96:
435:
450:
175:. Some Russian prisoners were converted by German missionaries and returned home to preach to others. The 1920s saw new opportunities for missionary work as the Bolshevik regime initially seemed to offer an olive branch to those identified as ‘sectarians’. In the 1930s, Stalinist repression decimated church life, with many arrests and church closures, but this was not the end of the story. The Second World War saw a relaxation of church-state relations in the Soviet Union and the Protestant community benefited alongside their
551:
30:
280:
46:
115:
1738:
272:
611:, and Protestant churches, who joined efforts in the cause of Bible translation and distribution. The publications by the Russian Bible Society are based on the shared doctrine of the early Christian church and include non-confessional commentary. Over 1,000,000 Bible-related books are printed every year. The Bible is also being translated into the native languages and dialects of Russia's ethnic groups.
1748:
183:
in these years. Statistics provided by the leaders of the registered church suggest 250,000 baptised members in 1946 rising to 540,000 by 1958. In fact the influence of the
Protestantism was much wider than these figures suggest: in addition to the existence of unregistered Baptist and Pentecostal
596:
since its establishment in 1813 and up to 1826 distributed more than 500 thousand copies of Bible related books in 41 languages in Russia. Several times in the 19th and 20th centuries the activities of the
Society were stopped due to the reactionary policies of the Russian Government.
226:
In the period after the Second World War, Protestant believers in the USSR (Baptists, Pentecostals, Adventists etc.) were forced into mental hospitals and endured trials and imprisonment (often for refusal to enter military service). Some were even deprived of their
315:
Christianity, emphasizing the spiritual meaning of the sacraments and basing their views on scripture. The
Strigolniki opposed the Orthodox church, refusing to recognize its bishops and priests. Active participants of the sect were tradespeople and low-ranking
146:) in Russia appeared in the 16th and 17th centuries in major towns and cities such as Moscow in connection with expatriate communities from western Europe. The Lutheran churches, in particular, represented a sizeable minority in pre-1917 Russia.
263:
rural communes, who prepared the ground for the movement's future spread. The first evidence on some of the above communes' existence appeared in 16th – 17th centuries. Many of the above communities emigrated to Canada, the United States and
195:, and encouraged congregations to register, this did not signal the end to the persecution of Christians. Many leaders and ordinary believers of different Protestant communities fell victims to the persecution by Communist regime, including
485:
374:
had multiple
Protestant-like aspects, they rejected the Orthodox priesthood, icons, had their own presbyters, they held the bible as their main guide and interpreted the sacraments "spiritually", being in many ways similar to the
1182:
The
English Quakers, who had made contact with the Doukhobors earlier, as well as the Philadelphia Society of Friends, also determined to help with their emigration from Russia to some other country—the only action which seemed
569:, took place in the 16th and 17th centuries. But the mentioned works (by the deacon of Posolsky Prikaz Avraamiy Firsov, pastor E.Gluk, archbishop Methodiy (Smirnov)) were lost during political turbulence and wars.
72:
in Russia, who have similarities to
Protestantism. By 2004, there were 4,435 registered Protestant societies representing 21% of all registered religious organizations, which is second place after
946:
in the middle of the fourteenth century the
Strigolniki heresy broke out in Russia, chiefly in the cities in the north of the country, which gave this movement a proto-Reformation character
176:
359:", in their view) to the benefit of the clergy. Criticizing and exposing the venality, vices, and ignorance of the priests, the Strigolniki demanded the right to a religious
635:
511:
Some
Protestants (especially at provincial level) report encountering obstruction by local authorities of their activities and government restrictions. In April 2007, the
766:
379:. The Molokans had multiple sects branched off them, including: Detei Khrista or Mokrye Molokane 'wet Molokans' were a Molokan group who practiced water baptism, the
168:
communities arose in unrelated strains in three widely separated regions of the
Russian Empire (Transcaucasia, Ukraine, and St. Petersburg) in the 1860s and 1870s.
929:
1226:
The only contact with
Mennonites was the period 1802–41 when they lived in the Molotschna, where Johann Cornies (q.v.) rendered them considerable assistance.
