One identified trend is a
1203:
3196:"Inoculating against extremist persuasion techniques – Results from a randomised controlled trial in post-conflict areas in Iraq"
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calls the president's refusal to utter the 'I' word "cowardice." The president's backers defend it as a savvy refusal to give
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Galland, Olivier (2020). "Religious Radicalism: from Absolutism to Violence". In Galland, Olivier; Muxel, Anne (eds.).
2019:
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Regular viewing of internet sites and participation in social media networks that condone radical or extremist views.
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Fox, Jonathan (2021). "Chapter 1: FUNDAMENTALIST EXTREMISM AND POLITICS". In Mathew, Mathews; Tay, Melvin (eds.).
1859: • advocates the use of violence by others, to achieve a political, ideological or religious goal.
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2027:
1704:"Dual Narratives of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict in Court: Shaping the Perception of International Terrorism"
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Saleh, Nabil F.; Roozenbeek, Jon; Makki, Fadi A.; Mcclanahan, William P.; Linden, Sander Van Der (July 2024).
2495:"Strain theory, resilience, and far-right extremism: The impact of gender, life experiences, and the internet"
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Strategic Implementation Plan for Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States
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Combining Social Network Analysis and Sentiment Analysis to Explore the Potential for Online Radicalization
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Neumann, P. R. (2013). Options and strategies for countering online radicalization in the United States.
2158:"A comparison of extreme religious and political ideologies: Similar worldviews but different grievances"
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Preventing violent extremism through education: effective activities and impact; policy brief
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Fostering critically informed citizens able to constructively engage in peaceful collective action.
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3090:"Global Citizenship Education - Preparing learners for the challenges of the twenty-first century"
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The following behaviors in combination have been identified as signs of potential radicalization:
3430:
3405:
3384:. 2009 International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (pp. 231-236).
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Schoenberger, Robert A. (September 1968). "Conservatism, Personality, and Political Extremism".
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Bermingham, Adam, Conway, Maura, McInerney, Lisa, O’Hare, Neil, & Smeaton, Alan F. (2009).
3108:"Preventing violent extremism through education: effective activities and impact; policy brief"
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Several formal and informal MIL initiatives have been implemented worldwide based on MIL as a
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Kenya’s initiatives to address radicalization of community and law enforcement engagement
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have exploited—and continue to exploit—the Internet to plan, recruit, train and execute
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can be used as a "facilitator—even an accelerant—for terrorist and criminal activity."
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1657:, 1-167, SĂ©raphin Alava, Divina Frau-Meigs, Ghayda Hassan, UNESCO. UNESCO.
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17:
2754:"Countering violent extremism: developing an evidence-base for policy and practice"
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2156:
van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Kuijper, Sophia M.H.C. (June 2020). Colin, Cooper (ed.).
1765:
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Kenya’s initiatives to address radicalization of youth in educational institutions
864:"Push factors" are factors which drive individuals to violent extremism, such as:
3194:
Saleh, Nabil; Makki, Fadi; Van der Linden, Sander; Roozenbeek, Jon (2023-09-11).
1794:
Violent extremist threats come from a range of groups and individuals, including
1632:
Preventing violent extremism through education: A guide for policy makers
1092:
they need to dialogue, face disagreement and learn peaceful approaches to change.
2871:
2673:"Educating against Extremism: Towards a Critical Politicisation of Young People"
2550:
Posard, Marek N.; Payne, Leslie Adrienne; Miller, Laura L. (16 September 2021).
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1017:, rejection of authority, refusal to interact socially, signs of withdrawal and
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Testimony before Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
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1936:"How is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts"
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of young people by foreign and homegrown terrorist groups frequently occurs on
3381:
3039:"Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism. Report of the Secretary-General"
2700:
2470:
2339:
2070:
1489:
1359:
1241:
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Kenya. The Strategy adopted measures that service the students’ interests and
1184:
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3219:
3180:
2948:
Hearing Before Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
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2322:. Youth in a Globalizing World. Vol. 11. Translated by Hamilton, Peter.
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2020:"The Punishment of the Grave: A Neglected Motivation for Jihad and Martyrdom"
1971:
1962:
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3337:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security
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2241:
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1934:
Bardall, Gabrielle; BjarnegĂĄrd, Elin; Piscopo, Jennifer M. (November 2020).
