3408:
3336:
3121:"It is generally agreed among historians and linguists that the starting point of the Turkic migrations was located in the eastern part of the Central Asian steppe (see, e.g., Golden 1992, Kljastornyj & Suktanov 2009; Menges 1995:55). Turkologists use various definitions for describing the Proto-Turkic homeland, but most indicate more or less the same region. While Janhunen (1996:26, 2015:293) locates the Proto-Turkic homeland fairly precisely in Eastern Mongolia, Rona-Tas (1998:88), in a rather general manner, places the last habitat of the Turkic speakers before the disintegration of the family "in west and central Siberia and in the region south of it." The latter localization overlaps in large part with that proposed by Tenisev et al. (2006), who associate the Proto-Turkic urheimat with the vast area stretching from the Ordos Desert in Inner Mongolia to the foothils of the Sayan-Altai mountains in Southern Siberia."
5024:
4708:
298:' division onto the Northern and Southern : the first separation and withdrawal of the Northern Huns to the west has occurred, as was stated above, in 56 BC,... the second split of the (Eastern) Huns into the northern and southern groups happened in 48 AD.
600:) according to their environments, with the velar allophones occurring in words with front vowels, and uvular allophones occurring in words with back vowels. The lenis stops /b/, /d/ and /g/~/ɢ/ may have tended towards fricatives intervocalically.
149:, already shows characteristics of Eastern Common Turkic. For a long time, the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic relied on comparisons of Old Turkic with early sources of the Western Common Turkic branches, such as
3093:"The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia."
173:). Because early attestation of these non-easternmost languages is much more sparse, reconstruction of Proto-Turkic still rests fundamentally on the easternmost Old Turkic of the
128:, with most scholars agreeing that it lay in the eastern part of the Central Asian steppe, while one author has postulated that Proto-Turkic originated 2,500 years ago in
267:*š and Oghuric /r/ ~ Common Turkic *z. Most scholars, however, assume that these are the regular reflexes of Proto-Turkic *l and *r. Oghuric is thus sometimes referred to as
6030:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
3229:
5614:
5999:
4981:
3832:
3697:
644:
which underwent subsequent sound changes in those three languages. The phonemicity of the distinction between the two close unrounded vowels, i.e. front
829:, but it fell into disuse sometime before the split between Common Turkic and Oghuric. Common Turkic languages today use their respective forms of
6032:
4696:
3647:
3565:
3439:
is used for inanimate referents. While the latter is cognate with other third person forms given here, the former descends from Proto-Turkic
3114:
5722:
3627:
3606:
3587:
3147:
6057:
430:
5323:
741:
3616:
Róna-Tas, András (1998). "The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the genetic question". In
Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva (eds.).
5775:
3825:
3690:
795:
769:
5609:
3203:
5994:
5023:
751:
5657:
780:
759:
552:
Like in many modern Turkic languages, the velars /k/, /g/, and possibly /ŋ/ seem to have had back and front allophones (
4689:
4674:
696:
5543:
805:
716:
523:
496:
394:
248:
6052:
4372:
3818:
3683:
3299:"Review of Starostin, Dybo, Mudrak, Gruntov & Glumov (2003): Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages"
706:
101:
6062:
5371:
4126:
726:
563:
177:, however it now also includes a more comprehensive analysis of all written and spoken forms of the language.
3360:
5399:
5343:
5090:
5086:
4926:
4744:
4739:
4487:
4201:
4155:
4138:
4103:
4064:
3923:
3869:
3794:
873:
555:
264:
117:
81:
5636:
4994:
4971:
4786:
4682:
4541:
4514:
4327:
4181:
4071:
180:
The Proto-Turkic language shows evidence of influence from several neighboring language groups, including
5866:
5428:
4661:
4347:
3784:
579:
4637:
640:
in all other Turkic languages, although these correspondences can also be explained as deriving from *
6019:
5082:
4801:
4756:
4477:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4039:
803:
793:
778:
767:
757:
749:
739:
724:
714:
704:
694:
593:
585:
577:
571:
569:
561:
553:
521:
494:
428:
392:
5760:
5379:
5004:
4826:
4277:
4186:
3993:
3575:
595:
222:
185:
139:
5755:
5577:
4811:
3956:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3534:
3223:
621:
587:
363:
353:
5896:
5815:
5568:
5315:
4989:
4901:
4876:
4866:
4861:
4831:
4771:
4603:
4492:
4148:
4093:
4009:
3986:
3979:
3740:
3623:
3602:
3583:
3561:
3318:
3143:
3135:
3110:
3104:
3084:
3066:
482:
368:
158:
154:
87:
5861:
5841:
5619:
5395:
5383:
5375:
5363:
5339:
5331:
5319:
5300:
5253:
5155:
5118:
5009:
4946:
4941:
4906:
4856:
4781:
4761:
4751:
4721:
4573:
4502:
4497:
4342:
4282:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4034:
4024:
3961:
3903:
3841:
3720:
3706:
3465:
3310:
3074:
3056:
844:
509:
476:
358:
210:
166:
105:
32:
321:
There was no fortis-lenis contrast in word-initial position: the initial stops were always
5697:
5674:
5647:
5387:
5359:
5355:
5327:
5296:
5233:
5190:
5173:
4999:
4961:
4896:
4881:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4821:
4816:
4806:
4796:
4776:
4766:
4734:
4632:
4627:
4615:
4596:
4578:
4565:
4482:
4447:
4408:
4387:
4354:
4332:
4287:
4220:
4191:
4143:
4133:
4088:
4083:
3944:
3939:
3893:
625:
380:
373:
302:
Dybo suggests that during that period, the
Northern branch steadily migrated from Western
260:
181:
170:
162:
150:
113:
51:
982:
Proto-Turkic also involves derivation with grammatical voice suffixes, as in cooperative
6009:
5906:
5886:
5780:
5765:
5730:
5631:
5604:
5478:
5403:
5391:
5367:
5347:
5308:
5273:
5257:
5218:
5123:
5113:
5032:
4966:
4951:
4931:
4916:
4911:
4886:
4871:
4791:
4729:
4712:
4655:
4457:
4431:
4392:
4272:
4228:
4196:
4160:
4098:
4076:
4029:
3918:
3886:
3878:
3849:
3776:
3554:
3549:
3079:
3044:
206:
174:
143:
109:
6046:
5942:
5932:
5735:
5624:
5523:
5351:
5269:
5239:
5183:
5168:
5133:
5040:
4956:
4936:
4921:
4509:
4452:
4110:
3799:
3469:
3131:
609:
3043:
Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Valeev, Albert (21 April 2015).
5921:
5707:
5335:
5277:
5261:
5223:
5075:
5045:
3766:
121:
47:
3597:
Johanson, Lars (1998). "History of Turkic". In
Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva (eds.).
6015:
Organization of the
Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
3617:
3061:
345:. In addition, the nasals and the liquids did not occur in that position either.
5911:
5563:
5508:
5213:
5143:
4337:
4318:
3949:
3212:
189:
120:(eastern) branches. Candidates for the proto-Turkic homeland range from western
5891:
5856:
5712:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5553:
5518:
4891:
4534:
4525:
3761:
3756:
3384:
3045:"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia"
897:
279:
244:
136:
3385:"Proto-Turkic/Pronouns and numbers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world"
3322:
3070:
5937:
5916:
5881:
5876:
5851:
5825:
5785:
5770:
5740:
5643:
5594:
5265:
5178:
5138:
5059:
5055:
4044:
3643:
3298:
3140:
535:
411:
311:
287:
146:
129:
125:
108:
that was spoken by the Proto-Turks before their divergence into the various
43:
5926:
5503:
3314:
3088:
3529:
5968:
5901:
5846:
5795:
5750:
5599:
5573:
5548:
5498:
5473:
5290:
5103:
5067:
5051:
929:
855:
460:
307:
303:
237:
230:
3580:
Preliminary
Studies in Turkic Historical Phonology (Uralic & Altaic)
942:
912:
862:
848:
5978:
5958:
5871:
5488:
5483:
5463:
5416:
5285:
5203:
5148:
5128:
5108:
5098:
5063:
968:
406:
955:
6004:
5963:
5745:
5702:
5652:
5513:
5468:
5458:
5442:
5436:
5421:
5411:
5247:
5208:
5198:
5163:
4619:
3205:
Chronology of Turkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Turks
888:
315:
3675:
3810:
3648:
Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction
3499:
5973:
5558:
5493:
5228:
3008:
3006:
6014:
5790:
295:
294:
the historical situation that can be seen in the history of the
4678:
3814:
3679:
3447:'(him/her)self' and is thus cognate, for example, with Turkish
3658:"Wheels and Carts of the Ancient Turks in a Linguistic View".
3277:
3275:
3103:
Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (21 December 2017).
3460:
This pronoun are constructed by adding a plural suffix to
278:
A glottochronological reconstruction based on analysis of
3556:
Etymological
Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish
3033:
The Turks in World
History Carter V. Findley · 2005, p.17
3521:
3024:
The Turkic
Languages Lars Johanson, Éva Á. Csató · 2015
6000:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
3468:
uses a completely different plural suffix that lacks
608:
Like most of its descendants, Proto-Turkic exhibited
3138:. In Martine Irma Robbeets; Hubert Cuyckens (eds.).
884:
The reconstructable suffixes for the verbs include:
632:
based on cognate sets with Chuvash, Tuvan and Yakut
5987:
5951:
5834:
5808:
5721:
5673:
5666:
5587:
5536:
5451:
5031:
4980:
4720:
4614:
4589:
4564:
4523:
4470:
4440:
4424:
4417:
4401:
4380:
4371:
4296:
4265:
4237:
4219:
4174:
4119:
4057:
4017:
4008:
3970:
3932:
3911:
3902:
3877:
3868:
3848:
3775:
3749:
3713:
74:
57:
38:
28:
23:
3553:
3109:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 127.
