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764:, for himself in the church of Antioch; that within this enclosure he had erected a throne from which he presided in worship; and that he had trained a female choir to sing hymns of his own devising. These practices were all condemned as innovations, improperly importing the symbols of his secular Roman magistracy into church ritual; while presumptuously and blasphemously asserting that the person of the bishop in eucharistic worship is seated in the place of Christ himself. Still in a hundred years, all bishops in the Mediterranean world had cathedrals, all sat on thrones within an enclosed sanctuary space, and all had established trained choirs to enhance eucharistic worship.
898:
620:
1567:"dean" who had ten monks under his charge. The role of dean came into existence to supply the place of the provost in the internal management of the church and chapter. In England every secular cathedral church was headed by a dean who was originally elected by the chapter and confirmed in office by the bishop. The dean is president of the chapter, and within the cathedral has charge of the performance of the services, taking specified portions of them by statute on the principal festivals. The dean sits in the chief stall in the choir, which is usually at the west end of the south side.
1457:
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232:
835:
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Communion and an evening service which is often sung by the precentor and choir. There are often additional services on Sunday. Cathedrals generally have an area dedicated to the performance of choral services and with seating specifically for the choir and dignitaries of the church and town. This part of the building is called the Choir or Quire, and is generally located between the sanctuary and the nave. Because music often plays an important part in the performance of the liturgy, cathedrals generally have a
1623:, etc.), who must not be confounded with the chancellor of the diocese. The chancellor of the cathedral church is charged with the oversight of its schools, ought to read divinity lectures, and superintend the lections in the choir and correct slovenly readers. The chancellor is often the secretary and librarian of the chapter. In the absence of the dean and precentor, the chancellor is president of the chapter, and within the cathedral is usually assigned the easternmost stall, on the dean's side of the choir.
989:
45:
1243:
705:
255:
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principle that a cathedral makes a bishop; both specifically, in that the bishop is elected within the cathedral and is inaugurated by being enthroned within the cathedral by acclamation of clergy and laity; and also generally, in that the bishops' essential qualifications of regular prayer, higher learning and musical worship were for many centuries, primarily accessible through cathedral functions. In this there is a distinction between those church traditions, predominantly those of
894:
instruction. So baptisteries needed to be greatly increased in size, with associated accommodation to ensure privacy in undressing, anointing and redressing; and the baptismal tank, commonly octagonal, was now fully deep enough for total immersion, and wide enough to accommodate both the candidate and an assisting male or female deacon. Baptisteries commonly adopted centralised plan forms derived from funerary chapels; and are invariably separate from the congregational basilica.
1931:
1892:
1483:, etc.), who was charged not only with the internal regulation of the church and oversight of the members of the chapter and control of the services, but was also the steward or seneschal of the lands and possessions of the church. The latter often mainly engaged his attention, to the neglect of his domestic and ecclesiastical duties, and complaints were soon raised that the provost was too much mixed in worldly affairs, and was too frequently absent from his spiritual duties.
194:
1705:
judicial decision of a bishop needed the confirmation of the chapter before it could be enforced. He could not change the service books, or "use" of the church or diocese, without capitular consent, and there are episcopal acts, such as the appointment of a diocesan chancellor, or vicar general, which still need confirmation by the chapter, but the older theory of the chapter as the bishop's council in ruling the diocese has become a thing of the past, in Europe.
1535:
1772:, and is where worshipers congregate; the term is from the Latin word for ship. The cathedral is symbolically a ship bearing the people of God through the storms of life. The nave is also used for major processions, which gather or enter at the furthest door (liturgically generally called the West Door). The aisles on each side of the nave facilitate the movement of people within the building, without disrupting worshipers in the central space.
1213:
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1812:
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1055:
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had been inserted in a room on the opposite side of the courtyard as a baptistery, with rich wall paintings above it. The large room was indeed found to have a raised pulpitum at one end, big enough for one person in turn to read, preach and preside from; but too low to have been surmounted by a throne, and too small to have contained an altar. Otherwise the large room had no decoration or distinctive features at all.
1716:), this custom has never obtained, the two archbishops having, from time immemorial, taken charge of the vacant dioceses in their respective provinces. When, however, either of the sees of Canterbury or York is vacant the chapters of those churches take charge, not only of the diocese, but of the province as well, and incidentally, therefore, of any of the dioceses of the province that may be vacant at the same time.
963:
area of expenditure; the Bishop himself; the cathedral clergy; the fabric and lighting of cathedral and city churches; and charitable donations. Many diocese already held substantial endowments, but income increased enormously with the Peace of the Church; partly due to imperial subsidies in kind, but mainly from private bequests and regular private benefactions (often called 'first fruits'); although at this date,
1119:, as appointment was by election from the local clergy and people. The clergy tended to favour appointment of bishops from within the ranks of cathedral presbyters; but local lay choice often tended rather to outsiders, either a spectacular holy man, hermit or ascetic; or otherwise a senior civil servant or diplomat, who might have favourable contacts to exploit at court. But most bishops came from the
2054:
952:
2113:
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1431:, Germany, became the seats of Protestant bishops, as in England. Many new churches were built which serve the regional administrative function of a cathedral. However, not all churches that function as the seat of a bishop are known as "cathedral", the custom varying from place to place, according to local tradition. Some are simply designated "church", as occurs at
1972:
1165:
inferior in rank to the archpriest, the archdeacon by the sixth century had established clear pre-eminence. Subdeacons assisted the deacons, but unlike them were allowed to marry after ordination; consequently many clerics stopped the cursus honorum at this point, and it was not unusual for a subdeacon to be elected bishop; and even Pope.
927:
associate with other women (even without any indication of actual impropriety) he was creating an unacceptable potential for scandal. To avoid similar such occasions arising, it was necessary for the new cathedrals to create male-only living quarters for the bishop and his entire establishment; and since, in churches in the West, all
1680:
except for offences, were the servants of their absent canons whose stalls they occupied, and whose duties they performed. Outside
Britain they were often called demi-prebendaries. As time went on the vicars were themselves often incorporated as a kind of lesser chapter, or college, under the supervision of the dean and chapter.
