4036:
3305:
4042:
3316:
138:
117:
3322:
4030:
2795:
3311:
2789:
2801:
990:, which were thought to be the ancestors of later latipinnates, and found them to be too distinct for this position. Instead, he considered mixosaurids to belong to a group of their own, while the later latipinnates descended from the longipinnates. He created a new group, Heteropinnatoidea, for
393:
can be distinguished by the narrow, crescent-shaped postorbital; the low maxilla; the nasal reaching to the front of the maxilla; the lacrimal having a forward projection the same length as or longer than the upward projection; and the presence of a plate-like upward projection on the
572:
to be a valid species, and its type specimen and the additional specimen BRLSI M3555 to each be composed of only a single individual's remains. Further specimens, including the partial skeleton AGC 12 and the skulls BU 5323 and WARMS G347, were also found to be attributable to
1001:
The latipinnate-longipinnate distinction in ichthyosaurs was abandoned as a method of classification since studies such as
Appleby's revealed that forefin morphology alone did not always follow trends shown elsewhere in the skeleton. In their 2017 revision of
1779:
437:. Appleby assigned an additional four specimens to this species: the partial skeletons BRLSI M3555 and BRLSI M3563, the nearly complete skeleton OUMNH J.13799, and the isolated flipper LEICT G454.1951/164. Appleby included only one specimen in
871:(paired shoulder bones positioned below the scapulae) bear broad notches on both their front and back edges. Both ends of each humerus are about the same width, although the middle of the bone is slightly constricted, as also seen in
561:, many skeletons from historical collections actually represent composites of multiple individuals, and sometimes contain reconstructed parts or were dissassembled then reassembled incorrectly. Many of the original
719:
is a medium-sized ichthyosaur, with the total length of the largest specimen likely somewhere between 3.2–4 metres (10–13 ft), while that of other known specimens likely being below 2.5 metres (8.2 ft).
454:, a position reiterated by Maisch later that year and supported by Christopher McGowan and Ryosuke Motani in 2003. In 2000, Maisch and Andreas Matzke elaborated on this synonymy, noting that the foreflippers of
752:
are unique in shape; they are large, tall, and triangular with at least half the length of their forwards-projecting processes in front of the external nares; these bones extend further forwards than the
879:
are robust. In this species, a small projection known as the dorsal process on each humerus is located along the bone's midline and does not reach very far down its length, similar to the condition in
668:
species, the researchers noted that it could potentially be synonymous with one of them. In the same publication, they also described additional specimens, including a skull assigned to
946:, are roughly rectangular in shape in the upper part of the flipper, though those further towards it tip are rounded. The phalanges are tightly packed together. The upper end of each
684:, and its good preservation allowed a three-dimensional reconstruction of the animal's skull to be created. In 2020, Lomax, Massare, and Mark Evans assigned two partial skulls to
688:
that revealed further data on the skull roof. They also identified two partial forelimbs as belonging to the genus, but could not assign them to either species with confidence.