625:
2161:
79:
Many missionaries operating in the country are from Protestant denominations. According to a global survey conducted at the end of 2013, 1% of surveyed
1627:
1912:
95:
1842:
1652:
592:, is widely used by Protestant communities all over Russia and the former USSR countries. Several modern translations have recently appeared. The
554:
1784:
515:
obliged Russian state to pay EUR 10,000 (ten thousand euros) as a non-pecuniary damage for the refusal in registration of the Moscow branch of
64:
constitute 1–2% (i.e. 1.5 million – 3 million adherents) of the overall population of the country. Additionally there are around 15.000–20.000
1138:
1111:
1059:
1032:
1005:
939:
895:
868:
489:
1379:
1703:
2049:
1862:
185:
2110:
1887:
1462:
103:
2166:
1219:
1175:
733:
1713:
434:
184:
groups, there were also thousands who attended worship without taking baptism. Many Baptist and Pentecostal congregations were in
2156:
2125:
2077:
1974:
1969:
1667:
1572:
383:
were Molokans who merged with Baptists, practicing spiritual baptism instead of water baptism, one congregation still exists in
1049:
659:
2082:
1934:
1677:
1672:
561:
The first attempts to translate the books of the Bible into the contemporary Russian language as an alternative to the older
512:
858:
2087:
1622:
1587:
1128:
1282:
885:
600:
The Russian Bible Society was reinstated in 1990–1991 after an interruption due to restrictions under the Soviet regime.
2034:
1402:
1022:
200:
1708:
995:
2004:
1964:
1944:
1924:
1827:
1632:
1607:
1502:
1422:
1412:
2115:
1939:
1777:
1597:
1592:
1542:
1472:
958:
603:
The opening ceremony of the Building of the Russian Bible Society in Moscow was attended by representatives of the
1512:
1507:
2135:
2120:
2105:
2067:
2019:
2014:
1989:
1847:
1662:
1612:
1567:
1547:
1522:
1452:
914:(Moscow: Nauk, 1993); David M Goldfrank, "Burn, Baby, Burn: Popular Culture and Heresy in Late Medieval Russia,"
1718:
530:
Since 2016, Russian Protestants face increased restrictions on public and private evangelism as a result of the
449:
2044:
1994:
1954:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1852:
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1817:
1812:
1807:
1637:
1552:
1537:
1532:
1437:
1407:
1394:
1372:
562:
171:
From the information of Christian History Institute, the number of Baptists in Russia significantly grew after
34:
1417:
860:
Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]
1517:
1497:
1260:
683:
2130:
2072:
2039:
2029:
2009:
1984:
1979:
1959:
1929:
1897:
1882:
1857:
1793:
1723:
1682:
1617:
1487:
1447:
1432:
1427:
1101:
604:
535:
520:
308:
73:
1562:
1482:
1477:
2024:
1949:
1919:
1642:
1602:
1577:
1557:
1492:
1467:
1457:
1442:
620:
367:. Their sermons were full of social motifs: they reproached the rich for enslaving the free and the poor.
99:
1770:
1527:
1163:
593:
589:
577:
461:
179:. The immediate post-war period saw the growth of Baptist and Pentecostal congregations and there was a
550:
534:. According to experts, the law is likely to be interpreted in a way to block churches other than the
239:
The history of indigenous, Russian evangelical Protestantism was anticipated by movements such as the
505:
501:
473:
1692:
1365:
630:
410:, instead believing in continual revelation. The Doukhobors have maintained close association with
304:
150:
1747:
789:
423:
180:
1215:
1171:
1134:
1107:
1055:
1028:
1001:
935:
891:
864:
497:
384:
192:
154:
307:
characteristics. According to Karetnikova, the Strigolniki were a response to changes in the
228:
196:
1167:
1156:
931:
Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe
781:
406:. However the Dukhobors also have major differences from Anabaptists, especially by denying
204:
38:
29:
737:
539:
418:
due to similar religious practices; all of these groups are collectively considered to be
380:
143:
119:
188:. Women were almost as many as men in these congregations, though the pastors were male.
