294:, while the smallest inventories are found in South America and Oceania, some of the last regions of the globe to be settled. The authors used data from the colonization of Southeast Asia to estimate the rate of increase in phonemic diversity. Applying this rate to African languages, Perreault and Mathew (2012) arrived at an estimated age of 150,000 to 350,000 years, compatible with the emergence and early dispersal of
2239:
2231:
787:
criticizes efforts to reconstruct a Proto-Human language, saying: "the search for global etymologies is at best a hopeless waste of time, at worst an embarrassment to linguistics as a discipline, unfortunately confusing and misleading to those who might look to linguistics for understanding in this area".
786:
Some linguists question the very possibility of tracing language elements so far back into the past. Campbell notes that given the time elapsed since the origin of human language, every word from that time would have been replaced or changed beyond recognition in all languages today. Campbell harshly
707:
stated that shifts to SOV are also attested. However, when these are excluded, the data indeed supported Givón's claim. The authors justified the exclusion by pointing out that the shift to SOV is unexceptionally a matter of borrowing the order from a neighboring language. Moreover, they argued that,
714:
reanalysed the data. In contrast to such claims, he found that a shift to SOV is in every case the most common type, suggesting that there is, rather, an unchanged universal tendency towards SOV regardless of the way that languages change and that the relative increase of SVO is a historical effect
200:
produced a series of large-scale classifications of the world's languages. These were and are controversial but widely discussed. Although
Greenberg did not produce an explicit argument for monogenesis, all of his classification work was geared toward this end. As he stated: "The ultimate goal is a
696:) had dominant SOV, but the proportion of SVO has increased over time. On such a basis, it is suggested that human languages are shifting globally from the original SOV to the modern SVO. Givón bases his theory on the empirical claim that word-order change mostly results in SVO and never in SOV.
723:
Many linguists reject the methods used to determine these forms. Several areas of criticism are raised with the methods Ruhlen and Gell-Mann employed. The essential basis of these criticisms is that the words being compared do not show common ancestry; the reasons for this vary. One is
355:
Ruhlen tentatively traces several words back to the ancestral language, based on the occurrence of similar sound-and-meaning forms in languages across the globe. Bengtson and Ruhlen identify 27 "global etymologies". The following table lists a selection of these forms:
289:
diversity. This is based on the assumption that phonemic diversity evolves much more slowly than grammar or vocabulary, slowly increasing over time (but reduced among small founding populations). The largest phoneme inventories are found among
783:
comes from the Latin word for 'white', and again shows a history unrelated to the word for 'woman'. Campbell asserts that these types of problems are endemic to the methods used by Ruhlen and others.
1498:
748:'vulva' because of how often such taboo words are replaced in the lexicon, and notes that it "strains credibility to imagine" that a Proto-World form of such a word would survive in many languages.
1829:
2203:
135:
There is no generally accepted term for this concept. Most treatments of the subject do not include a name for the language under consideration (e.g. Bengtson and Ruhlen). The terms
1526:
1822:
2174:
867:
282:
of 50,000 to 70,000 years ago and that language might have been the essential cultural and cognitive innovation that facilitated human colonization of the globe.
751:
Using the criteria that
Bengtson and Ruhlen employ to find cognates to their proposed roots, Campbell found seven possible matches to their root for woman *
2286:
2271:
2242:
2213:
1815:
816:
884:
The Proto-World language, also known as the Proto-Human or Proto-Sapiens, is believed to be the single source of origin of all the world's languages.
2208:
685:
670:
666:
836:
806:
279:
167:, published in 1905. Trombetti estimated that the common ancestor of existing languages had been spoken between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago.
1422:
736:, may simply be a result of many languages employing an onomatopoeic word that sounds like sniffing, snuffling, or smelling. Another is the
258:
80:
1394:
1349:
1578:
1099:
1047:
Quentin D. Atkinson (15 Apr 2011). "Phonemic
Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa".
