366:
145:
284:
1444:
380:
317:). Known protocetids had large fore- and hindlimbs that could support the body on land, and it is likely that they lived amphibiously: in the sea and on land. It is unclear at present whether protocetids had flukes (the horizontal tail fin of modern cetaceans). However, what is clear is that they are adapted even further to an aquatic life-style. In
298:
123:
559:, with no substantial articulation between backbone and innominates. Until recently, no hindlimb material was known for this subfamily, although the pelvic morphology seemed to hint at a tail-based rather than foot-based mode of aquatic locomotion. The discovery of
691:
Olivier L, Bianucci G, Salas-Gismondi R, Di Celma C, Steurbaut E, Urbina M & de Muizon C (2019). "An amphibious whale from the Middle Eocene of Peru reveals early South
Pacific dispersal of quadrupedal cetaceans".
407:) based on its unique adaptations for feeding (including only two incisors in each premaxilla). They then erected two subfamilies for the rest of the protocetids based on their degree of aquatic adaptation:
339:. Furthermore, the nasal openings are now halfway up the snout; a first step towards the telescoped condition in modern whales. Their supposed amphibious nature is supported by the discovery of a pregnant
1534:
417:
protocetids with generalized skulls retaining three incisors in the premaxilla and three molars in the maxilla. To the extent postcrania are known (primarily from
1521:
883:
1603:
712:, a new late Eocene protocetid (Cetacea, Archaeoceti) from Wadi Al Hitan, Egypt, and the transition to tail-powered swimming in whales".
1593:
791:
829:
737:
Gingerich, Philip D; ul-Haq, Munir; von
Koenigswald, Wighart; Sanders, William J; Smith, B Holly; Zalmout, Iyad S (2009).
353:
ancestry of these early whales is still underlined by characteristics like the presence of hooves at the ends of toes in
1608:
144:
1598:
739:"New Protocetid Whale from the Middle Eocene of Pakistan: Birth on Land, Precocial Development, and Sexual Dimorphism"
835:
Die
Archaeoceti des ägyptischen Eozäns: Beiträge zur paläontologie und geologie Österreich-Ungarns und des Orients
640:
876:
1464:
796:, a new protocetid archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the early middle Eocene of Balochistan (Pakistan)"
1588:
1560:
833:
431:
articulated to the ilia and innominates and large hindlimbs used for foot-powered propulsion. Genera:
1447:
869:
750:
139:
1565:
1502:
365:
1547:
1007:
842:
810:
778:
1552:
1539:
768:
758:
556:
336:
332:
1044:
345:, in which the fossilised fetus was positioned for a head-first delivery, suggesting that
754:
283:
1360:
1261:
1064:
773:
738:
544:
1582:
1126:
1115:
1087:
1016:
996:
973:
962:
583:
547:. Their skulls and dentition are similar to those of protocetines, but the pelvis in
80:
327: – a bone that in land-mammals is a fusion of five vertebrae that connects the
1394:
1369:
1293:
1270:
1169:
1155:
1146:
1101:
1094:
1023:
604:
597:
590:
472:
437:
385:
39:
763:
1496:
1424:
1376:
1342:
1321:
1286:
1279:
1225:
1211:
1204:
1135:
1037:
982:
939:
929:
892:
790:
Gingerich, Philip D.; Zalmout, Iyad S.; Ul-Haq, Munir; Bhatti, M. Akram (2005).
618:
507:
493:
486:
399:
222:
196:
55:
43:
1487:
861:
720:
1410:
1403:
1335:
1328:
1307:
1239:
1232:
1218:
1183:
1176:
1162:
1108:
1080:
1030:
989:
917:
611:
576:
521:
514:
500:
458:
451:
444:
419:
379:
319:
313:
303:
100:
65:
814:
1417:
1349:
1246:
1197:
1190:
1073:
955:
948:
846:
569:
540:
528:
479:
465:
371:
341:
289:
156:
131:
105:
49:
17:
782:
1513:
1481:
1314:
911:
414:
350:
176:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
1526:
1383:
1300:
335: – was divided into loose vertebrae. However, the pelvis retain a
297:
272:
206:
110:
85:
122:
923:
905:
663:
428:
328:
324:
311:
There were many genera, and some of these are very well known (e.g.,
186:
166:
1458:
427:), they possess a pelvis similar to those in land-living mammals, a
275:
known from Asia, Europe, Africa, South
America, and North America.
378:
364:
296:
282:
1462:
865:
679:
394:
675:
673:
671:
708:
Gingerich P.D., Antar M.S.M., Zalmout I.S. (2019). "
271:, form a diverse and heterogeneous group of extinct
1471:
1393:
1359:
1269:
1260:
1145:
1125:
1063:
1054:
1006:
972:
938:
877:
803:Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology
8:
543:protocetids, considered transitional to the
393:The protocetid subfamilies were proposed by
1459:
1266:
1060:
884:
870:
862:
121:
31:
772:
762:
632:
240:
7:
25:
1443:
1442:
143:
563:supports this notion. Genera:
1:
255:
764:10.1371/journal.pone.0004366
1604:Prehistoric mammal families
1625:
1438:
900:
252:
247:
140:Scientific classification
138:
129:
120:
34:
1594:Eocene first appearances
349:gave birth on land. The
403:in its own subfamily (
390:
376:
308:
294:
1561:Paleobiology Database
699:(8): p. 1352–1359.e3.