978:. These groups were mainly differentiated based on wrist structure, though they also differed in other features of the forelimb and skull. However, in 1979, Appleby noted that
672:, the second known specimen of that species. In 2019, Lomax, Laura Porro, and Nigel Larkin found that BMT 1955.G35.1, a partial skeleton initially identified as belonging to
334:
by Maisch and
Hungerbuhler in 1997, and again by Maisch and Matzke in 2000. However, it was found to be distinct in 2017 by Dean Lomax and colleagues, who separated it from
772:
The nasals have wide rear ends. There is an opening between the nasals towards their rear ends that, in some specimens, can be quite long and pronounced. The lacrimals of
462:
were unusual, they did not seem sufficiently different to support the latter's status as a seoarate genus. They also noted that the traits
Appleby used to distinguish
2293:
986:, both had foreflipper morphologies intermediate between the latipinnate and longipinnate conditions, despite living in the Early Jurassic. Appleby restudied the
887:
are also located along the midlines of the humeri, though in this species they are vaguely plate-like and are present as thin ridges, similar to the condition in
2333:
918:. In fact, distal carpal 3 is the only one of the distal carpals to have extensive contact with the intermedium. There are three distal (lower) carpals in
784:, the forwards-projected prong is at least as long, if not longer, than the upper one. The forwards projections of a pair of skull roof bones known as the
4113:
4035:
2280:
557:
and therefore probably an aberrant individual of that genus, rather than a distinct species. Additionally influencing the apparent variability of
4123:
593:, with the rest of the skeleton's affinity being unclear. LEICT G454.1951/164 was discovered to be lost, and may actually be a hindflipper of
847:
are shaped like rectangles and each bear a downwards-pointing, triangular projection on their rear lower corners, a morphology also seen in
4108:
4118:
757:(a pair of skull roof bones located towards the front of the skull). While the maxillae also extend in front of the external nares in
4128:
3304:
2326:
748:(paired bones in front of the eye sockets). The maxillae bear elongate, slim front portions are not symmetrical. The maxillae of
225:
970:
It was once thought that ichthyosaurs consisted of two main lineages, the latipinnates and longipinnates, which diverged in the
812:, the postorbitals are instead thin and crescent-shaped, tall but narrow from front to back. Additionally, like many species of
4103:
2220:
831:
species. The pineal foramen (a small opening on the top of the skull) is positioned between two pairs of skull roof bones, the
613:, named in honor of Appleby and his work on ichthyosaurs. A possible specimen of this second species, originally thought to be
137:
942:. Thus, the two bifurcations provide a total of five digits per foreflipper. The individual bones composing these digits, the
4041:
597:. (Lomax2017) The specimen UNM.G.2017.1, a largely authentic skeleton except for probably much of its tail, was assigned to
1708:
1043:
1834:(v. HUENE, 1931), a large ichthyosaur from the Lower Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Nürtingen, South Western Germany"
1380:
998:, with the latter being placed in the new family Protoichthyosauridae and considered more similar to the latipinnates.
3315:
2319:
1485:
1940:
Klug, C.; Sivgin, T.; Miedema, F.; Scheffold, B.; Reisdorf, A.G.; Stössel, I.; Maxwell, E.E.; Scheyer, T.M. (2024).
839:, as seen in many other Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs, with the rear edge of the foramen formed by the parietals. The
425:. Appleby chose BRLSI M3553 (at the time under the specimen number B. 1963’5/OS), the front part of a skeleton from
4078:
1156:
1108:
3321:
954:, while the middle part is thinner and the lower end is wider than the upper. There are three bones in the distal
863:
are elongate. While the front edges of each scapula are slightly expanded, they lack prominent eminences known as
1559:
1215:
930:. This bifurcation nearly entirely intrudes between distal carpals 2 and 3 and separates them, a trait unique to
2038:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) including computed tomography and digital reconstruction of a three-dimensional skull"
4073:
4029:
1542:
1518:
1428:
1091:
2794:
2788:
2248:
1468:
1297:
1173:
761:, in this species, the maxillae are low and the nasals extend further forwards than they do. The teeth of
4068:
1239:
823:
Measured from their tops to their bottoms, the prefronals have wide front ends but narrow rear ends in
804:
are unique in shape, being short vertically but wide from front to back and roughly rectangular. Like
736:
are large and roughly triangular in shape. In some specimens, none of their borders are formed by the
3142:
3064:
3012:
1411:
1263:
630:
229:
2800:
1861:
3428:
3271:
2418:
1067:
3285:
2960:
2845:
2595:
2480:
2467:
2430:
2342:
2147:
2108:
1807:
132:
1775:
3310:
664:
species. However, as this foreflipper does not preserve the diagnostic traits of the other two
601:
by Lomax and colleagues. However, they noted that there were differences between its skull and
3859:
3734:
3699:
3655:
3180:
2560:
2298:
2166:
2069:
955:
708:
3979:
3928:
3896:
3779:
3584:
3440:
3385:
2939:
2876:
2201:
2139:
2100:
2059:
2049:
1963:
1953:
1799:
1132:
864:
797:
426:
382:
320:, was named by Appleby, but it was removed from the genus in 2017 due to its similarity to
3822:
3814:
3806:
3764:
3668:
3616:
3517:
3278:
3257:
3250:
3128:
3107:
2967:
2677:
2638:
2604:
2576:
2525:
1283:
1007:
789:
785:
700:
565:
specimens come from the
Charles Moore collection, in which there are multiple composites.