2149:
1033:
Johanna
Nichols, 1998. The origin and dispersal of languages: Linguistic evidence. In Nina Jablonski and Leslie C. Aiello, eds.,
1991:
472:
2281:
2276:
1624:
1800:
2198:
871:
661:
of the hypothesized Proto-Human. These usually assume subject-initial ordering because it is the most common globally.
1795:
261:, the ability to produce complex speech only developed some 50,000 years ago (with the appearance of modern humans or
1642:, revised edition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (Published simultaneously at The Hague by Mouton & Co.)
767:'old (of a woman)' (adjective). He then goes on to show how what Bengtson and Ruhlen would identify as reflexes of *
2097:
2087:
775:, for example, comes from the Latin root meaning 'to join', so its origin had nothing to do with the word 'woman';
343:(cf. Babaev 2008). Several linguists have attempted to reconstruct the language, while many others reject this as
2266:
1996:
1961:
1873:
175:
1923:
1733:
White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G.D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F.C. (2003). "Pleistocene
2261:
2072:
1037:
pp. 127-70. (Memoirs of the
California Academy of Sciences, 24.) San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences.
170:
Monogenesis was dismissed by many linguists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the doctrine of the
285:
In
Perreault and Mathew (2012), an estimate of the time of the first emergence of human language was based on
1654:
Indo-European and Its
Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. Volume 1: Grammar. Volume 2: Lexicon
2181:
2156:
1878:
1858:
1839:
821:
340:
269:(1998) argued that vocal languages must have begun diversifying in our species at least 100,000 years ago.
2006:
494:
384:
87:
708:
since many languages have already changed to SVO, a new trend towards VSO and VOS ordering has arisen.
2082:
1986:
1981:
1976:
811:
406:
278:
proposed an
African origin of modern human languages. It was suggested that human language predates the
228:, who concluded it was spoken between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago, or close to the first emergence of
1225:
Bowern, Claire (November 2011). "Out of Africa? The logic of phoneme inventories and founder effects".
711:
1966:
1940:
1883:
1746:
1683:
1451:
1137:
1056:
450:
246:
124:
902:
2117:
1956:
658:
428:
307:
2230:
2027:
224:
The first concrete attempt to estimate the date of the hypothetical ancestor language was that of
2234:
2218:
2077:
2042:
1898:
1853:
1770:
1707:
1293:
1260:
1080:
826:
250:
106:
98:
2132:
2122:
2052:
2001:
1951:
1762:
1699:
1520:
1479:
1418:
1390:
1345:
1252:
1214:
1165:
1072:
929:
841:
516:
321:
291:
274:
254:
225:
213:
160:
185:. He pioneered two important methods for investigating deep relationships between languages,
2127:
2107:
2067:
2057:
2032:
1971:
1946:
1918:
1903:
1868:
1863:
1754:
1691:
1645:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1971. "The Indo-Pacific hypothesis". Reprinted in Joseph H. Greenberg,
1610:
1606:
1469:
1459:
1382:
1242:
1234:
1204:
1196:
1155:
1145:
1064:
831:
801:
700:
242:
241:
had fully developed language. Some scholars link the emergence of language proper (out of a
197:
190:
186:
102:
91:
2062:
2037:
1893:
1631:, edited by Joseph Greenberg, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 58–90. (In second edition of
1625:"Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements"
1372:
796:
662:
336:
325:
266:
1410:
932:
159:
The first serious scientific attempt to establish the reality of monogenesis was that of
1750:
1687:
1590:
1455:
1289:
CARTA: The Origin of Us -- Christopher Ehret: Relationships of
Ancient African Languages
1141:
1060:
744:
points out that many established proto-languages do not contain an equivalent word for *
2112:
1908:
1474:
1439:
1308:
1209:
1184:
1160:
1125:
704:
344:
332:
310:, i.e. the identification of universal features shared by all human languages, such as
205:
182:
144:
1668:
1376:
123:), Proto-Human as hypothesised would not necessarily be ancestral to any hypothetical
2255:
2047:
2022:
1807:
1264:
936:
741:
209:
114:
1084:
586:
Selected items from
Bengtson's and Ruhlen's (1994) list of 27 "global etymologies":
551:
Based on these correspondences, Ruhlen lists these roots for the ancestor language:
2092:
1913:
1774:
1720:
Human Language Evolution, as Coframed by Behavioral and Psychological Universalisms
1711:
1185:"Rejection of a serial founder effects model of genetic and linguistic coevolution"
725:
681:
230:
119:
1790:"Genetic Distance and Language Affinities Between Autochthonous Human Populations"
1339:
1150:
324:
has hypothesized that Proto-Human had a very complex consonant system, including
2102:
1888:
674:
59:
1444:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
688:(subject-object-verb), based on the observation that many old languages (e.g.,
673:) helps differentiate between the subject and object in the absence of evolved
201:
comprehensive classification of what is very likely a single language family."
