20:
1041:
363:
211:
400:(1330–1352), ignored the heresy, but that his successors, Moisei (1325–1330; 1352–1359) and Aleksei (1359–1388), took firm measures against the heretics. Beginning in 1382, the sect was opposed by Archbishop Dionysios of Suzdal. In epistles addressed to the clergy and the inhabitants of Novgorod and Pskov, the leadership of the church attempted to discredit the movement and prove its right to earn its income. The
417:, the justification for this was a literal interpretation of the Gospel (Matthew 18:6): "Whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it were better for him to have a great milestone hung around his neck, and to be drowned in the depths of the sea". The chronicles mention that "the heretic
249:
opposed the ruling church, refusing to recognize its bishops and priests, and rejected going to
Orthodox churches, instead gathering at separate meetings. They are also known to have criticized Orthodox priests whom they called "drunkards". They also repudiated ordainment, believing that simple
385:, Karp "began to tell the people: it is neither dignified to sing over the dead, nor to mention them; nor to bring offerings for the dead to the church; nor to have feasts; nor to give alms for the soul of the departed".
273:
Christianity, emphasizing the spiritual meaning of the sacraments and basing their views primarily on scripture, seeing it as their ultimate authority. Petrushko on the other hand argued that in the attitude of the
143:
named Karp – a supposed founder of the sect (together with deacon Nikita), yet others think it could mean that these people refused to either grow a beard or cut their beards when they entered churches.
768:
in the middle of the fourteenth century the
Strigolniki heresy broke out in Russia, chiefly in the cities in the north of the country, which gave this movement a proto-Reformation character
202:. Their sermons were full of social motifs: they reproached the rich for enslaving the free and the poor. They were opposed by a number of high-level Russian bishops.
250:
laymen could perform church service, and the established church rituals. They also criticized the feudal order. The nature of the movement is seen from the words of
893:
Some scholars see this as an execution after the heretics were condemned by
Archbishop Aleskei (r. 1359–1388), but others see it as a lynching. See B. A. Rybakov,
1452:
953:
1040:
1427:
1373:
31:
1390:
792:История русской церкви. Том 2: От нашествия монголов до митрополита Макария включительно. Период второй, Московский. Университетская типография, 1900.
1437:
1432:
922:
843:
761:
734:
666:
639:
596:
566:
519:
1367:
1091:
19:
1215:
946:
242:
tendencies, though it is not clear if they came out against the use of icons. It is clearer that they came out against monasticism.
1312:
190:", in their view) to the benefit of the clergy. Criticizing and exposing the venality, vices, and ignorance of the priests, the
444:
366:
299:
691:
1324:
1190:
354:
did not confess their sins to clergy but instead to the ground; however, the meaning of what
Stephen meant is not clear.
939:
286:, based on surviving sources they did not have a dogmatic system of theology and did not disagree with the church about
1442:
1447:
538:(Moscow: Nauk, 1993); David M Goldfrank, "Burn, Baby, Burn: Popular Culture and Heresy in Late Medieval Russia,"
1205:
480:
425:
307:
266:
98:
485:
393:
443:
Feodor Dobry and
Yevfimiy Vislen came forward with support for the movement. In the early 15th century,
421:
were beaten; deacon Nikita and
Parishioner Karp and a third man with them were thrown from the bridge".
1357:
1319:
1248:
1195:
995:
1226:
962:
458:
disappeared in the early 15th century due to persecution, as well as due to disagreement among the
223:
362:
1329:
1106:
858:Каретникова М. С., Русское богоискательство. Национальные корни евангельско-баптистского движения
1362:
1307:
1200:
1101:
1081:
1075:
1005:
990:
918:
839:
757:
730:
724:
662:
656:
635:
592:
562:
515:
1297:
753:
Reformation and the Visual Arts: The
Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe
726:
Reformation and the Visual Arts: The
Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe
104:
The origins of the name remain unclear. Some historians believe it has something to do with
78:
45:
1268:
1210:
413:
408:
382:
347:
251:
27:
1184:
321:
and confession to clergy, while not denying the sacraments of the church nor most dogma.