1918:
Births, marriages and deaths are often celebrated by services at cathedrals and the cathedral often acts as a repository of local history by recording these events. The cathedral marks times of national and local civic celebration and sadness with special services. The funerals of those famous within
1736:
The role of the cathedral is chiefly to serve God in the community, through its hierarchical and organisational position in the church structure. The building itself, by its physical presence, symbolises both the glory of God and of the church. A cathedral, its bishop and dignitaries have traditional
1372:
The alternative of this was the cathedral ruled by a secular chapter; the dignities of provost, dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, etc., came into being for the regulation and good order of the church and its services, while the non-residence of the canons, rather than their perpetual residence,
1190:
or head cantor for this purpose. This proved a vital reform; as without any comprehensive system of musical notation, the only way that sacred music could be maintained and passed on was through professional choirs of sound musical training undertaking cathedral worship – and such skills are not
854:
windows. Floors and walls were richly decorated with mosaic and inlay – usually in abstract or floral patterns. The two original double basilicas at
Aquileia had both been about 37m by 17m in size, but within 30 years one hall was quadrupled to 73m by 31m. This expanded basilica now demonstrated
1851:
is performed, in which a person is formally accepted into the
Christian church. The font is often placed towards the door because the Baptism signifies entry into the community of the church. In some cathedrals, most particularly in Italy, the rite of baptism is performed in a separate building. One
1088:
had since grown up in addition; and all were tonsured. These orders now tended to be understood as clerical 'ranks', equivalent to those in the military, such that the male clergy are now often referred to as a "clerical militia". And as in the Roman military or civil service, promotion was expected
810:
Constantine's declaration of imperial favour towards
Christianity transformed all aspects of Christian life in the Roman Empire. From being a minority religion, largely confined to urban areas and restricted social groupings, and subject to official hostility and occasional persecution; Christianity
1819:
Apart from its organisational function as the seat of the bishop, and the meeting place for the chapter of the diocese, the cathedral has a liturgical function in offering daily church services. Most cathedrals have at least three services of worship every day, often taking the form of matins, Holy
1671:
In many cathedral churches are additional dignitaries, as the praelector, subdean, vice-chancellor, succentor-canonicorum, and others, whose roles came into existence to supply the places of the other absent dignitaries, for non-residence was the fatal blot of the secular churches, and in this they
1546:
The normal constitution of the chapter of a secular cathedral church comprised four dignitaries (there might be more), in addition to the canons. These are the dean, the precentor, the chancellor and the treasurer. These four dignitaries, occupying the four corner stalls in the choir, are called in
1009:
attached to churches founded by the bishop within the city. From the end of the 4th century, as the mission of the church extended more into rural areas, 'baptistery churches' were founded in more distant villages, so that rural populations could receive the bishop's baptism locally; and the clergy
171:
that did away with bishops altogether. Where ancient cathedral buildings in these lands are still in use for congregational worship, they generally retain the title and dignity of "cathedral", maintaining and developing distinct cathedral functions, but void of hierarchical supremacy. From the 16th
2089:
Because many cathedrals took centuries to build and decorate, they constitute a major artistic investment for the city in which they stand. Not only may the building itself be architecturally significant, but the church often houses treasures such as stained glass, stone and wood statues, historic
1745:
The cathedral is frequently the most imposing building, and one of the most ancient buildings in its town. The great size and splendor of the cathedral may be out of all proportion to the town itself. The money and talents expended on the building are seen as honoring God, and may also demonstrate
1675:
For the most part the canons also speedily became non-resident, and this led to the distinction of residentiary and non-residentiary canons, until in most churches the number of resident canons became definitely limited in number, and the non-residentiary canons, who no longer shared in the common
1129:
with the obligation to serve on the city council, as only persons of this class and above would be likely to have a full rhetorical education in Greek and Latin grammar; without which it was not possible for a boy raised with a knowledge only of Late
Antique vernacular speech to express himself in
1039:
In all cities, bishops dedicated substantial sums to the support of widows, orphans and the poor. Such donations had been a strong feature of the church in earlier centuries, but tended then to be specifically directed to the
Christian needy. Now the charitable compass became general. Bishops were
962:
Just as the episcopal residence was integral within the complex of cathedral buildings, so too there was no distinction between episcopal, diocesan and cathedral property and endowments. In principle, all diocesan income was paid into a common fund, and divided into four fixed shares for each main
748:
was entombed in a defensive bank, surviving when excavated, in places to wall-top height. The Dura church had been converted out of a large urban courtyard house of standard form, in which two rooms had been knocked together to make an assembly hall, capable of holding 60-75 standing; while a tank
1944:
Most cathedrals have a bell or bells. These are used to announce that a service is soon to take place. They are also used to convey information and celebration. The ringing of peals signifies a time of rejoicing, such as a wedding. An extended ringing of peals or "changes" conveys a time of great
979:
estimated his personal income as being 20 times that of his father, a minor civil servant; and
Augustine was by no means the wealthiest bishop in North Africa. But in accepting from Constantine the status of civil magistrates, bishops were now also committed to substantial expenditure to maintain
2093:
For these reasons, tourists have travelled to cathedrals for hundreds of years. Many cathedrals cater for tourists by charging a fee to any visitors outside service times or requesting a donation or making a charge to take photos. Cathedrals that are particularly popular tourist venues sometimes
1948:
Cathedrals are often associated with significant secular organisations such as the office of the local mayor and council, the local court, the local regiment, schools, sporting organisations and service clubs. The cathedral often has its own school, primarily for the education of choristers, but
1679:
This system of non-residence led also to the institution of vicars choral, each canon having his own vicar, who sat in his stall in his absence, and when the canon was present, in the stall immediately below, on the second form. The vicars had no place or vote in chapter, and, though irremovable
1345:
During the 10th and 11th centuries, the cathedral clergy became more definitely organised and were divided into two classes. One was that of a monastic establishment of some recognised order of monks, often the
Benedictines, while the other class was that of a college of clergy, bound by no vows
926:
had been his alleged over-familiarity with pious women. As was common, Paul had been married when elected bishop; and again, as was universally expected for a bishop, he had then ceased sexual contact with his wife and no longer cohabited with her. But his accusers charged that, by continuing to
1878:
The services that are held within the cathedral follow an annual cycle. The designated scriptural readings for each day of the church's year establish a pattern that alternates periods of introspection and penitence with periods of celebration, and is punctuated by the two great celebrations of
1753:
of the building most frequently has the ground plan of a cross. This form is both functional and symbolic, its symbolism referring to the cross on which Jesus was crucified. The form is liturgically functional as it allows the building to be divided into sections where different activities take
1704:
There was no distinction between the monastic cathedral chapters and those of the secular canons, in their relation to the bishop or diocese. In both cases the chapter was the bishop's consilium that he was bound to consult on all important matters and without doing so he could not act. Thus, a
1490:
In some cases, the office of provost was abolished, but in others it was continued: the provost, who was occasionally an archdeacon as well, remaining head of the chapter. This arrangement was most commonly followed in
Germany. In England the provost was almost unknown. Bishop Gisa introduced a
1228:
Notwithstanding wide differences over time in institutional structures and wider historical contexts; the key functions established for the first cathedrals have tended to remain as distinctive cathedral functions down the centuries; a regular cycle of choral prayer; providing a forum for civic
1164:
Just as the presbyters deputised for the bishop in ritual matters, so the deacons deputised in administrative and financial matters, especially in the raising and delivering of charity. At the head of the diaconate was the archdeacon; the bishop's main deputy in managerial affairs. Originally
893:
The baptistery in the Dura church was about 1m square and 1m deep; baptismal candidates could stand in it, but could not be immersed. In the new cathedrals, as had been the case before, only bishops baptised; and ceremonies were held not more than twice a year to allow for suitable periods of
849:
halls had previously been characteristic of major civic complexes and military headquarters buildings; but now became the standard structure for accommodating large
Christian congregations. From now on, the term basilica denotes any substantial church building. These new basilicas were wholly
1882:
Many cathedrals are places of pilgrimage to which people travel in order to worship or venerate a holy object or the reliquary of a saint. Many cathedrals are regarded as places that have provided rewarding religious experiences, where prayers have been answered or miracles have taken place.