181:
The best-known supporter of monogenesis in America in the mid-20th century was
1563:
1386:
1287:
262:
171:
1256:
314:(in the sense of "fixed or preferred sequences of linguistic elements"), and
1464:
1068:
315:
1766:
1703:
1483:
1218:
1200:
1169:
1076:
17:
1238:
689:
286:
1758:
1695:
1669:"Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia"
311:
1247:
245:
stage that may have lasted considerably longer) to the development of
1789:
545:
stands for "a vowel whose precise character is unknown" (ib. 105).
1341:
The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue
1008:] (in French). Translated by Harris, Roy. Chicago: Open Court.
954:
The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue
737:
693:
306:
Speculation on the "characteristics" of Proto-World is limited to
1649:, edited by William Croft, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
1508:. Max Planck Institute. Archived from the original on 2022-08-11
1811:
1183:
Hunley, Keith; Bowern, Claire; Healy, Meghan (2 January 2012).
669:(subject-verb-object) because this word order (like its mirror
298:. The validity of this approach has been criticized as flawed.
771:
cannot possibly be related to a Proto-World word for 'woman'.
204:
Notable American advocates of linguistic monogenesis include
1667:
McDougall, Ian; Brown, Francis H.; Fleagle, John G. (2005).
1100:"Language May Have Helped Early Humans Spread Out of Africa"
237:
It is uncertain or disputed whether the earliest members of
2204:
Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
901:
Meritt Ruhlen; John Bengtson (1994). "Global etymologies".
86:
The concept is speculative and not amenable to analysis in
904:
On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy
779:
is related to a Latin word meaning 'insignificant thing';
1126:"Dating the origin of language using phonemic diversity"
1801:
Nostratica: Resources on Distant Language Relationship
896:
894:
892:
257:, roughly 50,000 years ago. Thus, in the opinion of
105:
from a single origin, presumably at some time in the
1499:"The Basic Word Order Typology: An Exhaustive Study"
2191:
2166:
2141:
2015:
1932:
1846:
55:
47:
32:
868:"How are the Various Proto-World Families Linked?"
1647:Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method
1525:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2175:Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages
980:
978:
27:Proposed common ancestor to all human languages
1823:
1727:Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project
1333:
1331:
1329:
947:
945:
8:
1605:Gell-Mann, Murray and Merritt Ruhlen. 2003.
1569:Campbell, Lyle, and William J. Poser. 2008.
1309:"Linguists seek a time when we spoke as one"
699:Exploring Givón's idea in their 2011 paper,
2214:Russian State University for the Humanities
1571:Language Classification: History and Method
1438:Gell-Mann, Murray; Ruhlen, Merritt (2011).
1035:The Origin and Diversification of Language,
817:List of languages by first written accounts
318:, but beyond this, nothing is known of it.
1830:
1816:
1808:
590:
358:
1659:Klein, Richard G. and Blake Edgar. 2002.
1473:
1463:
1307:Velasquez-Manoff, Moises (19 July 2007).
1246:
1208:
1159:
1149:
2209:Moscow School of Comparative Linguistics
1729:. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic.