541:
ichthyosaurs of
Britain. The authors noted that the variability of foreflipper anatomy in
510:
498:
205:
116:
1968:
1941:
938:, although digit V is absent. Digit II forks again further down the flipper, similar to
3972:
3965:
3937:
3706:
3644:
3637:
3600:
3593:
3572:
3467:
3413:
3170:
3150:
3120:
3072:
3056:
3039:
2992:
2900:
2892:
2885:
2651:
2064:
2033:
840:
538:
514:
309:
30:
2225:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from Southwestern Germany"
2130:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) and intraspecific variation in some dermal skull elements".
2126:
Lomax, D. R.; Massare, J. A.; Evans, M. (2019). "New information on the skull roof of
2091:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) and intraspecific variation in some dermal skull elements".
2087:
Lomax, D. R.; Massare, J. A.; Evans, M. (2020). "New information on the skull roof of
934:. There are a total of three primary digits (digits that originate from the wrist) in
342:, as well as the absence of the fifth digit. The species most likely lived during the
4097:
3958:
3836:
3743:
3722:
3526:
3459:
3449:
3406:
3366:
2908:
2860:
2831:
2818:
2748:
2620:
2613:
2536:
2518:
2151:
2112:
2003:
1914:
1884:
1829:
836:
745:
450:
414:, for these specimens. He considered the known remains to represent two species; the
386:
322:
192:
67:
1811:
3917:
3910:
3889:
3874:
3829:
3799:
3684:
3630:
3503:
3240:
3188:
3088:
3080:
3048:
3005:
2951:
2925:
2706:
2699:
2659:
2627:
2569:
832:
518:
415:
237:
1803:
466:
only pertained to foreflipper anatomy and represented the ancestral condition for
2271:
1014:
and the results of their phylogenetic analysis, which found the two genera to be
788:(a pair of skull roof bones) isolates the upper prongs of the lacrimals from the
3792:
3757:
3676:
3482:
3475:
3352:
3339:
3264:
3199:
3158:
3095:
3019:
2549:
2505:
2494:
2387:
1019:
1015:
923:
907:
766:
644:
Owen, 1849-1884 based on the holotype forefin NHMUK R.1063 and synonymized with
634:
546:
470:
rather than being novel evolved features. However, Maisch and Matzke noted that
407:
378:
339:
301:
289:
42:
1958:
1022:. Similar results were recovered by Erin E. Maxwell and Dirley Cortés in 2020.
808:, they form less than half of the rear edges of the orbits in this species. In
707:-shaped bodies. Like other members of this group, its limbs were modified into
577:. However, the researchers found BRLSI M3563 to have one foreflipper belonging
3986:
3944:
3851:
3844:
3750:
3691:
3558:
3399:
3373:
3135:
2981:
2974:
2726:
2717:
2666:
2403:
2372:
2143:
2104:
2008:(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) and additional information on the genus and species"
987:
975:
754:
741:
712:
626:
351:
343:
87:
52:
36:
1780:"The taxonomic utility of forefin morphology in Lower Jurassic ichthyosaurs:
3881:
3866:
3714:
3533:
2686:
943:
526:
149:
92:
2073:
724:
is smaller, probably not exceeding 2 metres (6.6 ft) in total length.
410:
foreflippers showed unique configurations of bones, and named a new genus,
389:
having an upward projection longer than its forward projection. Meanwhile,
776:
are three-pronged. The upper prong is much longer than the front prong in
3903:
3027:
2852:
2366:
2265:
971:
868:
506:
430:
347:
293:
169:
82:
77:
62:
57:
47:
553:. Save for an additional flipper bone, this specimen is very similar to
3951:
2733:
2378:
2285:
2054:
737:
704:
602:
582:
522:
395:
374:
297:
179:
97:
72:
1025:
The following cladogram follows a 2017 study by Lomax and colleagues.