1199:
These orders had been of considerable importance in earlier centuries; but tended to be sidelined in cathedrals from the 4th century onwards. So long as adult baptism continued as a regular occurrence, female deacons would continue to be needed for that service; but otherwise the main factor
534:
The episcopal throne embodies the principle that only a bishop makes a cathedral, and this still applies even in those churches that no longer have bishops, but retain cathedral dignity and functions in ancient churches over which bishops formerly presided. But the throne can also embody the
1987:
Cathedral buildings, especially those dating from the Medieval period, are frequently the grandest of churches in the diocese (and country). The ancient cathedrals of England, of Northern France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Germany and Sicily, the Baroque cathedrals of South America, and many
566:
correctly applies only to a church that houses the seat of the bishop of a diocese. The abbey church of a territorial abbey serves the same function (that is, houses the seat of the abbot), but does not acquire the title. In any other jurisdiction canonically equivalent to a diocese but not
1787:
is laid on the altar or communion table for the consecration. "Sanctuary" means "Holy Place". The word has passed into modern English with an altered meaning because traditionally a criminal who could gain access to this area without capture was thereby given the sanctuary of the church.
1095:, rising through the ranks, with the expectation that ideally, a minimum period would be served in each. The female orders of virgin, widow and (female) deacon remained explicitly outside the bishop's familia; and so they did not receive the tonsure and nor did they progress through the
1672:
contrasted very badly with the monastic churches, where all the members were in continuous residence. Besides the dignitaries there were the ordinary canons, each of whom, as a rule, held a separate prebend or endowment, besides receiving his share of the common funds of the church.
2081:
Many cathedrals, because of their large size and the fact that they often have towers, spires or domes, have until the 20th century, been the major landmarks in cities or in views across the countryside. With highrise building, civil action has been taken in some cases, such as
591:
is a second cathedral in a diocese that has two sees. This situation can arise in various ways such as a merger of two former dioceses, preparation to split a diocese, or perceived need to perform cathedral functions in a second location due to the expanse of the diocesan
1875:, which is generally constructed in such a way that the voice of the preacher is projected out to the congregation. The pulpit is often decorated with the winged figures of a man, a lion, a bull and an eagle, representing the Gospel writers, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
2027:, cathedrals are numerous and are often similar in form and size to monastic or large parish churches. In modern times, where functionality is the foremost consideration and where church attendance is low in many countries, a cathedral church may be a modest structure.
728:. Indeed, in strict terminology, there could not have been "cathedrals" before that date, as before the 4th century there were no Christian "cathedrae"; bishops were never seated when leading congregational worship, but instead presided standing on a raised platform or
2090:
tombs, richly carved furniture and objects of both artistic and religious significance such as reliquaries. Moreover, the cathedral often plays a major role in telling the story of the town, through its plaques, inscriptions, tombs, stained glass and paintings.
1022:
Plentiful donor inscriptions show that most new church building programmes; mosaics, roofs, furnishings, were financed by private donations. The costs of maintenance and lighting, however, fell on the general fund. This also applied to the churches, known as
1945:
civic celebration. The slow tolling of the deepest bell signifies a death or disaster. Many cathedrals have a clock with associated chimes that announce the time. The bells of a cathedral are traditionally used to signal the outbreak and the ending of war.
654:
actually carries no implication as to the size or ornateness of the building, although many cathedrals are impressive edifices simply because diocesan celebrations typically require the capacity of one of the larger churches in the diocese. Thus, the term
921:
No one lived in the house church at Dura; such residential facilities as the latrine and kitchen were removed in the conversion. But cathedral complexes always included an episcopal residence. Prominent amongst the charges that had been directed against
785:
sea. Dated from a mosaic inscription between 313 and 319, the complex consisted of two parallel east–west aisled halls of similar size; with a third smaller north–south cross-hall connecting them, which has been interpreted as the presence hall of the
1138:
It was expected that the normal president at both the Eucharist and Baptism would be the bishop, who would celebrate in the cathedral and in titular churches in turn. However, in practice, the bishop needed deputies for the Eucharist and also for the
939:, were necessarily substantial in extent. In addition to eating and sleeping quarters for ordained boys and men, the episcopium also commonly provided private dining halls for the hospitality expected of the bishop's enhanced social status, a private
1919:
the community are invariably held at cathedrals. People who have served the community or the church are often buried within the cathedral with which they are associated. Alternatively, they may be commemorated by a memorial. Some cathedrals, such as
184:
churches have formed new dioceses within formerly Protestant lands for converts and migrant co-religionists. Consequently, it is not uncommon to find Christians in a single city being served by three or more cathedrals of differing denominations.
1595:, etc.), whose special duty is that of regulating the musical portion of the services. The precentor presides in the dean's absence, and occupies the corresponding stall on the north side, although there are exceptions to this rule, where, as at
1173:
In practice, the first three of these orders tended to be given together, and were typically applied to boys as young as seven. These boy lectors were too young for the grammar school, but were valued as choristers, and so were included in the
567:
canonically erected as such (prelature, vicariate, ordinariate, prefecture, apostolic administration), the church that serves this function is correctly called the "principal church" of the respective entity—though some have coopted the term
817:, the city's rural hinterland. The consequence was a radical expansion in the buildings, funding and personnel of associated Church establishments throughout the 4th century. The first cathedrals represent this expansion in material form.
1910:
The formal cathedral services are linked to the cycle of the year and respond to the seasons of the Northern Hemisphere, Christmas falling in the winter and Easter in the spring. Cathedrals often hold a service of thanksgiving called
825:
The location and layout of the first cathedrals varied substantially from city to city, although most, as at Aquileia, tended to be sited within the city walls but away from the urban centre; certain elements are almost always found.
1952:
The cathedral, often being a large building, serves as a meeting place for many people. The cathedral often forms a centre of different activities related to community service, youth activities, study, music and decorative arts.
967:
was never paid to the church. In addition, many individual landowners supported private chapels and oratories on their own property; and endowed independent charitable institutions, and eventually monasteries and nunneries too.
1147:
who acted as his official deputy in all ritual matters and as head of the familia. The archpriest was also responsible for the cathedral school. After the 5th century, there were no longer state-supported secular teachers of
850:
different in scale from earlier Christian assembly halls, as they were also different in form from any Roman non-Christian temple or religious structure. The halls were longitudinal, aisled, and flooded with light from large
1486:
This led, in many cases, to the institution of a new officer called the "dean", who had charge of that portion of the provost's duties that related to the internal discipline of the chapter and the services of the church.
1308:
According to Chrodegang's rule, the cathedral clergy were to live under a common roof, occupy a common dormitory and submit to the authority of a special officer. The rule of Chrodegang was, in fact, a modification of the
790:
or bishop's residence. The three halls create an open courtyard, in which was originally located a separate baptistery. Surviving from both large basilican halls are rich mosaic pavements showing (amongst other scenes)
1031:, established by rural landowners for the convenience of their tenants. The bishop, in respect of his civil status, was expected to contribute to public works of general benefit; aqueducts, bridges, watercourses.
2191:
1966:
1290:, which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and were not infrequently married.