1573:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1440:"The origin and evolution of word order"
196:In the second half of the 20th century,
858:
657:There are competing theories about the
536:
1656:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1564:"On fossil dinosaurs and fossil words"
1518:
1023:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
971:(in Italian). Bologna: Luigi Beltrami.
956:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
837:Recent African origin of modern humans
807:Linguistic monogenesis and polygenesis
728:: for example, the suggested root for
51:All extant and extinct human languages
29:
83:predecessor of all human languages.
7:
1722:, Bloomington: iUniverse Publishers.
1607:"The origin and evolution of syntax"
866:McWhorter, John (4 September 2020).
335:, have suggested the application of
1539:Campbell & Poser (2008:370–372)
272:In 2011, an article in the journal
2287:Long-range comparative linguistics
2272:Linguistic theories and hypotheses
1189:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1124:Perreault, C.; Mathew, S. (2012).
989:(in Italian). Bologna: Zanichelli.
684:hypothesizes that Proto-Human had
677:by separating them with the verb.
109:period. As the predecessor of all
25:
1796:"Critics of the Nostratic theory"
1577:Edgar, Blake (March–April 2008).
1417:. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
1344:. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
2238:
2237:
2229:
2150:Journal of Language Relationship
1663:. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
1652:Greenberg, Joseph H. 2000–2002.
1296:from the original on 2021-12-11.
1098:Michael Balter (14 April 2011).
1000:de Saussure, Ferdinand (1986) .
985:Trombetti, Alfredo (1922–1923).
969:L'unità d'origine del linguaggio
165:L'unità d'origine del linguaggio
1548:Campbell & Poser (2008:393)
1277:Campbell & Poser (2008:391)
1737:from Middle Awash, Ethiopia".
1002:Cours de linguistique générale
1:
1019:Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987).
1006:Course in General Linguistics
101:, i.e. the derivation of all
79:, is the hypothetical direct
2199:Evolution of Human Languages
1497:Hammarström, Harald (2015).
1151:10.1371/journal.pone.0035289
1638:Greenberg, Joseph H. 1966.
1620:. New York: Academic Press.
967:Trombetti, Alfredo (1905).
253:or at the beginning of the
2303:
1579:"Letter from South Africa"
740:quality of certain words.
38:Proto-Sapiens, Proto-World
2227:
1874:Linguistic reconstruction
1661:The Dawn of Human Culture
1635:, 1966: pp. 73–113.)
1623:Greenberg, Joseph. 1963.
1313:Christian Science Monitor
715:of European colonialism.
537:
515:
493:
471:
449:
427:
405:
383:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
361:
331:A few linguists, such as
42:
37:
2192:Institutions and schools
2073:Vladislav Illich-Svitych
1618:On Understanding Grammar
1562:Bengtson, John D. 2007.
1415:On Understanding Grammar
1021:Language in the Americas
280:out-of-Africa migrations
2182:The Languages of Africa
1879:Internal reconstruction
1859:Etymological dictionary
1840:comparative linguistics
1718:Nandi, Owi Ivar. 2012.
1640:The Languages of Africa
1465:10.1073/pnas.1113716108
1338:Ruhlen, Meritt (1994).
1069:10.1126/science.1199295
987:Elementi di glottologia
952:Ruhlen, Meritt (1994).
822:List of proto-languages
341:internal reconstruction
302:Claimed characteristics
143:are in occasional use.
1794:Babaev, Kirill. 2008.
1725:Wells, Spencer. 2007.
1633:Universals of Language
1629:Universals of Language
1201:10.1098/rspb.2011.2296
755:in Spanish, including
249:toward the end of the
88:historical linguistics
48:Reconstruction of
2282:Linguistic universals
2277:Evolution of language
2083:Alexis Manaster Ramer
1381:. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
1239:10.1515/lity.2011.015
812:Linguistic universals
1924:Leipzig–Jakarta list
1884:Linguistic universal
1616:Givón, Talmy. 1979.