3601:. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 81–125.
3211:(in Russian). Moscow. p. 770. Archived from
3622:. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 67–80.
3504:'silver' and the lambdaism vs. sigmatism debate"
3012:
628:) additionally reconstruct a mid back unrounded
205:The consonant system had a two-way contrast of
825:Plurals of nouns were formed using the suffix
4690:
3826:
3691:
834:
247:. Some scholars additionally reconstruct the
135:The oldest records of a Turkic language, the
8:
6033:State with limited international recognition
3498:Antonov, Anton; Jacques, Guillaume (2012).
624:represent long vowels. Some scholars (e.g.
286:split at around 56 BCE–48 CE. As
5670:
5448:
4977:
4697:
4683:
4675:
4421:
4414:
4377:
4234:
4014:
3908:
3874:
3833:
3819:
3811:
3698:
3684:
3676:
3228:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
868:, plurals of the possessors are formed by
282:and Sinicisms points to the timing of the
16:Reconstructed ancestor of Turkic languages
3078:
3060:
620:, as well as two vowel quantities. Here,
3464:"he/she/it". However, an Oghur language
3281:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3186:
3174:
3162:
1558:
1010:
654:
347:
3197:
3195:
3002:
3435:is used for animate referents whereas
3409:"Turkic etymology : Query result"
3337:"Turkic etymology : Query result"
3221:
20:
3292:
3290:
290:puts it, that may be associated with
73:
7:
839:, which descends from Proto-Turkic
314:and then finally into Kazakhstan's
4660:Languages between parentheses are
3136:"Personal pronouns in Core Altaic"
14:
3361:"Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ben"
3106:Language Dispersal Beyond Farming
612:, distinguishing vowel qualities
5022:
4706:
3476:. According to Róna-Tas (1998),
50:, possibly including regions of
6005:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
3142:. John Benjamins. p. 223.
4664:of the language on their left.
341:) and the sibilant was always
112:. Proto-Turkic separated into
104:of the common ancestor of the
1:
5995:Organization of Turkic States
61:
3297:Georg, Stefan (2004-12-22).
3062:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068
3013:Robbeets & Savelyev 2017
652:, is also rejected by some.
259:for the correspondence sets
3560:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
843:("every"). Reconstructable
333:, the affricate was always
75:Lower-order reconstructions
6079:
1569:
6028:
5020:
4646:
3528:Vajda, Edward J. (2000).
3480:is a late replacement to
1566:
1563:
1561:
847:in Proto-Turkic includes
835:
747:
662:
659:
657:
534:
475:
459:
405:
379:
350:
157:, as well as the Western
102:linguistic reconstruction
5610:Timeline of the Göktürks
3530:"Review of Décsy (1998)"
142:of the 7th century
6058:Agglutinative languages
4590:Disputed classification
3660:Karadeniz Araştırmaları
833:, whereas Chuvash uses
318:until the 5th century.
5324:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3431:In Sakha (AKA Yakut),
3315:10.1075/dia.21.2.12geo
300:
243:with a full series of
29:Reconstruction of
5821:Proto-Turkic language
5452:Extinct Turkic groups
4349:Old Anatolian Turkish
3582:. Curzon: Routledge.
3519:Décsy, Gyula (1998).
1453:senler, siler, sizler
292:
271:and Common Turkic as
6020:World Turks Qurultai
3619:The Turkic Languages
3599:The Turkic Languages
3202:Dybo, A. V. (2007).
2797:طوخر وان (toxïr van)
221:. There was also an
5761:Karachay-Cherkessia
4278:Chaharmahali Turkic
2729:سكر وان (sekir van)
845:possessive suffixes
223:affricate consonant
140:Orkhon inscriptions
5952:Traditional sports
5756:Kabardino-Balkaria
5376:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
3652:Tatarica: Language
6040:
6039:
5816:Old Turkic script
5804:
5803:
5615:Timeline 500–1300
5532:
5531:
5018:
5017:
4877:Kipchak languages
4832:Karamanli Turkish
4672:
4671:
4656:extinct languages
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4466:
4465:
4367:
4366:
4314:South Azerbaijani
4309:North Azerbaijani
4215:
4214:
4004:
4003:
3808:
3807:
3707:Altaic hypothesis
3576:Grønbech, Vilhelm
3567:978-0-19-864112-4
3413:starling.rinet.ru
3341:starling.rinet.ru
3284:, pp. 90–91.
3189:, pp. 71–72.