143:
churches, and episcopal residences. The cathedral is more important in the hierarchy than the church because it is from the cathedral that the bishop governs the area under his or her administrative authority.
1027:, served directly by the bishop's clergy, generally also including any surviving house churches from the period before the Peace of the Church and the rural baptistery churches; but not to the chapels, called
1200:
maintaining these orders was a knock-on effect from the rule of continence applied to bishops, presbyters and deacons. When a man became ordained, and moved into the episcopium with the rest of the bishop's
581:
is a parish or other church used temporarily as a cathedral, usually while the cathedral of a diocese is under construction, renovation, or repair. This designation applies only as long as the temporary use
1004:
All ordained clerics attached to the cathedral were paid through stipends from the general fund. This applied both to the clergy working directly within the cathedral itself, and also to the clergy, called
1514:, 38 only, and those either on the borders of Germany or in the extreme south, had a provost as the head of the chapter. In others the provost existed as a subordinate officer. There were two provosts at
1270:
The history of the body of clergy attached to the cathedral church is obscure, and in each case local considerations affected its development, however the main features were more or less common to all.
767:
The driving principle underlying this change was the acceptance by bishops, more or less willingly, of an imperial invitation to adopt and maintain the duties, dignity and insignia proper to a public
1499:
was the most notable instance of such an officer in England, but at Beverley he was an external officer with authority in the government of the church, no stall in the choir and no vote in chapter.
212:
339:
The word refers to the presence and prominence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne, raised above both clergy and laity, and originally located facing the congregation from behind the
176:, leading to the founding of large numbers of new dioceses with associated cathedral establishments of varying forms in Asia, Africa, Australasia, Oceania and the Americas. In addition, both the
777:; and now bishops would do the same. The earliest of these new basilican cathedrals of which substantial remains are still visible (and maybe amongst the very earliest to be built) is below the
1941:
Another civic function of the cathedral is the imparting of significant civil information. Announcements may be to the populace from the steps of the cathedral, or within the cathedral itself.
1988:
individual cathedrals from Italy and other parts of Europe, are among the largest and finest religious buildings. Many are renowned for their architecture or their decorative features such as
1204:; then there would usually also be a requirement for support to their mothers, wives and daughters; and the orders of widows and virgins respectively continued largely for this purpose.
1495:, but the office was afterwards subordinated to the other dignities and the provost became simply the steward of certain of the prebendal lands. The provost of the collegiate church of
1676:
funds, became generally known as prebendaries only, although by their non-residence they did not forfeit their position as canons, and retained their votes in chapter like the others.
1795:. Many cathedrals of Eastern European tradition are centrally planned. These churches are almost always domed. The symbolism in these cathedral structures is of the hierarchy of
1325:
from 1061 to 1088, introduced it into England, and imposed its observance on the clergy of his cathedral church, but it was not followed for long there, or elsewhere in England.
1369:
In the case of monastic cathedral churches, the internal government was that of the religious order to which the chapter belonged and all the members kept perpetual residence.
1084:
by shaving of their heads; this being originally a Roman badge of adoption. The early church had recognised the orders of bishop, presbyter (priest) and deacon, but a range of
1868:. However, some cathedrals retain elaborate medieval structures on either side of the church, one for the reading of the Gospel and the other for the reading of the Epistle.
1040:
especially expected to take responsibility for raising ransom funds, where local persons had fallen captive. In addition, it was expected that each diocese would support a
2129:
2074:
Many cathedral buildings are very famous for their architecture and have local and national significance, both artistically and historically. Many are listed among the
980:
their new style and status; and also to fulfil the associated duties, for instance in employing qualified legal assessors to support them when sitting as civil judges.
2038:
where the chapter could meet. In England, where these buildings have survived, they are often octagonal. A cathedral may front onto the main square of a town, as in
1510:, the provost was the ordinary head of the cathedral chapter, but the office was not common elsewhere. As regards France, of 136 cathedral churches existing at the
2124:
1962:
2336:
1350:". In this way arose the distinction between the monastic and secular cathedral churches. Outside Great Britain, monastic cathedrals are known only at
795:, and a series of, mainly female, donor portraits. It appears that similar cathedrals of double-basilica and baptistry were soon afterwards erected in
2299:
1416:
and, with the exceptions of Bath and Coventry, were refounded by him as chapters of canons with a dean as the head and other clergy as minor canons.
1072:
Just as the status of the bishop was transformed at the Peace of the Church; so too was that of the male clergy. With the bishop now resident in the
2249:
865:
east of the altar facing west, and consisting of a raised dais with a centrally place bishop's throne and benches either side for the clergy of his
2274:
1107:
be strictly limited to 60 presbyters, 100 male deacons, 90 subdeacons, 110 lectors, 25 singers, 100 doorkeepers and 40 female deacons; 525 in all.
855:
three additional features that became characteristic of early cathedrals: an enclosure at the eastern end of the church surrounding the altar; a
811:
acquired greatly expanded numbers of potential adherents of all classes, initially still within city areas, but eventually extending out to the
1883:
Pilgrimage was particularly popular in the late medieval period. Some cathedrals such as Santiago de Compostela continue to attract pilgrims.
1282:, the word not having the restricted meaning that it afterwards acquired. In this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like
1643:) who is guardian of the fabric, and of all the furniture and ornaments of the church, and whose duty was to provide bread and wine for the
1737:
functions that are mostly religious in nature, but may also be closely associated with the civil and communal life of the city and region.
99:. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denominations with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the
2034:, which traditionally provided an open area where secular activities took place protected from wind and rain. Some cathedrals also have a
771:. Characteristically a Roman magistrate presided from a raised throne in a large, richly decorated and aisled rectangular hall called a
92:
1373:
became the rule, and led to their duties being performed by a body of "vicars", who officiated for them at the services of the church.
2569:
2058:
1651:. The treasurer also regulated such matters as the ringing of the bells. The treasurer's stall is opposite to that of the chancellor.
709:
206:
172:
century onwards, but especially since the 19th century, churches originating in Western Europe have undertaken vigorous programmes of
2517:
2221:
2050:. There may be a number of associated monastic or clergy buildings, a bishop's palace and often a school to educate the choristers.
1749:
Cathedrals are very often oriented east/west, so that the worshipers look towards the rising sun, symbolizing the Risen Christ. The
2196:
2186:
1900:
1761:
619:
2559:
2532:
The Idea of the Gothic Cathedral. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Meanings of the Medieval Edifice in the Modern Period
2430:
2155:
1413:
752:
In 269, soon after Dura fell to the Persian army, a body of clerics assembled a charge sheet against the bishop of Antioch,
1456:
2003:
While cathedral buildings, in general, tend to be large, size and grandeur have rarely been essential requirements. Early
897:
2181:
2102:
1570:
2165:
2075:
1274:
Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a
559:; and those church traditions whose bishops have tended predominantly to arise through the ranks of cathedral clergy.