247:behavioral modernity
125:Neanderthal language
113:languages spoken by
69:Proto-Human language
2118:Vitaly Shevoroshkin
1759:10.1038/nature01669
1751:2003Natur.423..742W
1696:10.1038/nature03258
1688:2005Natur.433..733M
1593:on 28 December 2012
1589:(2). Archived from
1456:2011PNAS..10817290G
1450:(42): 17290–17295.
1227:Linguistic Typology
1195:(1736): 2281–2288.
1142:2012PLoSO...735289P
1061:2011Sci...332..346A
874:on 16 December 2021
308:linguistic typology
176:and their languages
174:of the human races
155:History of the idea
2235:Linguistics portal
2219:Santa Fe Institute
2078:Frederik Kortlandt
2043:Aharon Dolgopolsky
1899:Origin of language
1854:Comparative method
1387:20.500.12657/32840
1292:. August 1, 2013.
910:. pp. 277–336
827:Origin of language
712:Harald Hammarström
251:Middle Paleolithic
107:Middle Paleolithic
99:origin of language
2249:
2248:
2133:Alfredo Trombetti
2123:Georgiy Starostin
2053:Harold C. Fleming
1933:Language families
1745:(6941): 742–747.
1682:(7027): 733–736.
1424:978-0-12-285451-4
1378:Roots of Language
1055:(6027): 346–349.
842:Universal grammar
648:
647:
611:'nose; to smell'
549:
548:
322:Christopher Ehret
292:African languages
255:Upper Paleolithic
226:Alfredo Trombetti
220:Date and location
178:was popularised.
161:Alfredo Trombetti
103:natural languages
65:
64:
43:(widely rejected)
16:(Redirected from
2294:
2267:Middle Stone Age
2241:
2240:
2233:
2128:Sergei Starostin
2108:Martine Robbeets
2068:Murray Gell-Mann
2058:Joseph Greenberg
2033:Allan R. Bomhard
1919:Dolgopolsky list
1904:Paleolinguistics
1869:Lexicostatistics
1864:Glottochronology
1832:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1778:
1715:
1673:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1373:Bickerton, Derek
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1250:
1222:
1212:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1010:
1009:
997:
991:
990:
982:
973:
972:
964:
958:
957:
949:
940:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
909:
898:
887:
886:
881:
879:
870:. Archived from
863:
832:Origin of speech
802:Borean languages
759:'wife, spouse',
701:Murray Gell-Mann
659:basic word order
591:
359:
243:proto-linguistic
198:Joseph Greenberg
191:glottochronology
187:lexicostatistics
71:, also known as
30:
21:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2262:Proto-languages
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2223:
2187:
2162:
2137:
2098:Holger Pedersen
2088:Sergei Nikolaev
2063:Eugene Helimski
2038:Svetlana Burlak
2011:
1997:North Caucasian
1962:Elamo-Dravidian
1928:
1894:Mass comparison
1842:
1836:
1786:
1781:
1732:
1671:
1666:
1596:
1594:
1576:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1224:
1223:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1013:
999:
998:
994:
984:
983:
976:
966:
965:
961:
951:
950:
943:
927:
923:
913:
911:
907:
900:
899:
890:
877:
875:
865:
864:
860:
855:
850:
797:Adamic language
793:
732:listed above, *
721:
663:Derek Bickerton
655:
582:= 'nose, smell'
363:
353:
337:mass comparison
304:
267:Johanna Nichols
222:
157:
133:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Merritt Ruhlen
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1992:Dené–Caucasian
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:Proto-language
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1792:
1785:
1784:External links
1782:
1780:
1779:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1621:
1614:
1603:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1506:www.eva.mpg.de
1489:
1430:
1423:
1402:
1395:
1364:
1350:
1325:
1299:
1279:
1270:
1233:(2): 207–216.