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The Strategy also includes the discontinuation of ranking schools based on
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1703:
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Change in behaviour relating to food, clothing, language, and/or finances.
3243:
Preventing violent extremism through education: A guide for policy makers
2905:"Nine Years After 9/11: Confronting the Terrorist Threat to the Homeland"
2858:. Security, Conflict, and Cooperation in the Contemporary World (SCCCW).
2507:
Critical Approaches to Extreme Right Wing Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
2396:"Countering ISIS: Why Obama Is Right to Use the Term "Violent Extremism""
2171:
1886:. Security, Conflict, and Cooperation in the Contemporary World (SCCCW).
1834:
1807:
1654:
Youth and violent extremism on social media: mapping the research
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1300:
1280:
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913:
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767:
389:
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2449:'s insistence that America is fighting "violent extremism" rather than "
2053:
2473:
argues, "The Obama people, not being idiots, understand very well that
2277:
1857: • a person or group who is willing to use violence; or
1548:
1168:
953:
new recruits". The Internet has "become a tool for spreading extremist
441:
379:
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3211:
3017:
2571:
2327:
2323:
1144:
1113:
476:
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Education has been identified as preventing radicalization through:
790:, and can manifest in connection with a range of issues, including
2672:
2320:
Radical Thought among the Young: A Survey of French Lycée Students
2062:
1979:
1494:
1202:
1188:
1164:
1100:
1048:
990:
29:
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Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media: Mapping the Research
2600:(Washington, D.C.: Office of the President, 2011), available at:
2104:
Religion and Identity Politics: Global Trends and Local Realities
2458:
2285:
2197:
1811:
1743:
1610:
A Teacher’s Guide on the Prevention of Violent Extremism
3073:"Global Citizenship Education – Topics and Learning Objectives"
3056:"UN Security Council Resolution 2250, adopted in December 2015"
1669:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from
3141:
Youth & Consequences. Unemployment, Injustice and Violence
2552:"Reducing the Risk of Extremist Activity in the U.S. Military"
2856:
Terrorism and Transatlantic Relations: Threats and Challenges
2442:
For weeks now, pundits and politicians have been raging over
1884:
Terrorism and Transatlantic Relations: Threats and Challenges
934:
Security, Conflict, and Cooperation in the Contemporary World
1103:
and question the legitimacy and appeal of extremist beliefs.
1000:
Sudden break with the family and long-standing friendships.
2824:
Mueller, Robert S. III; Director of the FBI (2010-10-06).
2805:"A Teacher's Guide on the Prevention of Violent Extremism"
1287:
Online gender issues in religious violent radicalization
2731:"USAID Summary of Factors Effecting Violent Extremism"
2151:
2149:
3298:"Building Relationships to Prevent Violent Extremism"
2225:
2223:
1827:"Living Safe Together – What Is Violent Extremism?"
1510:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
1207:
Sabaoon's deradicalization and rehabilitation model
1013:Changes in attitudes and behavior towards others:
1929:
1927:
1800:homegrown violent extremists in the United States
1040:Prevention of radicalization and deradicalization
2849:
2847:
2845:
2493:Skoczylis, Joshua; Andrews, Sam (January 2022).
2389:
2387:
2313:
2311:
1647:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
1625:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
1603:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
1053:Key dimensions of preventing violent extremism
782:. Violent extremist views often conflate with
2013:
2011:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1778:United States Department of Homeland Security
740:
8:
3360:Hussein H. & Moreno Al-AjamĂ® C. (2016).
3129:https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2013.784568
2776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2752:P. Evans, Stevan Weine, Ahmed (2015-09-22).
1693:
1691:
1689:
1665: This article incorporates text from a
1643: This article incorporates text from a
1621: This article incorporates text from a
1599: This article incorporates text from a
27:Extremism perpetrated through violent means
2819:
2817:
2630:Henley-Putnam School of Strategic Security
2097:
2095:
2037:International Centre for Counter-Terrorism
1296:bias, making them impossible to identify.
1007:and conflicts with the educational system.
747:
733:
565:
104:
53:
3296:Scofield Associates (28 September 2019).
3170:
2655:
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2518:
2179:
2119:
2052:
1961:
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202:Special-interest / Single-issue
3125:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 36
2830:Speech at Preparedness Group Conference
1685:
614:
579:
235:
200:
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65:
3249:. Paris, UNESCO. pp. 24, 36, 41.