887:
Rethinking Missio Dei among Evangelical Churches in an Eastern European Orthodox Context
730:
1306:
608:
516:
419:
407:
279:
208:
45:
114:
2150:
1741:
997:
On the Edge: Baptists and Other Free Church Evangelicals in Tsarist Russia, 1855–1917
585:
581:
566:
312:
265:
220:
17:
1249:
Seventh-day Adventist Church Number Two in Russia, Worldwide Faith News, August 1998
821:
The Dukhobors and Molokans, Spirit Christian Communities in Russia, Scrollpublishing
793:
453:
Largest in Russia, Pentecostal House of Prayer, former the Lenin Palace of Culture,
207:(1895–1980) spent almost his entire life after 1931 in prison and died in a camp in
576:
translation into the Russian language began in 1813 after the establishment of the
531:
493:
454:
321:
785:
76:. By contrast in 1992 the Protestants reportedly had 510 organizations in Russia.
1077:"Taxonomy of 3 Spiritual Christian groups: Molokane, Pryguny and Dukh-i-zhizniki"
1751:
1051:
Fundamentalism: Ethnographies on Minorities, Discrimination and Transnationalism
523:
labeled Jehovah's Witnesses an extremist organization, banned its activities in
469:
328:
288:
240:
212:
172:
139:
127:
84:
54:
754:
State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), f. 6991, op. 4, d. 6 and d. 94.
271:
962:Русское богоискательство. Национальные корни евангельско-баптистского движения
640:
411:
395:
391:
336:
300:
256:
65:
1336:
1158:
Folk Furniture of Canada's Doukhobors, Hutterites, Mennonites and Ukrainians
477:
356:
340:
332:
324:
260:
158:
131:
486:
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia
1762:
660:"Kremlin Official Says Protestantism Among Russia's Traditional Religions"
767:"Protestant women in the late Soviet era: gender, authority, and dissent"
508:. Virtually all Protestant denominations are represented in the country.
481:
465:
403:
248:
80:
50:
1357:
1351:
741:
415:
399:
376:
371:
348:
344:
311:, the Strigolniki wanted to return from ritualism to the simplicity of
299:
in the middle of the 14th and first half of the 15th century, they had
252:
244:
219:
and many perished there, including one of the leaders of the movement,
165:
107:
106:. Herself born into a German Lutheran aristocratic family, she invited
69:
1317:
524:
441:
364:
360:
317:
292:
1154:
Fleming, John A.; Rowan, Michael J.; Chambers, James Albert (2004).
1076:
982:
Antifeodal'nye ereticheskie dvizheniia na Rusi XIV-nachala XVI veka
846:
Simon Fraser University, The Doukhobor Collection, Dukhobor History
1331:
573:
549:
448:
433:
270:
113:
94:
44:
1100:
Jackson, Margaret; Griffiths, Curt Taylor; Hatch, Alison (1991).
1347:
Russian Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith (Pentecostals)
1346:
296:
118:
Oldest active Protestant church in Russia, Lutheran, previously
1766:
1361:
352:
527:
and issued an order to confiscate the organization's assets.
243:
in the 14th century and later in the 16th–18th centuries the
720:
US State Department Religious Freedom Report on Russia, 2006
193:
All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians-Baptists in 1944
1103:
Canadian Criminology: Perspectives on Crime and Criminality
565:, by that time used primarily in liturgical settings among
460:
The major groupings of Protestants in Russia today are the
110:, who often happened to be Protestant, to settle in Russia.
1341:
810:
L.Alexeeva, chapter 13, Memorial society page, in Russian
1261:"Russian court bans Jehovah's Witnesses as extremist"
984:(Moscow and Leningrad, ANSSSR, 1955), esp. pp. 34–71.
2096:
2058:
1800:
1691:
1651:
1393:
1199:. Mennonite Brethren Publishing House. p. 107.
1332:English language page of the Russian Bible Society
1155:
708:Protestantism in Russia, past, present, and future
636:Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists of Russia
588:was published in 1876. This work, also called the
857:Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010-09-21).
161:, Lutherans, Reformed and also Roman Catholics.