1175:
1116:
1090:
1039:
1026:
1011:
992:
974:
959:
941:
930:Harold Fleming
921:
888:
857:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
792:
789:
720:
717:
705:Merritt Ruhlen
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
635:
634:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:
617:
613:
612:
609:
606:
602:
601:
598:
595:
584:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
547:
546:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
473:Dené–Caucasian
469:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
352:
349:
345:fringe science
333:Merritt Ruhlen
303:
300:
221:
218:
214:Harold Fleming
206:Merritt Ruhlen
183:Morris Swadesh
163:, in his book
156:
153:
147:used the term
145:Merritt Ruhlen
132:
129:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2299:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2157:Mother Tongue
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:Vladimir Dybo
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Václav Blažek
2026:
2024:
2023:John Bengtson
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1396:9783946234104
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1353:
1351:9780471159636
1347:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:(4): e35289.
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
988:
981:
979:
975:
970:
963:
960:
955:
948:
946:
942:
938:
937:John Bengtson
934:
931:
925:
922:
906:
905:
897:
895:
893:
889:
885:
873:
869:
862:
859:
852:
847:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
742:Lyle Campbell
739:
735:
731:
727:
718:
716:
713:
709:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:By contrast,
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:
643:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
604:
603:
599:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
587:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
552:
544:
541:. The symbol
540:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
518:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
496:
492:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
474:
470:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
452:
448:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
430:
426:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
408:
404:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
386:
382:
379:Smell / Nose
360:
357:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
317:
313:
309:
301:
299:
297:
293:
288:
283:
281:
277:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
259:Richard Klein
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
232:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
210:John Bengtson
207:
202:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
154:
152:
150:
149:Proto-Sapiens
146:
142:
138:
130:
128:
126:
122:
121:
116:
115:modern humans
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
73:Proto-Sapiens
70:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2180:
2173:
2155:
2148:
2093:Sorin Paliga
2007:Indo-Pacific
1939:
1914:Swadesh list
1799:
1742:
1738:
1735:Homo sapiens
1734:
1726:
1719:
1679:
1675:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1617:
1611:HTML version
1595:. Retrieved
1591:the original
1586:
1582:
1570:
1544:
1535:
1510:. Retrieved
1505:
1492:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1414:
1411:Givón, Talmy
1405:
1377:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1340:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1230:
1226:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1093:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1020:
1014:
1005:
1001:
995:
986:
968:
962:
953:
928:Used by the
924:
912:. Retrieved
903:
883:
876:. Retrieved
872:the original
861:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:'girl', and
760:
756:
752:
750:
745:
733:
729:
726:onomatopoeia
722:
710:
698:
679:
675:case markers
656:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
555:
550:
542:
538:
495:Indo-Pacific
385:Nilo-Saharan
354:
330:
320:
305:
295:
284:
273:
271:
239:Homo sapiens
238:
236:
231:Homo sapiens
229:
223:
203:
195:
180:
169:
164:
158:
148:
140:
136:
134:
120:Homo sapiens
118:
110:
95:
85:
76:
72:
68:
66:
2103:Ilia Peiros
1987:Sino-Uralic
1982:Indo-Uralic
1977:Ural-Altaic
1941:Proto-human
1889:Macrofamily
1838:Long-range
1583:Archaeology
878:16 December
682:Talmy Givón
407:Afroasiatic
172:polygenesis
141:Proto-Human
137:Proto-World
131:Terminology
96:monogenetic
92:presupposes
77:Proto-World
60:Paleolithic
33:Proto-Human
18:Proto-World
2256:Categories
1967:Eurasiatic
1597:5 November
1512:2023-05-02
1248:1885/28291
848:References
451:Eurasiatic
351:Vocabulary
296:H. sapiens
263:Cro-Magnon
2016:Linguists
1957:Nostratic
1609:. (Also:
1265:120276963
1257:1613-415X
1109:13 August
719:Criticism
665:proposes
570:= 'water'
429:Dravidian
316:recursion
2243:Category
2142:Journals
1847:Concepts
1767:12802332
1704:15716951
1521:cite web
1484:21987807
1413:(1979).
1375:(1981).