680:Gingerich et al. 2005
664:Gingerich et al. 2009
539:- Georgiacetines are
395:Gingerich et al. 2005
382:
368:
331:with the rest of the
300:
286:
682:, Table 1, pp. 207–8
423:, and more recently
369:Skeletal drawing of
287:Skeletal drawing of
1609:Paraphyletic groups
755:2009PLoSO...4.4366G
555:indicate a reduced
413:- Protocetines are
323:, for example, the
1599:Eocene extinctions
794:Makaracetus bidens
710:Aegicetus gehennae
391:
377:
309:
295:
1576:
1575:
1548:Open Tree of Life
1465:Taxon identifiers
1456:
1455:
1434:
1433:
1256:
1255:
1008:Remingtonocetidae
841:. W. Braumüller.
262:
261:
243:
27:Family of mammals
16:(Redirected from
1616:
1569:
1568:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1542:
1530:
1529:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1267:
1061:
895:genera by family
886:
879:
872:
863:
857:
855:
853:
840:
825:
823:
821:
800:
786:
776:
766:
723:
706:
700:
689:
683:
677:
666:
661:
655:
654:
652:
651:
637:
557:sacroiliac joint
337:sacroiliac joint
333:vertebral column
239:
234:
221:
148:
147:
125:
115:
52:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1467:
1457:
1452:
1430:
1389:
1355:
1252:
1141:
1121:
1050:
1045:Remingtonocetus
1002:
968:
934:
896:
890:
860:
851:
849:
838:
828:
819:
817:
798:
789:
736:
732:
727:
726:
707:
703:
694:Current Biology
690:
686:
678:
669:
662:
658:
649:
647:
639:
638:
634:
629:
624:
534:
363:
281:
238:
232:
219:
142:
116:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1518:
1508:
1493:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:Basilosaurinae
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1262:Basilosauridae
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1065:Georgiacetinae
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
978:
976:
970:
969:
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
942:
936:
935:
933:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
901:
898:
897:
891:
889:
888:
881:
874:
866:
859:
858:
830:Stromer, Ernst
826:
809:(9): 197–210.
787:
733:
731:
728:
725:
724:
701:
684:
667:
656:
645:paleobiodb.org
641:"Protocetidae"
631:
630:
628:
625:
623:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
565:
537:Georgiacetinae
533:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
448:
441:
433:
397:. They placed
362:
359:
280:
277:
260:
259:
250:
249:
245:
244:
230:
226:
225:
217:
214:Informal group
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
136:
135:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1621:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1127:Makaracetinae
1124:
1118:
1117:
1116:Pontobasileus
1113:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1088:Carolinacetus
1085:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1017:Andrewsiphius
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
998:
997:Himalayacetus
994:
992:
991:
987:
985:
984:
980:
979:
977:
975:
974:Ambulocetidae
971:
965:
964:
963:Ichthyolestes
960:
958:
957:
953:
951:
950:
946:
945:
943:
941:
937:
931:
927:
925:
921:
919:
915:
913:
909:
907:
903:
902:
899:
894:
887:
882:
880:
875:
873:
868:
867:
864:
848:
844:
837:
836:
831:
827:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
795:
788:
784:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
734:
729:
722:
718:
715:
711:
705:
702:
698:
695:
688:
685:
681:
676:
674:
672:
668:
665:
660:
657:
646:
642:
636:
633:
626:
621:
620:
616:
614:
613:
609:
607:
606:
602:
600:
599:
595:
593:
592:
588:
586:
585:
584:Carolinacetus
581:
579:
578:
574:
572:
571:
567:
566:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:basilosaurids
542:
538:
531:
530:
526:
524:
523:
519:
517:
516:
512:
510:
509:
505:
503:
502:
498:
496:
495:
491:
489:
488:
484:
482:
481:
477:
475:
474:
470:
468:
467:
463:
461:
460:
456:
454:
453:
449:
447:
446:
442:
440:
439:
435:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
406:
405:Makaracetinae
402:
401:
396:
388:
387:
381:
374:
373:
367:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:
316:
315:
306:
305:
299:
292:
291:
285:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
258:
257:
251:
246:
242:
237:
231:
228:
227:
224:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
137:
134:
133:
128:
124:
119:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:47.5–35
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
1589:Protocetidae
1503:Protocetidae
1473:Protocetidae
1472:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:Pachycetinae
1382:
1375:
1370:Basilosaurus
1368:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1294:Cynthiacetus
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:Dorudontinae
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1170:Crenatocetus
1168:
1161:
1156:Aegyptocetus
1154:
1147:Protocetinae
1134:
1114:
1107:
1102:Natchitochia
1100:
1095:Georgiacetus
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1056:Protocetidae
1055:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1024:Attockicetus
1022:
1015:
995:
988:
981:
961:
954:
947:
930:Artiodactyla
850:. Retrieved
834:
818:. Retrieved
806:
802:
793:
749:(2): e4366.