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2983:
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2979:
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2254:American Political Science Association
2163:Personality and Individual Differences
1211:The Sabaoon Project, initiated by the
550:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
3376:
3374:
3356:
3354:
3327:, GSDRC. Accessed on 2 November 2016.
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
2941:"Ten Years After 9/11: Are We Safer?"
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2614:"Is the Hybrid Threat a True Threat?"
2578:from the original on 13 February 2023
7:
1149:Media and Information Literacy (MIL)
1140:Media and Information Literacy (MIL)
1061:in preventing violent extremism and
2394:Beinart, Peter (20 February 2015).
3272:"Community Together Initiative II"
2432:from the original on 11 April 2023
1861:Violent extremism has no place in
1845:from the original on 23 March 2023
25:
3270:Muliru, Scofield (31 July 2019).
2826:"Countering the Terrorism Threat"
2677:International Review of Education
2233:American Political Science Review
1675:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
1635:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
1613:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
1147:has also emphasized the need for
2939:Olsen, Matthew G. (2011-09-13).
1660:
1638:
1616:
1594:
1159:practice with a specific set of
2479:overwhelmingly Muslim character
2080:from the original on 2 May 2024
1784:from the original on 3 May 2023
1709:Journal of Contemporary History
1198:
1163:that can deflect narratives of
1074:United Nations Security Council
829:violent extremist organizations
3339:. Accessed on 1 December 2016.
2903:Leiter, Michael (2010-09-22).
2018:Karimi, Nima (December 2023).
1804:international terrorist groups
1766:"Countering Violent Extremism"
1099:to investigate claims, verify
896:Radicalization on the Internet
774:or deliberate intent, such as
1:
2993:& Hassan, Ghayda (2017).
2618:Journal of Strategic Security
2612:Raugh, David L. (June 2016).
2520:10.1080/17539153.2022.2031137
2499:Critical Studies on Terrorism
1954:Political Studies Association
1831:www.livingsafetogether.gov.au
1702:; Neuburger, Mary C. (eds.).
1855:Violent extremism refers to:
1649:license statement/permission
1627:license statement/permission
1605:license statement/permission
1134:environmental sustainability
1118:Global Citizenship Education
936:(SCCCW) series published by
833:homegrown violent extremists
38:(RAF) bombing attack of the
3362:Le djihad fantasmé de Daesh
3324:Women and violent extremism
2872:10.1007/978-3-030-83347-3_8
2465:extremists." After all, my
1900:10.1007/978-3-030-83347-3_3
1344:Online youth radicalization
928:. According to a report on
902:Online youth radicalization
545:Designated terrorist groups
3457:
2639:10.5038/1944-0472.9.2.1507
2250:Cambridge University Press
2181:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109888
2121:10.1142/9789811235504_0001
1698:Porat, Dan (August 2024).
1581:Zionist political violence
1571:Jewish religious terrorism
1199:Pakistan's Sabaoon Project
908:Terrorism and social media
905:
899:
714:Anti-terrorism legislation
3159:Behavioural Public Policy
2999:(PDF). UNESCO. pp. 1-167.
2701:10.1007/s11159-008-9126-8
2340:10.1163/9789004432369_003
2028:Perspectives on Terrorism
1446:Christianity and violence
766:that condones and enacts
709:International conventions
616:State-sponsored terrorism
3426:Sociological terminology
3366:cdradical.hypotheses.org
2758:Australian Policy Online
2626:Rapid City, South Dakota
2560:Santa Monica, California
1963:10.1177/0032321719881812
1456:Christian fundamentalism
572:Violent non-state actors
3321:Carter, Becky. (2013).
2475:international terrorism
1651:). Text taken from
1629:). Text taken from
1607:). Text taken from
314:Clandestine cell system
3200:Advances.in/Psychology
1517:Islamic fundamentalism
1208:
1179:, felt experiences of
1054:
926:social media platforms
482:Propaganda of the deed
51:
40:U.S. Air Forces Europe
3416:Political terminology
3139:Mercy Corps. (2015).
2671:Davies, Lynn (2009).
1839:Australian Government
1727:10.1177/0022009424126
1566:Jewish fundamentalism
1397:Religious nationalism
1206:
1052:
1015:anti-social behaviour
906:Further information:
698:Response to terrorism
319:Leaderless resistance
33:
2866:. pp. 165–190.