3116:978-90-272-6464-0
2994:
2993:
1552:
1551:
906:Negative suffix:
813:
812:
636:corresponding to
550:
549:
310:into the north's
306:through Southern
95:
94:
6070:
6053:Turkic languages
5862:Tibetan Buddhism
5842:Turkic mythology
5723:Autonomous areas
5675:Sovereign states
5671:
5449:
5431:
5406:
5303:
5280:
5242:
5193:
5158:
5119:Crimean Karaites
5093:
5070:
5026:
4978:
4857:Khorasani Turkic
4711:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4676:
4422:
4415:
4378:
4245:Khorasani Turkic
4235:
4015:
3909:
3875:
3842:Turkic languages
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3677:
3667:
3633:
3612:
3593:
3571:
3559:
3543:
3524:
3515:
3508:Turkic Languages
3485:
3458:
3452:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3389:en.wikibooks.org
3381:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3294:
3285:
3279:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3219:
3217:
3210:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3082:
3064:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3010:
1559:
1011:
994:, and causative
970:
957:
944:
931:
914:
864:
857:
850:
838:
837:
809:
799:
784:
773:
763:
755:
745:
730:
720:
710:
700:
685:
680:
675:
670:
655:
599:
591:
583:
575:
567:
559:
527:
512:
500:
485:
444:
434:
418:
398:
348:
245:nasal consonants
241:m, n, ń, ŋ, r, l
211:fortis vs. lenis
106:Turkic languages
70:
66:
63:
33:Turkic languages
21:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6063:Proto-languages
6043:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6024:
5983:
5947:
5830:
5800:
5717:
5698:Northern Cyprus
5662:
5648:Altai Mountains
5583:
5528:
5447:
5427:
5372:North Macedonia
5314:
5295:
5252:
5238:
5234:Siberian Tatars
5189:
5174:Khorasani Turks
5154:
5081:
5050:
5027:
5014:
4976:
4897:Ottoman Turkish
4817:Karachay-Balkar
4716:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4642:
4610:
4585:
4548:
4519:
4462:
4436:
4413:
4397:
4363:
4356:Ottoman Turkish
4292:
4261:
4233:
4211:
4170:
4128:Fergana Kipchak
4115:
4084:Karachay-Balkar
4053:
4000:
3966:
3928:
3898:
3864:
3844:
3839:
3809:
3804:
3777:Proto-languages
3771:
3750:Early languages
3745:
3709:
3704:
3674:
3657:
3640:
3638:Further reading
3630:
3615:
3609:
3596:
3590:
3574:
3568:
3550:Clauson, Gerard
3548:
3527:
3518:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3459:
3455:
3430:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3393:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3055:(4): e1005068.
3042:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2322:جِيِرم (čiyirm)
1557:
1009:
1004:
882:
823:
818:
683:
678:
673:
668:
626:Gerhard Doerfer
606:
508:
481:
442:
416:
410:
362:
229:; at least one
207:stop consonants
203:
198:
182:Eastern Iranian
68:
64:
52:western Siberia
17:
12:
11:
5:
6076:
6074:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6045:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Turkic Academy
6007:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5907:Khalwati order
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5887:Bektashi Order
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5766:Karakalpakstan
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5731:Altai Republic
5727:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5632:Nomadic empire
5629:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5400:Western Thrace
5306:
5305:
5304:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5124:Crimean Tatars
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4927:Siberian Tatar
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4658:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4531:
4529:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4488:Northern Altai
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4352:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4311:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:Siberian Tatar
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Dobrujan Tatar
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4156:Siberian Tatar
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4139:Southern Altai
4136:
4131:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4105:Mamluk-Kipchak
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4066:Armeno-Kipchak
4061:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3924:Southern Uzbek
3921:
3919:Northern Uzbek
3915:
3913:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3881:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3852:
3850:Proto-language
3846:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3795:Proto-Mongolic
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3680:
3673:
3672:External links
3670:
3669:
3668:
3666:(65): 167–176.
3655:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3594:
3588:
3572:
3566:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3516:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3453:
3424:
3400:
3376:
3352:
3328:
3309:(2): 445–450.
3286:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3218:on 2005-03-11.
3191:
3179:
3177:, pp. 78.
3167:
3165:, pp. 69.
3155:
3148:
3132:Janhunen, Juha
3123:
3115:
3095:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3015:, p. 127.