1354:(oral history, archive documents, and analysis)
191:Although the Soviet state had established the
1778:
1373:
1337:Institute for Bible translation in Russia/CIS
1283:"Russia's Ban on Evangelism Is Now in Effect"
8:
1318:History of Russian Bible Society, in Russian
1024:The Russian-Orthodox Tradition and Modernity
912:Strigolniki: Russkie Gumanisty XIV Stoletiia
1214:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 208.
835:Molokans around the world, Molokan web-site
684:"Protestants in Russia: An active minority"
1785:
1771:
1763:
1380:
1366:
1358:
1352:Protestant Communities in the Soviet Union
830:
828:
394:additionally had multiple similarities to
580:. The full edition of the Bible with the
278:
28:
651:
1210:Fahlbusch, Erwin (February 14, 2008).
1195:Dyck, Cornelius J.; Martin, Dennis D.
805:
803:
351:, which had been accompanied by large
235:Forerunners and local reform movements
1106:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Canada.
626:Evangelical Lutheran Church "Concord"
490:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria
7:
1127:Jun, Nathan J.; Wahl, Shane (2010).
731:2013 End of the Year Survey – Russia
555:St. Andrew's Anglican Church, Moscow
440:Seventh-day Adventist Church, 1996,
215:were given 20–25 year prison terms
149:In the 18th century, under Czarina
1342:Russian Baptists Union, in Russian
928:Michalski, Sergiusz (2013-01-11).
157:were invited to Russia, including
104:Johann Baptist von Lampi the Elder
33:Lutheran Church of St. Catherine (
25:
2162:History of Christianity in Russia
1307:Russian Bible Society, in Russian
980:N. A. Kazakova and Ia. S. Lur'e,
884:Ubeivolc, Vladimir (2016-09-30).
1746:
1737:
1736:
1212:The Encyclodedia of Christianity
994:Wardin, Albert W. (2013-10-28).
138:The first Protestant churches (
1704:British Indian Ocean Territory
1238:Russian Baptist Union web-site
916:The Journal of Popular Culture
513:European Court of Human Rights
153:(the Great), large numbers of
1:
1130:New Perspectives on Anarchism
1000:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
786:10.1080/00085006.2016.1157923
765:Dobson and Beliakova (2016).
484:(with largest churches being
438:Stamp of Russia 2001 No 692.
203:movement in the Soviet Union
177:Russian Orthodox counterparts
1133:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1021:Buss, Andreas (2018-11-01).
402:, for example by holding to
268:in 19th and 20th centuries.
496:(mainly of Korean origin),
2183:
1197:The Mennonite Encyclopedia
1048:Mollica, Marcello (2016).
1732:
335:done by Orthodox clergy:
283:Spread of the Strigolniki
2167:Protestantism by country
1794:Protestantism in Europe
1453:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
971:Petrushko 2019 page 456.
918:31, no. 4 (1998): 17–32.
774:Canadian Slavonic Papers
35:Vasileostrovsky District
2157:Protestantism in Russia
1714:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
536:Russian Orthodox Church
521:Supreme Court of Russia
422:due to their belief in
1843:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1054:. LIT Verlag Münster.
890:. Langham Publishing.
621:Christianity in Russia
558:
462:Evangelical Christians
457:
446:
284:
276:
259:, and in 19th century
135:
111:
100:Catherine II of Russia
58:
42:
1388:Protestantism in Asia
1164:University of Alberta
710:, Stetson University.
594:Russian Bible Society
590:Russian Synodal Bible
578:Russian Bible Society
553:
519:. In April 2017, the
452:
437:
320:. They renounced all
282:
274:
201:Seventh-day Adventist
117:
98:
62:Protestants in Russia
48:
32:
18:Protestants in Russia
1628:United Arab Emirates
1075:Andrei, Conovaloff.
506:New Apostolic Church
502:Spiritual Christians
303:tendencies and some
291:were followers of a
2059:States with limited
1655:limited recognition
631:Slavic Christianity
1287:Christianity Today
736:2016-03-04 at the
688:New Eastern Europe
559:
538:from evangelizing
458:
447:
398:and mostly to the
285:
277:
275:Molokan men, 1870s
255:, to some extent,
199:The leader of the
164:The first Russian
136:
112:
59:
43:
2144:
2143:
1760:
1759:
1697:other territories
1140:978-0-7391-3241-8
1113:978-0-7747-3128-7
1061:978-3-643-80201-9
1034:978-90-474-0272-5
1007:978-1-62032-962-7
959:Каретникова М. С.