1347:
1232:
1144:
1068:
475:
341:
210:
791:
1421:
1352:
1220:
1150:
1096:
397:
270:
407:
In 1375, enraged citizens of
Novgorod threw three heretics from the bridge into the
1302:
1026:
699:
295:
166:
done by
Russian clergy due to recognizing the Orthodox priesthood as illegitimate:
152:
912:
833:
751:
629:
586:
556:
509:
306:
to the church, their disagreement with Orthodox dogma was not as dramatic as the
112:
were engaged in, such as cloth-cutting or hairdressing (it appears that the word
1127:
1086:
389:
388:
Deacon Karp found many followers in Pskov, but had to move to Novgorod to avoid
291:
287:
159:
278:
about the church and church hierarchy, though there are some similarities with
1122:
329:
279:
239:
167:
129:
105:
1263:
1258:
1000:
439:
lived on. They spread widely in Novgorod, in Pskov, and also in Tver, where
333:
283:
187:
171:
163:
155:
1276:
1253:
1132:
1062:
984:
231:
227:
132:
90:
1178:
1021:
378:
179:
175:
931:
447:, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia, denounced the teachings of the
692:"СТРИГОЛЬНИКИ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия"
440:
337:
318:
199:
195:
148:
140:
508:
Pattison, George; Emerson, Caryl; Poole, Randall A. (13 June 2020).
616:
Antifeodal'nye ereticheskie dvizheniia na Rusi XIV-nachala XVI veka
209:
147:
Active participants of the sect were tradespeople and low-ranking
97:. By the early 15th century, they had disappeared. Along with the
86:
18:
658:
The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe
258:
illiterate people say: those neither steal nor collect wealth".
94:
68:
935:
868:
866:
864:
183:
404:
faced persecution, being driven from towns or simply killed.
1407:
indicate their inclusion to be controversial or disputed.
802:
800:
269:, wanting to return from ritualism to the simplicity of
101:, they were one of the major sects in medieval Russia.
618:(Moscow and Leningrad, ANSSSR, 1955), esp. pp. 34-71.
226:
movement among Orthodox Christians, being similar to
62:
1383:
1340:
1290:
1241:
1171:
1164:
1115:
1055:
1048:
1014:
976:
969:
294:, instead most of their disagreements being with
71:which appeared in the mid-14th century, known as
511:The Oxford Handbook of Russian Religious Thought
234:, or if they merely opposed the priesthood. The
555:Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (29 September 2005).
128:). Others think the name comes from a special
947:
838:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 82–83.
550:
548:
56:
8:
536:Strigolniki: Russkie Gumanisty XIV Stoletiia
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
661:. Princeton University Press. p. 218.
1374:Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)
1168:
1052:
973:
954:
940:
932:
634:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 320.
32:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
1391:Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism
324:Obolensky has instead suggested that the
317:merely rejected the Orthodox priesthood,
514:. Oxford University Press. p. 679.
503:
501:
361:
238:movement has been suggested to have had
67:) were followers of a Russian religious
16:14th–15th-century Russian religious sect
881:
806:
561:. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
558:Russian Identities: A Historical Survey
497:
580:
578:
298:. Petrushko, judging by the fact that
182:, which had been accompanied by large
30:from a bridge in 1375, miniature from
832:Robinson, Michael D. (14 June 2019).
628:Robinson, Michael D. (14 June 2019).
588:A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917
53:
7:
1453:Eastern Orthodoxy in medieval Russia
914:The Formation of Muscovy 1300 - 1613
718:
716:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
610:
608:
302:believed it possible to return the
1368:Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards
911:Crummey, Robert O. (6 June 2014).
750:Michalski, Sergiusz (2013-01-11).
723:Michalski, Sergiusz (2013-01-11).
424:Stephen of Perm wrote a letter to
369:wrote about his opposition to the
265:were a response to changes in the
194:demanded the right to a religious
14:
1428:New religious movements in Russia
614:N. A. Kazakova and Ia. S. Lur'e,
222:were "heretical", if they were a
1039:
411:. According to the 16th-century
313:M. V. Pechnikov argued that the
585:Moss, Walter G. (1 July 2003).
392:. Some scholars argue that the
261:Karetnikova suggested that the
1438:15th-century Eastern Orthodoxy
1433:14th-century Eastern Orthodoxy
540:The Journal of Popular Culture
435:However, the teachings of the
116:derives from the Russian root
1:
835:Christianity: A Brief History
631:Christianity: A Brief History
591:. Anthem Press. p. 115.
655:Belich, James (2022-07-19).
218:There is some debate if the
63:
1469:
917:. Routledge. p. 126.
872:Petrushko 2019 pp. 456–57.
729:. Routledge. p. 214.