746:
742:
716:
713:
709:
704:
696:
693:
687:
659:
648:. Retrieved
644:
635:
617:
610:
605:Natchitochia
603:
598:Georgiacetus
596:
591:Crenatocetus
589:
582:
575:
568:
560:
552:
549:Georgiacetus
548:
536:
535:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
473:Kharodacetus
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
438:Aegyptocetus
436:
424:
418:
411:Protocetinae
410:
409:
404:
398:
392:
386:Georgiacetus
384:
370:
354:
346:
340:
318:
312:
310:
302:
288:
268:
265:Protocetidae
264:
263:
253:
248:Subfamilies
241:Stromer 1908
236:Protocetidae
235:
213:
203:Infraorder:
197:Artiodactyla
130:
40:Early Eocene
35:Protocetidae
29:
18:Protocetinae
1497:Wikispecies
1425:Platyosphys
1377:Basiloterus
1343:Supayacetus
1322:Pontogeneus
1287:Chrysocetus
1280:Ancalecetus
1226:Qaisracetus
1212:Phiomicetus
1205:Peregocetus
1136:Makaracetus
1038:Kutchicetus
983:Ambulocetus
940:Pakicetidae
893:Archaeocete
619:Tupelocetus
508:Qaisracetus
494:Phiomicetus
487:Peregocetus
425:Peregocetus
400:Makaracetus
383:Drawing of
301:Drawing of
279:Description
269:protocetids
223:Archaeoceti
44:Late Eocene
1583:Categories
1411:Pachycetus
1404:Antaecetus
1336:Stromerius
1329:Saghacetus
1308:Masracetus
1240:Takracetus
1233:Rodhocetus
1219:Protocetus
1184:Gaviacetus
1177:Dhedacetus
1163:Artiocetus
1109:Pappocetus
1081:Babiacetus
1031:Dalanistes
990:Gandakasia
918:Vertebrata
916:Subphylum
730:References
650:2021-09-03
612:Pappocetus
577:Babiacetus
522:Takracetus
515:Rodhocetus
501:Protocetus
459:Gaviacetus
452:Dhedacetus
445:Artiocetus
420:Rodhocetus
355:Rodhocetus
320:Rodhocetus
314:Rodhocetus
304:Rodhocetus
1418:Perucetus
1350:Zygorhiza
1247:Togocetus
1198:Maiacetus
1191:Indocetus
1074:Aegicetus
956:Nalacetus
949:Pakicetus
815:742723177
570:Aegicetus
561:Aegicetus
553:Aegicetus
541:Bartonian
529:Togocetus
480:Maiacetus
466:Indocetus
372:Aegicetus
347:Maiacetus
342:Maiacetus
290:Maiacetus
273:cetaceans
163:Kingdom:
157:Eukaryota
132:Maiacetus
1511:BioLib:
1488:Q2721468
1482:Wikidata
1448:Category
1315:Ocucajea
924:Mammalia
912:Chordata
906:Animalia
904:Kingdom
847:21174007
832:(1908).
783:19194487
743:PLOS ONE
721:e0225391
714:PLoS ONE
415:Lutetian
361:Taxonomy
351:ungulate
256:See text
229:Family:
187:Mammalia
177:Chordata
173:Phylum:
167:Animalia
153:Domain:
1553:4942534
1527:4832586
1384:Eocetus
1301:Dorudon
910:Phylum
820:1 March
774:2629576
751:Bibcode
207:Cetacea
193:Order:
183:Class:
1540:103826
928:Order
922:Class
852:1 July
845:
813:
781:
771:
429:sacrum
329:pelvis
325:sacrum
267:, the
1566:42934
1535:IRMNG
1514:38234
839:(PDF)
799:(PDF)
719:(12):
627:Notes
1522:GBIF
854:2013
843:OCLC
822:2013
811:OCLC
779:PMID
551:and
56:PreꞒ
769:PMC
759:doi
254:3,
42:to
1585::
1563::
1550::
1537::
1524::
1499::
1484::
807:31
805:.
801:.
777:.
767:.
757:.
745:.
741:.
717:14
697:29
670:^
643:.
357:.
216::
106:Pg
50:Ma
885:e
878:t
871:v
856:.
824:.
792:"
785:.
761::
753::
747:4
653:.
389:.
375:.
307:.
293:.
233:†
220:†
111:N
101:K
96:J
91:T
86:P
81:C
76:D
71:S
66:O
61:Ꞓ
20:)
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