56:
1708:
In its corporate capacity the chapter takes charge sede vacante of a diocese. In England, however (except as regards
1180:
or choir school. Originally under the responsibility of the deacons, the organisation of choirs was reformed by Pope
370:, as the seat of a bishop, is found in most languages; however in Europe a cathedral church can be referred to as a
2170:
2160:
38:
1126:
1301:(743–766), compiled a code of rules for the clergy of the cathedral churches, which, though widely accepted in
1217:
1791:
Cathedral buildings of the Western European tradition symbolize the progression of the Christian soul towards
834:
231:
1827:
1596:
671:' guidebook on European cathedrals intentionally includes several churches that have never been cathedrals (
659:
is often applied colloquially to large and impressive churches that do not function as cathedrals (e.g. the
624:
536:
476:
104:
988:
756:, in the form of an open letter. Amongst the accusations was that Paul, who had received the civil rank of
44:
1803:, and often reveals its meaning through the internal decoration of the building with frescoes or mosaics.
1599:'s, the archdeacon of the cathedral city ranks second and occupies what is usually the precentor's stall.
1397:
1242:
173:
160:
148:
48:
2564:
2505:
1401:
778:
721:
259:
216:
156:
704:
254:
1404:. In England, much of the structure of the monastic and cathedral system was reconstituted during the
2047:
1333:
1099:. But all orders of cathedral clergy, male and female, increased dramatically in numbers. Around 540
839:
438:, have become the common names for a cathedral in those countries. It is also common in parts of the
31:
1930:
1891:
2554:
2175:
2145:
2139:
2117:
1976:
1865:
1836:
1709:
1688:
1664:
1428:
1405:
1346:
except those of their ordination, but governed by a code of statutes or canons: hence the name of "
1318:
997:
792:
725:
640:
540:
506:
447:
193:
168:
127:, and North Africa in the 4th century, but cathedrals did not become universal within the Western
2423:
York Against Durham: The Guardianship of the Spiritualities in the Diocese of Durham Sede Vacante
2304:
2039:
2020:
1896:
1750:
1523:
1258:
976:
955:
152:
132:
2325:
Sterk, Andrea; "Renouncing the World yet leading the Church"; Harvard University Press; 2004; p8
676:
1864:
of brass or carved wood which supports the book on its outstretched wings and is the symbol of
935:
were also expected to live apart from their wives after ordination, these living quarters, the
902:
2513:
2426:
2217:
2083:
1784:
1754:
place, or that are occupied by different people, such as the clergy, the choir and the laity.
1564:
1534:
1511:
1424:
1409:
1385:
1287:
1181:
940:
684:
439:
419:
343:. In the ancient world, the chair, on a raised dais, was the distinctive mark of a teacher or
68:
1912:
1713:
1496:
1246:
1212:
1156:
in the West (other than in parts of Italy) and so the church would have to educate its own.
923:
753:
664:
660:
459:
455:
423:
379:
1724:
1229:
leadership; a commitment to higher learning; and the promotion and dissemination of music.
1143:
of daily prayer, and this duty fell to the priests. The bishop selected a senior priest as
2024:
1934:
Cathedrals are important meeting places. After a service at Ss. Peter and Paul Cathedral,
1815:
Music is an important part of cathedral services. Choir practice at York Minster, England.
1811:
1757:
1659:
1515:
1507:
1492:
1420:
1322:
1176:
1140:
993:
807:; but that subsequently single-basilican churches became the more common cathedral model.
391:
271:
177:
128:
100:
501:
and other major churches without episcopal responsibilities. When the church at which an
2523:
Richard Utz. "The Medieval Cathedral: From Spiritual Site to National Super-Signifier".
1054:
1980:
1853:
1844:
1729:
1683:
1539:
1519:
1460:
1432:
1381:
1347:
1298:
1221:
1091:
1058:
680:
395:
236:
80:
2450:"Cathedrals, Luxury liners laden with souls, Holding to the East their hulls of stone"
2548:
2361:
2035:
1993:
1861:
688:
668:
577:
298:
136:
2106:
The staff and congregation of the Cathedral of St Joseph, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2023
115:
churches. Church buildings embodying the functions of a cathedral first appeared in
2530:
Richard Utz. "The Cathedral as Time Machine: Art, Architecture, and Religion." In:
2008:
1283:
1104:
1085:
741:
587:
385:
352:
2053:
951:
2057:
Cathedrals often contain a wealth of artworks. Tourists visiting the interior of
1871:
The function of expounding on the scriptures is traditionally performed from the
1768:
The main body of the building, making the longer arm of the cross, is called the
2445:
1503:
1359:
1310:
1254:
1186:
1042:
877:
672:
556:
498:
220:
112:
108:
1408:. Although the cathedrals were retained by the now independent and established
1328:
760:
due to contacts in the imperial court, had improperly erected an enclosure, or
17:
2474:
1821:
1294:
1144:
928:
859:
851:
768:
737:
502:
486:
356:
340:
96:
2112:
1989:
1935:
1792:
1776:
1692:
1644:
1275:
1115:
Bishops were at the head of the local church; but not explicitly within the
1100:
882:
497:
in Slavic languages), meaning 'assembly', but this title is also applied to
181:
140:
2239:, 1998 by Standard Educational Corporation, Chicago, Illinois; page B-262c.
1779:
and often contain a number of chapels. Farthest from the main entry is the
347:
and thus symbolises the bishop's role as teacher. A raised throne within a
2250:"What's the Difference Between a Church, Chapel, Cathedral, and Basilica?"
2011:
cathedrals tended to be of diminutive size, as is the Byzantine so-called
2134:
2031:
1852:
of the functions of the cathedral is the reading and expounding upon the
1575:
1351:
1149:
1121:
846:
782:
773:
632:
548:
348:
240:
198:
74:
2337:"St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican Is Not The Official Church Of The Pope"
1475:, the earliest head of a secular church seems to have been the provost (
1971:
1857:
1848:
1832:
1648:
1440:
1436:
1363:
1305:
and other parts of the continent, gained little acceptance in England.
1302:
1250:
1153:
1081:
932:
871:
544:
224:
164:
88:
2275:"What is the difference between a church, a cathedral and a basilica?"
720:
The history of cathedrals commenced in the year 313, when the emperor
2062:
2016:
1997:
1920:
1904:
1872:
1800:
1472:
1464:
1389:
1355:
1062:
910:
344:
331:
319:
307:
84:
52:
2030:
Cathedrals of monastic foundation, and some of secular clergy, have
958:, France, a famous landmark that draws both pilgrims and art lovers.
2192:
List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture
1967:
List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture
151:, the Christian church in several parts of Western Europe, such as
2534:, ed. Stephanie Glaser (Turnhout: Brepols, 2018). pp. 239–59.
2150:
2101:
2052:
1970:
1929:
1924:
1890:
1826:
1810:
1796:
1756:
1723:
1682:
1658:
1569:
1533:
1455:
1380:
1327:
1241:
1211:
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1053:
987:
964:
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896:
833:
813:
804:
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796:
703:
618:
552:
399:
373:
289:
280:
253:
248:
230:
211:
192:
124:
116:
43:
426:") many cathedral churches are also collegiate churches, so that
2004:
1769:
1314:
906:
713:
628:
244:
202:
120:
135:, institutional structures, and legal identities distinct from
1578:, Ireland, showing the bishop's throne and precentor's stall.