3001:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2042:جىَاتِ (čyeti)
2039:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1608:Sakha (Yakut)
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1570:Common Turkic
1568:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1049:Sakha (Yakut)
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
980:
979:
966:
953:
940:
927:
910:
904:
895:
881:
878:
822:
819:
817:
814:
811:
810:
800:
790:
786:
785:
775:
764:
746:
736:
732:
731:
721:
711:
701:
691:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
665:
664:
661:
658:
605:
602:
548:
547:
545:
542:
540:
538:
532:
531:
529:
518:
515:
513:
505:
504:
502:
491:
488:
486:
479:
473:
472:
470:
468:
465:
463:
457:
456:
453:
451:
448:
445:
439:
438:
435:
425:
422:
419:
414:
403:
402:
399:
389:
386:
383:
377:
376:
371:
366:
356:
351:
202:
199:
197:
194:
116:(western) and
110:Turkic peoples
93:
92:
91:
90:
84:
76:
72:
71:
69: 500 BCE
59:
55:
54:
40:
36:
35:
30:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6075:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6034:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:Organizations
5986:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5943:Vattisen Yaly
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5736:Bashkortostan
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5625:Turkification
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5241:
5240:Baraba Tatars
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:Common Turkic
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4972:Western Yugur
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Crimean Tatar
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4545:
4544:
4543:Orkhon Turkic
4540:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4515:Western Yugur
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Balkan Gagauz
4326:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:Crimean Tatar
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Common Turkic
3867:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3801:
3800:Proto-Japonic
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3654:, 2, p. 7-17.
3653:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3629:0-415-08200-5
3625:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3608:0-415-08200-5
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3589:0-7007-0935-5
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3542:(2): 473–474.
3541:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3514:(2): 151–170.
3513:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3470:vowel harmony
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3282:Johanson 1998
3278:
3276:
3272:
3269:, p. 70.
3268:
3267:Róna-Tas 1998
3263:
3260:
3257:, p. 97.
3256:
3255:Johanson 1998
3251:
3248:
3245:, p. 71.
3244:
3243:Róna-Tas 1998
3239:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3187:Róna-Tas 1998
3183:
3180:
3176:
3175:Róna-Tas 1998
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:Róna-Tas 1998
3159:
3156:
3151:
3149:9789027205995
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:PLOS Genetics
3046:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:طُخِڔ (tuxïr)
2180:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:ڛَكِڔ (sekir)
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:تُوات (tüvet)
1830:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:Volga Bulgar
1574:
1573:
1567:Oghur Turkic
1564:Proto-Turkic
1560:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:Proto-Turkic
1015:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
974:
967:
965:
961:
954:
952:
948:
941:
939:
935:
928:
926:
922:
918:
911:
909:
905:
903:
899:
896:
894:
890:
887:
886:
885:
879:
877:
875:
874:Common Turkic
871:
867:
860:
853:
846:
842:
832:
828:
820:
815:
807:
801:
797:
791:
788:
787:
782:
776:
771:
765:
761:
753:
743:
737:
734:
733:
728:
722:
718:
712:
708:
702:
698:
692:
689:
688:
682:
677:
672:
667:
666:
656:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:ä, e, i, ö, ü
615:
611:
610:vowel harmony
603:
601:
597:
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
546:
543:
541:
539:
537:
533:
530:
525:
519:
516:
514:
511:
507:
506:
503:
498:
492:
489:
487:
484:
480:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
452:
449:
446:
441:
440:
436:
432:
426:
423:
420:
415:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
387:
384:
382:
378:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
360:
357:
355:
352:
349:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
299:
297:
291:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
265:Common Turkic
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
200:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Common Turkic
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
89:
85:
83:
82:Common Turkic
79:
78:
77:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
42:Probably the
41:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
5922:Qalandariyya
5897:Christianity
5820:
5708:Turkmenistan
5646: /
5637:Turco-Mongol
5076:Azerbaijanis
4651:
4604:
4597:
4579:
4542:
4535:
4524:
4355:
4348:
4319:
4206:Tobol-Irtysh
4127:
4104:
4077:
4065:
4045:
4040:Mishar Tatar
3994:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3887:
3859:Proto-Turkic
3858:
3857:
3790:Proto-Turkic
3789:
3785:Proto-Altaic
3767:Old Japanese
3663:
3659:
3651:
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3507:
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3412:
3403:
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3388:
3379:
3369:, retrieved
3367:, 2021-08-20
3364:
3355:
3344:. Retrieved
3340:
3331:
3306:
3302:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3213:the original
3204:
3182:
3170:
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2579:
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2544:
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2534:
2530:اَلُّ (ellü)
2529:
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2511:
2506:
2501:
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2486:
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2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:اَلطِ (altï)
1971:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
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283:
277:
272:
268:
256:
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240:
233:
226:
218:
214:
204:
179:
134:
122:Central Asia
98:Proto-Turkic
97:
96:
48:Central Asia
24:Proto-Turkic
18:
5912:Malamatiyya
5564:Pan-Turkism
5544:Grey Wolves
5509:Oghuz Turks
5429:Afghanistan
5214:Qarai Turks
5144:Karakalpaks
4912:Sakha/Yakut
4802:Fuyü Gïrgïs
4757:Azerbaijani
4478:Fuyu Kyrgyz
4320:Ajem-Turkic
4304:Azerbaijani
3303:Diachronica
1902:بيال (byel)
1581:Karakhanid
1034:Karakhanid
960:*-mïz/*-bïz
876:languages.