2511:Taylor & Francis
1556:Judaism and violence
1422:Right-wing terrorism
1392:Religious fanaticism
1382:Political radicalism
1339:Nonviolent extremism
1238:academic performance
1191:by security forces.
1090:interpersonal skills
1067:UN Secretary-General
137:Right-wing/Far-right
18:Protestant extremism
3302:Scofield Associates
3276:Scofield Associates
3172:10.1017/bpp.2020.60
2693:2009IREdu..55..183D
2558:. Expert Insights.
1796:domestic terrorists
1461:Christian terrorism
1432:Terrorism financing
1427:Religious terrorism
1417:Left-wing terrorism
1334:Far-right extremism
1033:conspiracy theories
1029:apocalyptic beliefs
719:Terrorism insurance
520:Rockets and mortars
260:Resistance movement
2991:Frau-Meigs, Divina
2864:Palgrave Macmillan
2410:Emerson Collective
2334:. pp. 24–62.
1894:. pp. 33–42.
1892:Palgrave Macmillan
1480:Islam and violence
1412:Domestic terrorism
1402:Religious violence
1387:Political violence
1365:Online hate speech
1329:Far-left extremism
1209:
1055:
1005:drop-out of school
977:Contextual factors
938:Palgrave Macmillan
788:political violence
780:political violence
365:Aircraft hijacking
122:Left-wing/Far-left
52:
3256:978-92-3-100215-1
3212:10.56296/aip00005
3061:. United Nations.
3044:. United Nations.
3010:"Stop-Djihadisme"
2989:Alava, SĂ©raphin;
2881:978-3-030-83347-3
2860:Cham, Switzerland
2596:The White House,
2572:10.7249/PEA1447-1
2349:978-90-04-43236-9
2252:on behalf of the
2131:978-981-123-551-1
2114:. pp. 3–26.
1952:on behalf of the
1950:SAGE Publications
1941:Political Studies
1909:978-3-030-83347-3
1888:Cham, Switzerland
1780:. 22 March 2016.
1718:SAGE Publications
1700:Evans, Richard J.
1527:Islamic terrorism
1505:Islamic extremism
1451:Christian fascism
1097:critical thinking
946:terrorist attacks
930:counter-terrorism
870:social inequality
760:Violent extremism
757:
756:
704:Counter-terrorism
689:
688:
447:Individual terror
268:
267:
245:Violent extremism
44:Ramstein Air Base
34:Aftermath of the
16:(Redirected from
3448:
3385:
3378:
3369:
3358:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3237:
3224:
3223:
3191:
3185:
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3174:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3121:
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3114:
3112:
3103:
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3094:
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3080:
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3077:
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3063:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3016:. Archived from
3006:
3000:
2987:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2950:. Archived from
2945:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2914:. Archived from
2909:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2782:
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2775:
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2748:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2641:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2564:RAND Corporation
2547:
2541:
2540:
2522:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2439:
2437:
2406:Washington, D.C.
2391:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2332:Brill Publishers
2315:
2306:
2305:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2183:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2123:
2112:World Scientific
2099:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2056:
2024:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1965:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1879:
1868:
1867:
1852:
1850:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1791:
1789:
1774:Washington, D.C.
1762:
1756:
1755:
1729:
1695:
1664:
1642:
1620:
1598:
1324:Deradicalization
1266:Gender disparity
1173:self-realization
1019:social isolation
811:RAND Corporation
800:gender relations
749:
742:
735:
566:
539:Terrorist groups
521:
255:Militia movement
222:Green/Ecological
127:Narcotics-driven
105:
54:
42:headquarters at
36:Red Army Faction
21:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3441:Warfare by type
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3379:
3372:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3246:
3240:UNESCO (2017).
3239:
3238:
3227:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3134:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:UNESCO (2018).