462:. The last mention of the
85:). They first appeared in
1399:
1216:Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples
1037:
214:Spread of the Strigolniki
82:
57:
49:
1325:Savoyard–Waldensian wars
1206:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
542:31, no. 4 (1998): 17–32.
135:(a specific haircut, or
481:Protestantism in Russia
426:Nilus of Constantinople
308:Heresy of the Judaizers
267:Russian Orthodox Church
779:Petrushko 2019 p. 456.
486:Spiritual Christianity
394:archbishop of Novgorod
374:
215:
35:
26:being thrown into the
365:
213:
151:. They renounced all
22:
1358:Jistebnice hymn book
1249:Bohemian Reformation
1191:Mikuláš of Pelhřimov
996:Gottschalk of Orbais
367:Metropolitan Photius
340:during the times of
89:before spreading to
1313:Peace of Kutná Hora
1227:Girolamo Savonarola
963:Proto-Protestantism
350:mentioned that the
1330:Piedmontese Easter
1107:Marsilius of Padua
428:in 1382 about the
375:
216:
139:), performed by a
36:
1443:Novgorod Republic
1415:
1414:
1363:Ecclesiae Regimen
1320:Mérindol massacre
1308:Compacts of Basel
1286:
1285:
1201:Johannes von Goch
1160:
1159:
1102:Matthias of Janov
1092:Milíč of Kroměříž
1082:Arnold of Brescia
1076:Henry of Lausanne
1035:
1034:
1006:Berengar of Tours
991:Claudius of Turin
924:978-1-317-87200-9
845:978-1-5326-1831-4
789:Голубинский Е. Е.
763:978-1-134-92102-7
736:978-1-134-92102-7
668:978-0-691-22287-5
641:978-1-5326-1831-4
598:978-0-85728-752-6
568:978-0-19-534814-9
521:978-0-19-879644-2
120:, which connotes
1460:
1448:History of Pskov
1298:Oldcastle Revolt
1242:Sects and groups
1169:
1116:Sects and groups
1053:
1043:
1015:Sects and groups
974:
956:
949:
942:
933:
928:
898:
891:
885:
879:
873:
870:
859:
856:
850:
849:
829:
810:
804:
795:
786:
780:
777:
771:
770:
747:
741:
740:
720:
711:
710:
708:
707:
698:. Archived from
688:
673:
672:
652:
646:
645:
625:
619:
612:
603:
602:
582:
573:
572:
552:
543:
532:
526:
525:
505:
377:According to an
336:missionaries in
224:proto-Protestant
84:
83:стригольничество
74:strigolnichestvo
66:
60:
59:
55:
51:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1395:
1379:
1336:
1282:
1237:
1211:Wessel Gansfort
1156:
1111:
1044:
1031:
1010:
965:
960:
925:
910:
907:
902:
901:
892:
888:
880:
876:
871:
862:
857:
853:
846:
831:
830:
813:
805:
798:
787:
783:
778:
774:
764:
749:
748:
744:
737:
722:
721:
714:
705:
703:
690:
689:
676:
669:
654:
653:
649:
642:
627:
626:
622:
613:
606:
599:
584:
583:
576:
569:
554:
553:
546:
534:B. A. Rybakov,
533:
529:
522:
507:
506:
499:
494:
472:
414:Nikon Chronicle
383:Stephen of Perm
360:
348:Stephen of Perm
328:were born from
252:Stephen of Perm
208:
108:that the first
17:
12:
11:
5:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Wycliffe Bible
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1269:Czech Brethren
1266:
1261:
1256:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1233:Luke of Prague
1230:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1196:Petr Chelčický
1193:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1145:Friends of God
1142:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1069:Peter of Bruys
1065:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
980:
978:
971:
967:
966:
961:
959:
958:
951:
944:
936:
930:
929:
923:
906:
903:
900:
899:
886:
884:, p. 125.
874:
860:
851:
844:
811:
809:, p. 126.
796:
781:
772:
762:
742:
735:
712:
674:
667:
647:
640:
620:
604:
597:
574:
567:
544:
527:
520:
496:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
483:
478:
476:Non-possessors
471:
468:
359:
356:
207:
204:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1465:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:Hussite Bible
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:Lorenzo Valla
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1151:Petrobrusians
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:John Wycliffe
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:
982:
981:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
957:
952:
950:
945:
943:
938:
937:
934:
926:
920:
916:
915:
909:
908:
904:
896:
890:
887:
883:
878:
875:
869:
867:
865:
861:
855:
852:
847:
841:
837:
836:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
790:
785:
782:
776:
773:
769:
765:
759:
756:. Routledge.