1419:
In Germany and other parts of Europe, with the spread of the
732:. In the third century, the phrase "ascending the platform",
325:
313:
301:
363:
also symbolises the bishop's role in governing his diocese.
571:
anyway. The Catholic Church also uses the following terms.
2300:"What is the difference between a church and a cathedral?"
2086:
to prevent the vista of the cathedral from being spoiled.
1076:
the other male clergy came to be recognised as his formal
1169:
Doorkeepers, exorcists, lectors, acolytes and primicerius
414:(episcopal house). While the terms are not synonymous (a
131:
until the 12th century, by which time they had developed
2502:. New York: Scribner's, 1938. Vol. III. pp. 191–92.
2498:
Carl F. Barnes Jr. "Cathedral". In: Joseph Strayer, ed.
2398:(2nd ed.). Manchester University Press. p. 10.
1191:
guaranteed to be present in high-ranking ecclesiastics.
492:
1860:
from which the scripture is read. This often takes the
1194:
2425:. York: Borthwick Institute Publications. p. 31.
635:
of the Catholic Church, is not officially a cathedral.
562:
In the Catholic or Roman Catholic tradition, the term
2537:
André Vauchez. "La cathédrale". In: Pierre Nora, ed.
510:
484:
1125:
class, that is those holding the hereditary rank of
2541:
Paris: Gallimard, 1997. Vol. III. pp. 3122–34.
1975:Some cathedrals are major tourist destinations and
1927:are the traditional coronation places of monarchs.
700:
Origins and characteristics of the first cathedrals
683:
in Barcelona) or that were formerly designated so (
227:, believed to be the oldest cathedral in the world.
2130:Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
2019:. In Italy, with a few notable exceptions such as
943:or chapel for the bishop, and often a bath house.
724:personally adopted Christianity and initiated the
2396:The English Secular Cathedrals of the Middle Ages
1746:both the devotion and the status of the patrons.
1563:) seems to have derived its designation from the
1341:Late Middle Ages: monastic and secular cathedrals
1506:, and in a few of the cathedral churches in the
1080:, in mark of which male clergy now received the
2094:provide guides, leaflets, souvenirs and cafes.
1587:Next to the dean (as a rule) is the precentor (
1195:Women's orders: virgins, widows and deaconesses
615:) is the former cathedral of a transferred see.
2410:The Religious Orders in England Vol III; p 389
744:in 256, a complete Christian house church, or
509:" presides is specifically intended, the term
55:is a representative modern cathedral built in
2125:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
1963:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
1400:all cathedrals of Western Europe were of the
881:would withdraw during the central act of the
427:
371:
27:Christian church that is the seat of a bishop
8:
1526:had four each, all as subordinate officers.
695:History and organization of the Early Church
433:
383:
274:
2512:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980.
1046:, a hostel for the homeless and strangers.
857:
600:
516:
467:
409:
403:
292:
283:
72:
736:, becomes the standard term for Christian
623:Despite its size and historic importance,
87:, thus serving as the central church of a
1728:Many cathedrals are important landmarks.
1949:often including other children as well.
1266:Early Middle Ages: religious communities
2209:
1631:The fourth dignitary is the treasurer (
1607:The third dignitary is the chancellor (
2462:The Cathedrals and Churches of Belgium
1574:The stalls of St. Canice's Cathedral,
2232:
2230:
1775:The arms of the cross are called the
1130:approved classical linguistic forms.
1103:ordered that the clerical payroll of
7:
1847:or water basin at which the rite of
1392:, became Lutheran at the Reformation
2216:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary,
1732:, Ireland, rises up above the town.
1257:in 800 AD, coronation place of the
1160:Deacons, subdeacons and archdeacons
555:, whose bishops came to be made in
466:), all of them from the Latin term
1741:Symbolic functions of the building
1700:Relationship of chapter and bishop
1491:provost as head of the chapter of
1412:, the monastic cathedral chapters
1278:, was nevertheless often called a
1010:in these churches also counted as
710:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
297:('seat'), and ultimately from the
207:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
25:
1663:Interior of the Chapter House at
1414:were dissolved by King Henry VIII
2197:List of tallest church buildings
2187:List of largest church buildings
2111:
1856:. The cathedral generally has a
262:in Brazil takes a modernist form
237:Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta
2140:Cathedral architects in England
2070:Artworks, treasures and tourism
2042:, or it may be set in a walled
1901:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
1233:Cathedral churches since 800 AD
1184:, who introduced the office of
351:hall was also definitive for a
2525:The Year's Work in Medievalism
2156:Gothic cathedrals and churches
1423:, some ancient churches, like
1336:with monastic buildings beyond
875:at the western end into which
1:
2500:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
1895:The funeral of the Patriarch
1764:has a typical cruciform plan.
537:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
270:is derived, possibly via the
2366:Europe's 100 Best Cathedrals
2335:Noreen (November 19, 2012).
2182:List of highest church naves
1762:St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney
1467:, was governed by a provost.
1435:, the Lutheran cathedral of
1014:and drew a regular stipend.
840:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
539:but formerly also including
472:, meaning "episcopal seat".
332:
320:
308:
2166:English Gothic architecture
2076:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
1089:to follow the principle of
781:on the northern tip of the
2586:
2394:Edwards, Kathleen (1967).
2171:List of Catholic basilicas
2161:French Gothic architecture
2013:Little Metropole Cathedral
1960:
1887:Civic and social functions
639:The cathedral church of a
422:, similar to the English "
408:(house of the church) or
326:
314:
302:
39:Cathedral (disambiguation)
36:
29:
2570:Types of church buildings
2237:New Standard Encyclopedia
1983:is one of the best known.
1843:Cathedrals always have a
1547:many of the statutes the
905:, an episcopal palace in
83:for 'seat') of a
1824:to accompany the choir.
1720:Functions of a cathedral
1549:quatuor majores personae
1218:archbishop of Canterbury
1000:style cathedral in Italy
869:; and a partitioned-off
189:Etymology and definition
30:Not to be confused with
2118:Christianity portal
2059:St. Stephen's Cathedral
1559:The role of dean (from
1134:Priests and archpriests
493:
483:commonly translates as
477:Eastern Orthodox Church
336:) 'seat, base, chair'.
312:), 'seat, bench', from
2254:What's the Difference?
2107:
2066:
1984:
1938:
1907:
1879:Christmas and Easter.
1840:
1816:
1765:
1733:
1696:
1668:
1579:
1543:
1468:
1393:
1337:
1262:
1225:
1069:
1001:
959:
913:
858:
843:
740:. During the siege of
717:
645:metropolitan cathedral
636:
511:
485:
468:
434:
428:
410:
404:
384:
372:
293:
284:
275:
263:
251:
228:
209:
149:Protestant Reformation
73:
60:
2560:Christian terminology
2539:Les Lieux de Mémoire.
2105:
2056:
1974:
1933:
1894:
1830:
1814:
1760:
1727:
1686:
1662:
1573:
1537:
1459:
1402:Roman Catholic Church
1384:
1331:
1245:
1215:
1057:
991:
971:
954:
900:
837:
779:Cathedral of Aquileia
722:Constantine the Great
707:
622:
260:Cathedral of Brasilia
257:
234:
217:Etchmiadzin cathedral
215:
196:
47:
2477:. St Louis Cathedral
2421:Till, Barry (1993).