1294:Archived
1219:22298843
1170:22558135
1130:PLOS ONE
1085:42021647
1077:21493858
791:See also
690:Sanskrit
644:'water'
608:*čun(g)a
576:= 'hair'
564:= 'what'
362:Language
287:phonemic
2002:Austric
1952:Amerind
1775:4432091
1747:Bibcode
1712:1454595
1684:Bibcode
1556:Sources
1475:3198322
1452:Bibcode
1357:27 June
1210:3321699
1161:3338724
1138:Bibcode
1104:Science
1057:Bibcode
1049:Science
939:(2007).
914:27 June
773:Cónyuge
757:cónyuge
641:*ʔaq'wa
633:'hair'
622:'who?'
558:= 'who'
539:Source:
517:Amerind
511:*sɨnna
445:*čuṇṭu
364:phylum
312:grammar
275:Science
81:genetic
1972:Altaic
1947:Borean
1773:
1765:
1739:Nature
1710:
1702:
1676:Nature
1482:
1472:
1421:
1393:
1348:
1318:18 May
1263:
1255:
1217:
1207:
1168:
1158:
1083:
1075:
933:(2003)
653:Syntax
630:*tsuma
619:*ku(n)
600:Gloss
533:*čuna
530:*summe
499:
483:*ʔoχʷa
464:*punče
423:*suna
417:*ak’ʷa
401:*čona
373:Water
370:What?
326:clicks
212:, and
111:extant
2167:Books
1798:, in
1771:S2CID
1708:S2CID
1672:(PDF)
1627:. In
1502:(PDF)
1261:S2CID
1081:S2CID
1004:[
908:(PDF)
853:Notes
777:chica
761:chica
738:taboo
730:smell
694:Latin
580:*čuna
568:*akʷa
527:*akwā
524:*mana
521:*kune
505:*okho
502:*mina
489:*suŋ
467:*snā
461:*akʷā
442:*pūṭa
439:*nīru
420:*somm
411:*k(w)
376:Hair
367:Who?
90:. It
1763:PMID
1700:PMID
1599:2018
1527:link
1480:PMID
1419:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1359:2020
1346:ISBN
1320:2018
1253:ISSN
1215:PMID
1166:PMID
1111:2021
1073:PMID
935:and
916:2020
880:2021
781:cana
769:kuna
765:cana
753:kuna
746:putV
734:čuna
703:and
692:and
597:Root
574:*sum
508:*utu
486:*tām
477:*kʷi
455:*kʷi
433:*yāv
398:*sum
395:*nki
339:and
189:and
139:and
67:The
1755:doi
1743:423
1692:doi
1680:433
1470:PMC
1460:doi
1448:108
1383:hdl
1243:hdl
1235:doi
1205:PMC
1197:doi
1193:279
1156:PMC
1146:doi
1065:doi
1053:332
686:SOV
671:OVS
667:SVO
594:No.
562:*ma
556:*ku
480:*ma
458:*mi
436:*yā
414:*ma
392:*de
389:*na
265:).
75:or
56:Era
2258::
1769:.
1761:.
1753:.
1741:.
1706:.
1698:.
1690:.
1678:.
1674:.
1613:.)
1587:61
1585:.
1581:.
1523:}}
1519:{{
1504:.
1478:.
1468:.
1458:.
1446:.
1442:.
1389:.
1328:^
1311:.
1259:.
1251:.
1241:.
1231:15
1229:.
1213:.
1203:.
1191:.
1187:.
1164:.
1154:.
1144:.
1132:.
1128:.
1102:.
1079:.
1071:.
1063:.
1051:.
977:^
944:^
891:^
882:.
638:27
627:26
616:10
347:.
328:.
234:.
216:.
208:,
193:.
151:.
127:.
94:a
1831:e
1824:t
1817:v
1804:.
1777:.
1757::
1749::
1714:.
1694::
1686::
1601:.
1566:.
1529:)
1515:.
1486:.
1462::
1454::
1427:.
1399:.
1385::
1361:.
1322:.
1267:.
1245::
1237::
1221:.
1199::
1172:.
1148::
1140::
1134:7
1113:.
1087:.
1067::
1059::
918:.
605:4
543:V
117:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.