941:978-1-134-92102-7
897:978-1-78368-126-6
870:978-1-59884-204-3
546:Bible translation
468:(most numerous),
181:religious revival
124:Kirche in Sarepta
74:Eastern Orthodoxy
16:(Redirected from
2174:
2097:Dependencies and
1801:Sovereign states
1787:
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1709:Christmas Island
1395:Sovereign states
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1081:www.molokane.org
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305:proto-Protestant
205:Vladimir Shelkov
39:Saint Petersburg
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381:Sukhie Baptisty
309:Orthodox church
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155:German settlers
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1513:South Korea
1508:North Korea
1403:Afghanistan
396:Anabaptists
329:monasticism
289:Strigolniki
241:Strigolniki
173:World War I
128:Old Sarepta
85:Protestants
68:and 40.000
55:Vladivostok
2151:Categories
2005:San Marino
1965:Montenegro
1945:Luxembourg
1925:Kazakhstan
1828:Azerbaijan
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1608:Tajikistan
1523:Kyrgyzstan
1503:Kazakhstan
1423:Bangladesh
1413:Azerbaijan
1263:. delfi.lt
1166:. p.
1086:2022-08-16
694:2022-08-08
669:2022-07-22
647:References
641:Shtundists
478:Adventists
412:Mennonites
357:extortions
337:priesthood
333:sacraments
295:religious
257:Subbotniks
159:Mennonites
66:Doukhobors
2116:Gibraltar
1940:Lithuania
1719:Hong Kong
1673:Palestine
1598:Sri Lanka
1593:Singapore
1473:Indonesia
1183:possible.
1027:. BRILL.
498:Anglicans
482:Lutherans
392:Dukhobors
341:communion
325:hierarchy
261:Tolstoyan
132:Volgograd
2136:Svalbard
2121:Guernsey
2068:Abkhazia
2020:Slovenia
2015:Slovakia
1990:Portugal
1848:Bulgaria
1742:Category
1663:Abkhazia
1613:Thailand
1568:Pakistan
1548:Mongolia
1543:Maldives
1538:Malaysia
1438:Cambodia
1267:20 April
794:59040712
734:Archived
615:See also
605:Orthodox
504:and the
488:and the
466:Baptists
424:pacifism
404:pacifism
372:Molokans
249:Dukhobor
217:en masse
144:Reformed
140:Lutheran
120:Moravian
81:Russians
70:Molokans
51:Baptists
49:Russian
2045:Ukraine
1995:Romania
1955:Moldova
1913:Ireland
1908:Iceland
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1893:Germany
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1878:Finland
1873:Estonia
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1553:Myanmar
1533:Lebanon
1463:Georgia
1418:Bahrain
1408:Armenia
742:WIN/GIA
416:Quakers
400:Quakers
385:Georgia
377:Quakers
349:baptism
345:penance
293:Russian
253:Khlysts
245:Molokan
209:Yakutia
186:Ukraine
166:Baptist
134:, 1772.
108:Germans
91:History
2131:Jersey
2073:Kosovo
2040:Turkey
2030:Sweden
2010:Serbia
2000:Russia
1985:Poland
1980:Norway
1960:Monaco
1930:Latvia
1898:Greece
1883:France
1858:Cyprus
1683:Taiwan
1618:Turkey
1583:Russia
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1498:Jordan
1488:Israel
1448:Cyprus
1433:Brunei
1428:Bhutan
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525:Russia
442:Ryazan
365:laymen
361:sermon
347:, and
318:clergy
2106:Åland
2025:Spain
1950:Malta
1920:Italy
1724:Macau
1643:Yemen
1603:Syria
1578:Qatar
1558:Nepal
1493:Japan
1468:India
1458:Egypt
1443:China
790:S2CID
770:(PDF)
664:RFERL
574:Bible
1563:Oman
1528:Laos
1483:Iraq
1478:Iran
1294:2016
1269:2017
1216:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1002:ISBN
936:ISBN
892:ISBN
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