1977:World Heritage Sites
1689:Bishops of Havelberg
1334:Canterbury Cathedral
1321:, who was bishop of
625:St. Peter's Basilica
285:ecclesia cathedralis
37:For other uses, see
32:Cathedral (politics)
2460:T. Francis Bumpus,
2381:Life of Constantine
2176:Lists of cathedrals
2146:Cathedral floorplan
1866:John the Evangelist
1807:Religious functions
1665:Southwell Cathedral
1406:English Reformation
1293:In the 8th century
903:Palais de la Berbie
793:Jonah and the Whale
726:Peace of the Church
641:metropolitan bishop
205:as Bishop of Rome,
174:missionary activity
169:presbyterian polity
133:architectural forms
49:São Paulo Cathedral
2527:15 (2001), 127–31.
2510:British Cathedrals
2305:The Times of India
2108:
2067:
2021:Florence Cathedral
1985:
1939:
1908:
1841:
1817:
1766:
1751:architectural form
1734:
1697:
1687:The Palace of the
1669:
1647:, and candles and
1580:
1544:
1469:
1394:
1338:
1263:
1259:Holy Roman Emperor
1238:Rule of the clergy
1226:
1070:
1002:
977:Augustine of Hippo
960:
956:Chartres Cathedral
914:
844:
734:ad pulpitum venire
718:
637:
398:, etc.), from the
264:
252:
229:
210:
71:that contains the
61:
2383:. p. 4:27,2.
2341:Today I Found Out
2084:Cologne Cathedral
1785:Blessed Sacrament
1538:Chapter House of
1425:Nidaros Cathedral
1410:Church of England
1386:Nidaros Cathedral
1288:Lincoln Cathedral
1182:Gregory the Great
685:Westminster Abbey
479:, the Latin word
469:episcopalis sedes
440:Iberian Peninsula
420:collegiate church
411:domus episcopalis
16:(Redirected from
2577:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2225:
2214:
2116:
2115:
1913:Harvest Festival
1862:form of an eagle
1837:Lübeck Cathedral
1497:Beverley Minster
1429:Lübeck Cathedral
1332:The cloister of
1247:Aachen Cathedral
1035:Charitable share
924:Paul of Samosata
863:
754:Paul of Samosata
708:The Patriarchal
661:Arctic Cathedral
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
530:
527:
526:cathedral temple
524:
521:
518:
514:
512:kathedrikós naós
496:
490:
471:
437:
431:
413:
407:
389:
377:
335:
329:
328:
323:
317:
316:
311:
305:
304:
296:
287:
278:
105:Eastern Orthodox
78:
21:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2545:
2544:
2495:
2493:Further reading
2490:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2455:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2408:David Knowles;
2407:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2110:
2100:
2072:
2025:Milan Cathedral
1969:
1961:Main articles:
1959:
1915:in the autumn.
1889:
1809:
1743:
1722:
1702:
1657:
1629:
1605:
1585:
1557:
1551:of the church.
1532:
1530:Secular chapter
1508:south of France
1502:In Germany and
1493:Wells Cathedral
1454:
1449:
1421:Lutheran Church
1379:
1343:
1268:
1240:
1235:
1210:
1197:
1177:Schola Cantorum
1171:
1162:
1136:
1113:
1052:
1037:
1020:
994:Milan Cathedral
986:
974:
949:
919:
891:
832:
823:
746:domus ecclesiae
702:
697:
677:Sagrada Família
612:
610:first cathedral
609:
606:
603:
597:proto-cathedral
528:
525:
522:
519:
405:domus ecclesiae
191:
178:Catholic Church
137:parish churches
129:Catholic Church
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Proto-cathedral
15:
12:
11:
5:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2503:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2466:
2453:
2438:
2431:
2413:
2401:
2386:
2371:
2362:Jenkins, Simon
2353:
2327:
2318:
2308:. May 13, 2006
2291:
2266:
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2226:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
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2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2099:
2096:
2071:
2068:
1958:
1955:
1888:
1885:
1854:Holy Scripture
1808:
1805:
1742:
1739:
1730:Cobh Cathedral
1721:
1718:
1701:
1698:
1656:
1653:
1628:
1625:
1604:
1601:
1584:
1581:
1556:
1553:
1540:Oulu Cathedral
1531:
1528:
1461:Metz Cathedral
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1433:Budolfi Church
1427:, Norway, and
1378:
1375:
1342:
1339:
1317:, a native of
1299:Bishop of Metz
1267:
1264:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1222:Rowan Williams
1209:
1206:
1196:
1193:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1135:
1132:
1117:cursus honorum
1112:
1109:
1097:cursus honorum
1092:cursus honorum
1059:Noto Cathedral
1051:
1048:
1036:
1033:
1019:
1016:
985:
982:
973:
972:Bishop's share
970:
948:
945:
918:
915:
890:
887:
831:
828:
822:
819:
701:
698:
696:
693:
681:minor basilica
617:
616:
593:
583:
190:
187:
147:Following the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2582:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:0-297-77828-5
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:Johnson, Paul
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2476:
2475:"Our History"
2470:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2280:
2279:Bit of trivia
2276:
2270:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:0-19-860575-7
2219:
2213:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:chapter house
2033:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:stained glass
1991:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:Prior to the
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1253:, founded by
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1141:Divine Office
1133:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1008:
999:
995:
990:
983:
981:
978:
969:
966:
957:
953:
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
888:
886:
884:
880:
879:
874:
873:
868:
864:
862:
861:
853:
848:
841:
836:
829:
827:
820:
818:
816:
815:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
784:
780:
776:
775:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
711:
706:
699:
694:
692:
690:
689:Basel Minster
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:Simon Jenkins
666:
662:
658:
653:
648:
646:
642:
634:
630:
626:
621:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
579:
578:pro-cathedral
574:
573:
572:
570:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
532:
513:
508:
504:
500:
495:
489:
488:
482:
478:
473:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
430:
425:
421:
417:
412:
406:
401:
397:
393:
388:
387:
381:
376:
375:
369:
364:
362:
359:; and so the
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
334:
324:) 'down' and
322:
310:
300:
299:Ancient Greek
295:
291:
288:and from the
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
261:
256:
250:
246:
243:cathedral in
242:
238:
233:
226:
222:
218:
214:
208:
204:
200:
195:
188:
186:
183:
179:
175:
170:
166:
163:and parts of
162:
161:Swiss Cantons
158:
154:
150:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
76:
70:
66:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2565:Ecclesiology
2538:
2531:
2524:
2509:
2499:
2479:. Retrieved
2469:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2422:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2346:February 14,
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2321:
2310:. Retrieved
2303:
2294:
2283:. Retrieved
2281:. 2022-04-10
2278:
2269:
2258:. Retrieved
2256:. 2019-04-23
2253:
2244:
2236:
2212:
2109:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2073:
2043:
2029:
2012:
2002:
1986:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1917:
1909:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1842:
1818:
1790:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1707:
1703:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1655:Other clergy
1640:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:scholasticus
1608:
1606:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1560:
1558:
1548:
1545:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1418:
1395:
1371:
1368:
1344:
1307:
1292:
1284:York Minster
1279:
1273:
1269:
1227:
1201:
1198:
1185:
1175:
1172:
1163:
1137:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1105:Hagia Sophia
1096:
1090:
1086:minor orders
1077:
1073:
1071:
1041:
1038:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:Fabric share
1011:
1006:
1003:
984:Clergy share
975:
961:
936:
920:
892:
889:Baptisteries
876:
870:
866:
856:
845:
824:
812:
809:
787:
772:
766:
761:
757:
751:
745:
742:Dura Europos
733:
729:
719:
656:
651:
649:
644:
643:is called a
638:
596:
588:co-cathedral
586:
576:
568:
563:
561:
543:churches in
533:
507:metropolitan
480:
474:
463:
451:
443:
415:
367:
365:
360:
353:Late Antique
338:
267:
265:
167:, adopted a
146:
64:
62:
2446:W. H. Auden
1603:Chancellors
1589:primicerius
1565:Benedictine
1504:Scandinavia
1477:praepositus
1471:In most of
1398:Reformation
1377:Reformation
1360:Downpatrick
1311:Benedictine
1280:monasterium
1255:Charlemagne
1187:primicerius
1043:xenodochium
883:Eucharistic
878:catechumens
673:Ulm Minster
667:, Norway).