273:Shaz-Turkic
249:palatalized
190:Old Chinese
65: 3000
6047:Categories
5892:Burkhanism
5857:Aiyy Faith
5776:Nakhchivan
5713:Uzbekistan
5693:Kyrgyzstan
5688:Kazakhstan
5683:Azerbaijan
5554:Burkhanism
5380:Montenegro
5344:Dodecanese
5005:Old Uyghur
4990:Old Turkic
4892:Old Turkic
4827:Karakalpak
4536:Old Uyghur
4338:Karapapakh
4187:Karakalpak
3995:Karakhanid
3988:Khorezmian
3762:Old Korean
3757:Old Turkic
3644:Dybo, A.V.
3418:2021-09-23
3394:2021-09-23
3371:2021-09-23
3365:Wiktionary
3346:2021-09-23
2997:References
2866:جُور (čǖr)
1692:اَكِ (eki)
1002:Vocabulary
990:, passive
816:Morphology
614:a, ï, o, u
280:isoglosses
269:Lir-Turkic
201:Consonants
137:Old Turkic
67: – c.
5938:Zahediyeh
5933:Safaviyya
5882:Bayramiye
5877:Batiniyya
5852:Shamanism
5835:Religions
5826:Turkology
5786:Tatarstan
5771:Khakassia
5741:Chuvashia
5667:Locations
5644:Tian Shan
5620:Migration
5595:Turkestan
5578:Hungarian
5569:Turkesism
5266:Kryashens
5254:Astrakhan
5179:Krymchaks
5139:Karachays
5060:Telengits
5056:Kumandins
4982:Alphabets
4812:Ili Turki
4722:Languages
4662:varieties
4654:indicate
4638:Qoqmončaq
4046:Old Tatar
3957:Ili Turki
3646:(2014). "
3433:kini(ler)
3323:0176-4225
3224:cite book
3071:1553-7404
2851:toğus uon
2793:*tokuŕ ōn
2725:*säkïŕ ōn
2462:حرح (xrx)
2392:وطر (vtr)
2252:وان (van)
1622:بىر (bīr)
1405:(plural)
1241:he/she/it
986:, middle
766:(*ë, *ë̄
679:unrounded
669:unrounded
648:and back
536:Semivowel
412:affricate
312:Dzungaria
288:Anna Dybo
238:sonorants
196:Phonology
186:Tocharian
147:khaganate
130:East Asia
126:Manchuria
5902:Hurufism
5847:Tengrism
5796:Xinjiang
5751:Gagauzia
5600:Mongolia
5574:Turanism
5549:Kemalism
5537:Politics
5499:Kipchaks
5479:Göktürks
5474:Dughlats
5328:Bulgaria
5316:Abkhazia
5291:Turkmens
5274:Nağaybäk
5104:Bashkirs
5068:Tubalars
5052:Chelkans
5046:Altaians
5000:Cyrillic
4902:Pecheneg
4867:Krymchak
4772:Chagatai
4745:Southern
4740:Northern
4605:Pecheneg
4402:Southern
4381:Northern
4373:Siberian
4266:Southern
4255:Trukhmen
4149:Telengit
4094:Krymchak
4035:Nagaibak
3981:Chagatai
3736:Koreanic
3731:Tungusic
3726:Mongolic
3714:Families
3578:(1997).
3552:(1972).
3535:Language
3500:"Turkic
3134:(2013).
3089:25898006
2801:tăhărvun
2783:ağıs uon
2733:sakărvun
2317:*jëgïrmï
1897:*bë̄ĺ(k)
1602:Bashkir
1590:Turkmen
1584:Turkish
1578:Chuvash
1215:sen, siz
1043:Bashkir
1031:Chuvash
1025:Turkmen
1019:Turkish
1007:Pronouns
996:*körtkür
713:*ï, *ï̄
461:Sibilant
364:alveolar
354:Bilabial
308:Xinjiang
304:Mongolia
231:sibilant
175:Göktürks
161:proper (
5979:Chovgan
5959:Kyz kuu
5872:Alevism
5809:Studies
5605:History
5588:Origins
5519:Türgesh
5489:Khazars
5484:Karluks
5464:Bulgars
5439:(Sakha)
5417:Uyghurs
5396:Tunisia
5384:Romania
5364:Lebanon
5332:Croatia
5320:Algeria
5309:Turkish
5301:Iranian
5286:Tofalar
5258:Chinese
5219:Qashqai
5204:Naimans
5149:Kazakhs
5129:Dolgans
5114:Chuvash
5109:Chulyms
5099:Balkars