545:
had previously been overestimated. Some of this variability is due to
485:
In 2017, Dean Lomax, Judy
Massare, and Rashmiden Mistry instead found
444:
However, in 1997, Michael W. Maisch and Axel
Hungerbühler synonymized
361:
measuring no more than 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) in length and
2360:
2311:
911:
899:
502:
159:
2242:
2205:
958:
row, the third row of bones below the femur, in each hindflipper of
441:, the well-preserved skeleton BRLSI M3572 (formerly B. 1963'24/OS).
2167:"The distinction between longipinnate and latipinnate ichthyosaurs"
680:. This specimen was considerably larger than previous specimens of
947:
820:
form significantly more than half of the rear rims of the orbits.
530:
494:
1018:. Ichthyosauridae was in turn classified within the larger group
903:
4057:
3337:
2816:
2465:
2353:
2315:
2246:
373:
and from other ichthyosaurs by the large, tall, and triangular
656:
by Lomax and
Massare in 2018, based on comparisons with known
586:
338:
on account of differences in the arrangement and shape of the
740:(back upper tooth-bearing bones) as they are cut off by the
501:, in addition to those of the foreflipper. Specimens from
568:
In their review of the genus, Lomax and colleagues found
357:
Species belonging to the genus were medium-sized, with
2034:"Descriptive anatomy of the largest known specimen of
3927:
3778:
3733:
3654:
3614:
3583:
3556:
3516:
3501:
3448:
3427:
3383:
3350:
3238:
3198:
3169:
3106:
3038:
2991:
2950:
2923:
2875:
2829:
2747:
2716:
2685:
2676:
2637:
2603:
2594:
2559:
2535:
2504:
2478:
2429:
2402:
2255:
1006:, Lomax and colleagues placed it within the family
2032:Lomax, D. R.; Porro, L. B.; Larkin, N. R. (2019).
1709:"The affinities of Liassic and later ichthyosaurs"
922:, but due to digit II bifurcating, there are four
365:reaching 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) at most.
910:(middle upper wrist bone) does not touch distal
1889:Conybeare, 1822 from the Lias of Great Britain"
381:at its front end; a vertically short but thick
2221:"A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur
2327:
2188:McGowan, C. (1996). "The taxonomic status of
2002:Lomax, Dean R. & Judy A. Massare (2018).
1908:
1906:
843:(paired bones near the rear of the skull) of
478:could potentially represent valid species of
8:
1866:Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B
1855:
1853:
1851:
1838:Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B
1823:
1821:
458:are highly variable and that while those of
1893:Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B
1778:; Massare, J.A. & Mistry, R.T. (2017).
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
406:In 1979, Robert M. Appleby noted that some
4054:
3784:
3660:
3622:
3611:
3564:
3513:
3509:
3434:
3424:
3391:
3358:
3347:
3334:
3235:
3112:
2997:
2931:
2872:
2837:
2826:
2813:
2691:
2682:
2643:
2600:
2541:
2510:
2486:
2475:
2462:
2408:
2399:
2350:
2334:
2320:
2312:
2243:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
780:, a morphology unique to this species. In
346:stage, but may have lived as early as the
115:
20:
2063:
2053:
2027:
2025:
1967:
1957:
732:The external nares (nostril openings) of
2192:Huene, 1922 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria)".
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1828:Maisch, M. W.; Hungerbühler, A. (1997).
124:Reconstructed skull (BMT 1955.G35.1) of
1688:
1010:due to the similarities between it and
898:, distal carpal 3 articulates with the
537:, making it one of the most widespread
744:(front upper tooth-bearing bones) and
609:, so they placed it in a new species,
1913:Massare, J. A.; Lomax, D. R. (2016).
1860:Maisch, M. W.; Matzke, A. T. (2000).
589:and another foreflipper belonging to
7:
914:4, another characteristic unique to
800:(paired bones behind the orbits) of
699:belongs to the group Ichthyosauria,
2219:Maxwell, E. E.; Cortés, D. (2020).