557:monasteries
531:) is used.
458:, with its
279:, from the
221:Vagarshapat
157:Netherlands
111:, and some
2555:Cathedrals
2549:Categories
2481:2018-09-19
2432:0903857421
2379:Eusebius.
2312:2022-04-18
2285:2022-04-18
2260:2022-04-18
2204:References
2178:by country
2048:Canterbury
1822:pipe organ
1783:where the
1695:, Germany.
1667:, England.
1627:Treasurers
1583:Precentors
1512:Revolution
1295:Chrodegang
1145:archpriest
1074:episcopium
937:episcopium
929:presbyters
917:Episcopium
860:synthronos
852:clerestory
788:episcopium
769:magistrate
758:ducenarius
738:ordination
592:territory.
582:continues.
503:archbishop
487:katholikon
448:Portuguese
357:magistrate
355:presiding
341:high altar
276:cathédrale
159:, certain
97:episcopate
93:conference
57:Neo-Gothic
2032:cloisters
1990:sculpture
1957:Buildings
1936:Sri Lanka
1839:, Germany
1833:baptismal
1793:Salvation
1781:sanctuary
1777:transepts
1710:Salisbury
1693:Wittstock
1645:Eucharist
1641:cheficier
1621:magistral
1542:, Finland
1276:monastery
1208:Functions
1101:Justinian
1050:Personnel
1029:parochiae
885:liturgy.
847:Basilican
830:Basilicas
821:Buildings
657:cathedral
652:cathedral
650:The term
569:cathedral
564:cathedral
481:cathedral
368:cathedral
366:The word
349:basilican
268:cathedral
266:The word
65:cathedral
2135:Basilica
2098:See also
2040:Florence
1897:Alexy II
1835:font at
1637:sacrisla
1617:capiscol
1613:écoldtre
1576:Kilkenny
1524:Chartres
1452:Provosts
1352:Monreale
1319:Lorraine
1150:rhetoric
1127:decurion
1012:canonici
1007:canonici
947:Finances
783:Adriatic
774:basilica
762:secretum
730:pulpitum
675:and the
633:Holy See
549:Scotland
499:monastic
361:cathedra
309:kathédra
294:cathedra
241:Catholic
199:cathedra
182:Orthodox
153:Scotland
141:monastic
113:Lutheran
109:Anglican
101:Catholic
75:cathedra
1998:frescos
1899:in the
1858:lectern
1849:baptism
1649:incense
1597:St Paul
1561:decanus
1441:Denmark
1437:Aalborg
1364:Ireland
1303:Germany
1251:Germany
1216:Former
1202:familia
1154:grammar
1111:Bishops
1082:tonsure
1078:familia
941:oratory
933:deacons
872:narthex
867:familia
604:
545:Ireland
520:
475:In the
460:Spanish
456:Catalan
450:), and
442:to use
424:Minster
380:Italian
303:καθέδρα
225:Armenia
201:of the
165:Germany
89:diocese
2516:
2429:
2220:
2063:Vienna
2046:as at
2017:Athens
2005:Celtic
1921:Aachen
1905:Moscow
1873:pulpit
1801:Heaven
1714:Durham
1593:cantor
1518:, and
1481:probst
1473:Europe
1465:France
1390:Norway
1356:Sicily
1313:rule.
1122:curial
1063:Sicily
1025:tituli
998:Gothic
911:France
842:, Rome
665:Tromsø
631:, the
541:Celtic
432:, and
392:German
390:(e.g.
345:rhetor
272:French
155:, the
85:bishop
69:church
59:style.
53:Brazil
2151:Duomo
2044:close
2009:Saxon
1925:Reims
1797:Earth
1633:custo
1555:Deans
1516:Autun
1447:Roles
1348:canon
1323:Wells
1067:Italy
996:is a
965:tithe
814:pagus
805:Pavia
801:Trier
797:Milan
553:Wales
494:sobor
462:form
429:duomo
418:is a
416:duomo
402:term
400:Latin
396:Dutch
382:) or
374:duomo
333:hedra
290:Latin
281:Latin
249:Italy
239:is a
125:Spain
117:Italy
95:, or
81:Latin
67:is a
2514:ISBN
2427:ISBN
2348:2019
2218:ISBN
2023:and
2007:and
1996:and
1981:Pisa
1965:and
1923:and
1845:font
1831:The
1799:and
1770:nave
1712:and
1522:and
1520:Lyon
1358:and
1315:Gisa
1286:and
1152:and
992:The
931:and
907:Albi
901:The
838:The
803:and
714:Rome
687:and
679:, a
629:Rome
601:lit.
551:and
517:lit.
505:or "
454:(in
446:(in
378:(in
327:ἕδρα
321:kata
315:κατά
258:The
245:Nepi
235:The
203:Pope
197:The
180:and
121:Gaul
2015:of
1691:in
1439:in
1362:in
1354:in
691:).
663:in
627:in
464:Seo
452:Seu
435:Dom
386:Dom
219:in
51:in
2551::
2508:.
2448:,
2364:.
2339:.
2302:.
2277:.
2252:.
2229:^
2078:.
2061:,
2000:.
1992:,
1979:.
1903:,
1639:,
1635:,
1619:,
1615:,
1611:,
1591:,
1479:,
1463:,
1443:.
1388:,
1366:.
1297:,
1249:,
1220:,
1065:,
1061:,
909:,
799:,
712:,
647:.
595:A
585:A
575:A
547:,
444:Sé
394:,
247:,
223:,
139:,
123:,
119:,
107:,
103:,
91:,
63:A
2520:.
2484:.
2464:.
2435:.
2368:.
2350:.
2315:.
2288:.
2263:.
2224:.
2142:.
2065:.
1261:.
1224:.
716:.
613:'
607:'
599:(
529:'
523:'
515:(
491:(
330:(
318:(
306:(
79:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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