5091:Georgia
5087:Armenia
5064:Teleuts
5041:Afshars
5033:Peoples
5010:Persian
4947:Turkmen
4942:Turkish
4907:Qashqai
4862:Kipchak
4782:Chuvash
4762:Bashkir
4652:Italics
4620:pidgins
4616:Creoles
4574:Chuvash
4498:Chelkan
4493:Kumandy
4471:Yenisei
4343:Turkish
4297:Western
4288:Sonqori
4283:Qashqai
4273:Afshari
4250:Turkmen
4238:Eastern
4025:Bashkir
4010:Kipchak
3933:Eastern
3912:Western
3741:Japonic
3650:". In:
3492:Sources
3466:Chuvash
3437:ol(lor)
3080:4405460
2831:to'qson
2712:jetimiş
2697:yetmish
2659:*jëtmïĺ
2646:altımış
2631:oltmish
2593:*ältmıĺ
2372:jıyırma
2367:yegerme
2362:yigrime
2357:yigirma
2352:jıyırma
2347:ýigrimi
2332:yegirmī
2217:to'qqiz
1762:وج (vč)
1605:Kyrgyz
1599:Uyghur
1593:Kazakh
1555:Numbers
1543:kiniler
1046:Kyrgyz
1040:Uyghur
1028:Kazakh
802:*a, *ā
792:*ä, *ǟ
777:*o, *ō
748:*ö, *ȫ
738:*e, *ē
723:*u, *ū
703:*ü, *ǖ
693:*i, *ī
684:rounded
674:rounded
622:macrons
483:lateral
407:Plosive
369:Palatal
316:Zhetysu
261:Oghuric
251:sounds
219:g, b, d
215:k, p, t
167:Chuvash
155:Kypchak
144:Göktürk
100:is the
88:Oghuric
5969:Kokpar
5964:Jereed
5927:Rifaʽi
5917:Qadiri
5746:Crimea
5703:Turkey
5653:Otuken
5514:Shatuo
5504:K'o-sa
5469:Cumans
5459:Bulaqs
5443:Yugurs
5437:Yakuts
5422:Uzbeks
5412:Tuvans
5388:Serbia
5360:Kosovo
5356:Israel
5340:Cyprus
5297:Afghan
5270:Mishar
5248:Tatars
5209:Nogais
5199:Kumyks
5184:Kyrgyz
5169:Khalaj
5164:Khakas
5134:Gagauz
4962:Uyghur
4882:Kyrgyz
4852:Khazar
4847:Khalaj
4842:Khakas
4837:Kazakh
4822:Karaim
4807:Gagauz
4797:Dolgan
4777:Chulym
4767:Bulgar
4730:Afshar
4715:topics
4713:Turkic
4633:Kurbet
4628:Hezhou
4598:Khazar
4580:Bulgar
4483:Khakas
4448:Dukhan
4425:Steppe
4409:Chulym
4388:Dolgan
4333:Gagauz
4192:Kazakh
4161:Baraba
4144:Teleut
4134:Kyrgyz
4120:Kyrgyz
4089:Karaim
4018:Bulgar
3945:Khoton
3940:Uyghur
3904:Karluk
3894:Khalaj
3721:Turkic
3626:
3605:
3586:
3564:
3445:*këntü
3441:*gëntü
3321:
3146:
3113:
3087:
3077:
3069:
2846:tokson
2841:tuqhan
2836:toqsan
2826:toqsan
2821:dogsan
2816:doxsan
2811:doksan
2806:toksōn
2778:seksen
2773:hikhän
2768:seksen
2763:sakson
2758:seksen
2753:segsen
2748:səksən
2743:seksen
2738:seksȫn
2707:yetmeş
2692:jetpis
2687:ýetmiş
2682:yetmiş
2677:yetmiş
2672:yetmiš
2667:śitmĕl
2641:altmış
2621:altmyş
2616:altmış
2611:altmış
2606:altmïš
2525:*ällïg
2427:o'ttiz
2377:süürbe
2342:iyirmi
2222:toqquz
2202:doqquz
2177:*tokuŕ
2152:sekkiz
2147:sakkiz
2132:səkkiz
2107:*säkïŕ
1837:tăvată
1596:Uzbek
1587:Azeri
1513:vĕsen-
1489:on-lar
1484:*o-lar
1467:sizder
1448:sizlar
1433:sizder
1429:sender
1396:bihigi
1037:Uzbek
1022:Azeri
992:*körül
988:*körün
984:*körüš
889:Aorist
866:*-(s)i
861:, and
841:*sāyïn
660:front
604:Vowels
510:rhotic
477:Liquid
417:fortis
359:Dental
263:/l/ ~
188:, and
171:Khazar
163:Bulgar
86:Proto-
80:Proto-
39:Region
5974:Jigit
5867:Islam
5781:Sakha
5559:Jadid
5494:Kimek
5404:Yemen
5392:Syria
5368:Libya
5348:Egypt
5336:Crete
5278:Volga
5262:Lipka