1534:
1510:
1460:
1453:
1403:
1396:
1372:
1313:
1289:
1279:
1255:
1231:
1207:
1148:
1124:
1083:
1059:
1035:
1028:
648:by McGowan (1974), was referred to
2194:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1792:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
549:, such as in the sole specimen of
533:were considered attributatable to
14:
4114:Early Jurassic reptiles of Europe
4040:
4034:
4028:
3320:
3314:
3309:
3303:
2799:
2793:
2787:
926:, a configuration known only in
792:rim, similar to some species of
765:bear large grooves reaching the
625:, was discovered from the lower
136:
2171:Life Sciences Occasional Papers
769:' bases and are firmly rooted.
312:, named by Appleby in 1979—and
2036:Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis
1946:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
1942:"Swiss ichthyosaurs: a review"
1832:Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis
1339:Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis
717:Protoichthyosaurus prostaxilis
678:Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis
605:(upper arm bone) and those of
246:Protoichthyosaurus prostaxalis
1:
4124:Fossil taxa described in 1979
1804:10.1080/02724634.2017.1361433
1044:Mikadocephalus gracilirostris
1381:Stenopterygius quadriscissus
974:and both persisted into the
4109:Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs
2006:Protoichthyosaurus applebyi
1486:Aegirosaurus leptospondylus
1322:Protoichthyosaurus applebyi
881:Ichthyosaurus somersetensis
849:Ichthyosaurus somersetensis
493:, based on features of the
421:and the additional species
266:Protoichthyosaurus applebyi
4145:
4119:Early Jurassic extinctions
2229:Palaeontologia Electronica
1959:10.1186/s13358-024-00327-4
1885:"The cranial osteology of
1157:Eurhinosaurus longirostris
1109:Hudsonelpidia brevirostris
950:(thigh bone) is robust in
883:. The dorsal processes of
617:and later reclassified as
369:can be distinguished from
4064:
4053:
4026:
3787:
3663:
3625:
3610:
3567:
3512:
3437:
3423:
3394:
3361:
3346:
3333:
3301:
3234:
3115:
3000:
2934:
2871:
2840:
2825:
2812:
2785:
2694:
2646:
2544:
2513:
2489:
2474:
2461:
2411:
2398:
2349:
2144:10.1017/S0016756819001225
2105:10.1017/S0016756819001225
1887:Ichthyosaurus intermedius
1560:Caypullisaurus bonapartei
1556:
1539:
1532:
1515:
1508:
1482:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1425:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1377:
1370:
1335:
1318:
1311:
1294:
1287:
1277:
1260:
1253:
1236:
1229:
1216:Suevoleviathan disinteger
1212:
1205:
1170:
1153:
1146:
1129:
1122:
1105:
1088:
1081:
1064:
1057:
1040:
1033:
304:. Two species are known,
261:
256:
243:
236:
133:Scientific classification
131:
123:
114:
23:
16:Extinct genus of reptiles
4129:Ichthyosauromorph genera
1919:in historic collections"
1915:"Composite skeletons of
1543:Platypterygius australis
1519:Brachypterygius extremus
1429:Ophthalmosaurus icenicus
1092:Leptonectes tenuirostris
642:Ichthyosaurus fortimanus
377:that extends beyond the
676:, instead pertained to
4104:Ichthyosaurs of Europe
2004:"A second specimen of
1883:Maisch, M. W. (1997).
1707:Appleby, R.M. (1979).
1469:Sveltonectes insolitus
1298:Ichthyosaurus communis
1174:Excalibosaurus costini
902:(the carpal below the
816:, the postorbitals of
806:Ichthyosaurus communis
674:Ichthyosaurus communis
646:Ichthyosaurus communis
1240:Hauffiopteryx typicus
585:(shoulder blade) and
330:was synonymized with
3143:Guizhouichthyosaurus
3065:Guizhouichthyosaurus
3013:Guizhouichthyosaurus
2165:McGowan, C. (1972).
1412:Acamptonectes densus
1264:Malawania anachronus
855:Postcranial skeleton
640:The nominal species
631:Staffelegg Formation
489:to be distinct from
340:carpal ossifications
3429:Temnodontosauroidea
2132:Geological Magazine
2093:Geological Magazine
1862:"The Ichthyosauria"
1068:Macgowania janiceps
402:History of research
350:and as late as the
316:. A third species,
4059:Related categories
3542:Protoichthyosaurus
2961:Barracudasauroides
2846:Quasianosteosaurus
2596:