755:
754:
746:
743:
738:
732:
728:
727:
719:
717:
713:
702:on 2022-10-07
701:
697:
693:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
675:
670:
664:
660:
659:
651:
648:
643:
637:
633:
632:
624:
621:
617:
611:
609:
605:
600:
594:
590:
589:
581:
579:
575:
570:
564:
560:
559:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
528:
523:
517:
513:
512:
504:
502:
498:
491:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
467:
466:was in 1487.
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
415:
410:
409:Volkhov River
405:
403:
399:
398:Vasily Kalika
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
372:
368:
364:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
271:New Testament
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
212:
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
145:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
76:
75:
70:
65:
47:
43:
42:
33:
29:
28:Volkhov River
25:
21:
1404:
1372:
1303:Hussite Wars
1275:
1225:
1183:
1165:1400–1500 AD
1149:
1138:
1137:
1074:
1067:
1049:1100–1400 AD
1027:Berengarians
983:
913:
894:
889:
882:Crummey 2014
877:
854:
834:
807:Crummey 2014
788:
784:
775:
767:
752:
745:
725:
704:. Retrieved
700:the original
695:
657:
650:
630:
623:
615:
587:
557:
539:
535:
530:
510:
463:
459:
455:
453:
448:
436:
434:
429:
423:
418:
412:
406:
401:
387:
376:
370:
351:
346:
325:
323:
314:
312:
303:
296:ecclesiology
275:
262:
260:
255:
246:
244:
240:iconoclastic
235:
219:
217:
191:
153:ecclesiastic
146:
136:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
103:
73:
72:
50:стригольники
40:
39:
37:
23:
1139:Strigolniki
1128:Waldensians
1087:Peter Waldo
970:400–1100 AD
895:Strigolniki
464:strigolniki
460:strigolniki
456:strigolniki
449:strigolniki
437:strigolniki
430:strigolniki
419:strigolniki
402:strigolniki
390:persecution
371:strigolniki
352:strigolniki
342:Kievan Rus'
326:strigolniki
315:strigolniki
304:strigolniki
292:soteriology
288:Christology
276:strigolniki
263:strigolniki
256:strigolniki
247:strigolniki
236:strigolniki
220:strigolniki
192:strigolniki
160:monasticism
110:strigolniki
106:handicrafts
58:стригольник
41:strigolniki
24:Strigolniki
1422:Categories
1341:Literature
1123:Arnoldists
706:2022-08-21
492:References
254:: "Of the
188:extortions
168:priesthood
164:sacraments
130:initiation
114:strigolnik
64:strigolnik
1264:Utraquism
1259:Taborites
1185:Jan Žižka
1001:Ratramnus
696:bigenc.ru
172:communion
156:hierarchy
99:Judaizers
1277:Piagnoni
1254:Hussites
1133:Lollardy
1063:Tanchelm
985:Jovinian
794:— С. 398
470:See also
280:Bogomils
232:Hussites
228:Lollardy
137:strizhka
133:ceremony
126:trimming
91:Novgorod
1405:Italics
1179:Jan Hus
1022:Pataria
905:Sources
897:, 4-11.
445:Photius
441:bishops
379:epistle
358:History
330:Bogomil
300:Photius
290:and on
284:Cathars
230:or the
206:Beliefs
180:baptism
176:penance
122:cutting
79:Russian
46:Russian
1291:Events
1172:People
1056:People
977:People
921:
842:
760:
733:
665:
638:
595:
565:
518:
338:Russia
334:Cathar
319:simony
200:laymen
196:sermon
178:, and
149:clergy
141:deacon
118:strig-
1384:Other
87:Pskov
919:ISBN
840:ISBN
758:ISBN
731:ISBN
663:ISBN
636:ISBN
593:ISBN
563:ISBN
516:ISBN
454:The
282:and
245:The
198:for
184:fees
158:and
95:Tver
93:and
69:sect
38:The
381:by
332:or
124:or
54:sg.
1424::
863:^
814:^
799:^
766:.
715:^
694:.
677:^
607:^
577:^
547:^
500:^
451:.
432:.
396:,
344:.
310:.
186:("
174:,
170:,
162:,
81::
61:,
52:;
48::
955:e
948:t
941:v
927:.
848:.
739:.
709:.
671:.
644:.
601:.
571:.
524:.
373:.
77:(
44:(
34:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