5229:Shors
5224:Salar
5191:China
5156:China
4967:Uzbek
4952:Tuvan
4932:Tatar
4917:Salar
4887:Nogai
4872:Kumyk
4792:Cuman
4735:Altai
4566:Oghur
4458:Soyot
4441:Taiga
4432:Tuvan
4418:Sayan
4393:Yakut
4229:Salar
4221:Oghuz
4197:Nogai
4175:Nogai
4099:Kumyk
4078:Cuman
4058:Cuman
4030:Tatar
3502:kümüš
3482:*-lAr
3449:kendi
3216:(PDF)
3209:(PDF)
2927:1000
2702:etmiş
2636:atmiş
2626:alpıs
2601:utmăl
2570:ellik
2565:ellik
2540:ellig
2502:qiriq
2492:qırıq
2467:hĕrĕh
2457:*kırk
2432:ottuz
2402:ottuz
2397:văḍăr
2387:*otuŕ
2337:yirmi
2327:śirĕm
2237:toğus
2232:toguz
2227:tuğıð
2212:toğız
2207:dokuz
2197:dokuz
2192:tokūz
2187:tăhăr
2162:segiz
2157:higeð
2142:segiz
2137:sekiz
2127:sekiz
2122:sekiz
2117:sakăr
2097:sette
2082:yetti
2077:yetti
2062:yeddi
2037:*jëtï
1982:altï̄
1967:*altı
1907:pilĕk
1887:tüört
1867:to'rt
1827:*tȫrt
1617:*bï̄r
1547:ollor
1509:vĕsem
1494:onlar
1472:ehigi
1463:siler
1151:*sän-
1064:*bän-
975:<
973:*-sïz
962:<
949:<
936:<
923:<
921:*-män
919:<
880:Verbs
831:*-lAr
821:Nouns
690:high
663:back
598:]
594:[
590:]
586:[
582:]
578:[
574:]
570:[
566:]
562:[
558:]
554:[
443:lenis
381:Nasal
374:Velar
159:Oghur
151:Oghuz
114:Oghur
5791:Tuva
5658:Oğuz
5524:Uzes
5352:Iraq
5083:Iran
4957:Urum
4937:Tofa
4922:Shor
4752:Äynu
4618:and
4510:Shor
4503:Tuba
4453:Tofa
4111:Urum
3962:Äynu
3888:Argu
3879:Argu
3664:XVII
3624:ISBN
3603:ISBN
3584:ISBN
3562:ISBN
3478:-sem
3474:-sem
3462:*o-l
3319:ISSN
3230:link
3144:ISBN
3111:ISBN
3085:PMID
3067:ISSN
2969:ming
2931:*bıŋ
2921:süüs
2861:*jǖŕ
2857:100
2580:elüü
2575:ille
2560:eliw
2555:elli
2550:əlli
2545:elli
2535:allă
2512:kırk
2507:qırq
2497:qirq
2487:kyrk
2482:qırx
2477:kırk
2472:kïrk
2447:otut
2442:otuz
2437:utıð
2422:otız
2417:otuz
2412:otuz
2407:otuz
2167:аğıs
2092:jeti
2087:yete
2072:jeti
2067:ýedi
2057:yedi
2052:yétī
2047:śičĕ
2027:alta
2022:altı
2017:altı
2012:alte
2007:olti
2002:altı
1997:alty
1992:altı
1987:altı
1977:ultă
1957:bies
1937:besh
1882:tört
1877:dürt
1872:tört
1862:tört
1857:dört
1852:dörd
1847:dört
1842:tȫrt
1767:viśĕ
1747:ikki
1732:ikki
1727:ikki
1702:ikkī
1687:*ëkï
1677:biir
1538:alar
1533:ular
1528:ular
1523:ular
1518:olar
1504:olar
1499:olar
1479:they
1438:sir-
1409:*sïŕ
1366:pir-
1341:*bïŕ
1325:kini
1250:*o-l
1246:*an-
1201:san-
1192:san-
1188:e-sĕ
1160:san-
1110:man-
1101:man-
1097:e-pĕ
1073:ban-
977:*sïz
964:*bïz
938:*sän
925:*bän
908:*-mA
902:*-dI
898:Past
893:*-Vr
836:-сем
827:*-An
789:low
735:mid
616:vs.
592:and
576:and
560:and
520:(*ŕ
493:(*ĺ
296:Huns
255:and
236:and
217:vs.
153:and
46:and
44:East
5426:in
5313:in
5188:in
5153:in
5080:in
4526:Old
4165:Tom
3972:Old
3950:Lop
3311:doi
3075:PMC
3057:doi
2989:muñ
2984:miñ
2979:meñ
2974:miñ
2964:mıñ
2959:müň
2954:min
2949:bin
2944:miŋ
2939:pin
2916:jüz
2911:yöð
2906:yüz
2901:yuz
2896:jüz
2891:ýüz
2886:yüz
2881:yüz
2876:yǖz
2871:śĕr
2789:90
2721:80
2655:70
2589:60
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