3105:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3014:Stop-Djihadisme
3008:
3007:
3003:
2988:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2882:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2785:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2685:Springer Verlag
2670:
2669:
2665:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2435:
2433:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2350:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2262:10.2307/1953436
2229:
2228:
2221:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2132:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1910:
1881:
1880:
1871:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1846:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1787:
1785:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1682:
1591:
1542:Salafi jihadism
1473:Hindu terrorism
1442:
1315:
1310:
1289:
1268:
1251:
1226:
1201:
1142:
1130:gender equality
1116:has emphasized
1084:Developing the
1047:
1042:
979:
942:jihadist groups
910:
904:
898:
890:
866:marginalization
862:
841:
825:military jargon
753:
724:
723:
699:
691:
690:
685:
610:
581:State terrorism
563:
555:
554:
540:
532:
531:
530:
526:Vehicle-ramming
519:
354:
352:
335:
334:
333:
278:
270:
269:
264:
250:Ethnic violence
231:
196:
141:
102:
91:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3454:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Radicalization
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3370:
3350:
3341:
3329:
3314:
3288:
3262:
3255:
3225:
3186:
3165:(3): 548–571.
3145:
3132:
3127:(6), 431-459.
3116:
3098:
3081:
3064:
3047:
3030:
3001:
2967:
2931:
2895:
2880:
2841:
2813:
2783:
2743:
2722:
2663:
2604:
2589:
2542:
2485:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2348:
2307:
2219:
2145:
2130:
2091:
2007:
2001:
1923:
1908:
1869:
1818:
1757:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1636:
1614:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:Jewish fascism
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1441:
1440:Specific forms
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1349:Radicalization
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1314:
1313:Related topics
1311:
1309:
1306:
1288:
1285:
1267:
1264:
1250:
1247:
1225:
1222:
1200:
1197:
1181:discrimination
1141:
1138:
1126:social justice
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1093:
1063:deradicalizing
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1022:
1011:
1008:
1001:
978:
975:
918:Radicalization
900:Main article:
897:
894:
889:
886:
882:socio-economic
874:discrimination
861:
858:
846:socio-economic
840:
837:
807:radicalization
755:
754:
752:
751:
744:
737:
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556:
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552:
547:
541:
538:
537:
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533:
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509:Suicide attack
506:
501:
500:
499:
494:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
442:Hostage-taking
439:
434:
429:
427:Cyberterrorism
424:
419:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
387:
377:
372:
362:
360:Agro-terrorism
356:
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347:
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341:
340:
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316:
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294:Radicalization
291:
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236:Related topics
233:
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208:
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181:Salafi-Wahhabi
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129:
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119:
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108:
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63:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3453:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Violent crime
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3020:on 2015-01-28
3019:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2957:on 2011-10-15
2953:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2921:on 2010-11-28
2917:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
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2800:
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2755:
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2726:
2723:
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2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
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2674:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
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2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2477:possesses an
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:Rudy Giuliani
2452:
2451:radical Islam
2448:
2445:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:, as well as
1801:
1797:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
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1679:
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1646:
1641:
1637:
1634:
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660:Soviet Union
596:Soviet Union
422:Bioterrorism
385:Animal-borne
244:
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3307:22 November
3281:22 November
2687:: 183–203.
2556:Perspective
2513:: 143–168.
2256:: 868–877.
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1956:: 916–935.
1770:www.dhs.gov
1720:: 576–596.
1372:Integralism
1360:hate groups
1356:Hate speech
1294:masculinist
1161:competences
1157:pedagogical
1095:Developing
991:criminality
983:rule of law
878:persecution
827:, the term
772:ideological
309:Death squad
212:Suffragette
132:Nationalist
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3395:Categories
3024:2016-12-06
2961:2011-11-10
2925:2010-11-28
2835:2010-11-28
2763:2016-12-06
2471:David Frum
2469:colleague
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1680:References
1490:Boko Haram
1231:well-being
1185:corruption
987:corruption
971:propaganda
963:cyberspace
955:propaganda
805:Although "
606:Uzbekistan
591:Kazakhstan
457:Kidnapping
452:Insurgency
400:Improvised
227:Misogynist
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3406:Extremism
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3181:2398-063X
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2772:cite news
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1407:Terrorism
1377:Martyrdom
1319:Extremism
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1177:injustice
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776:religious
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375:Beheading
324:Lone wolf
284:Financing
277:Structure
162:Christian
147:Religious
117:Communist
112:Anarchist
87:Incidents
67:Terrorism
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2632:: 1–13.
2576:Archived
2467:Atlantic
2430:Archived
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2246:New York
2206:04965018
2198:85647765
2172:Elsevier
2075:Archived
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1301:feminist
1277:ideology
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796:religion
792:politics
768:violence
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289:Fronting
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100:ideology
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1171:and/or
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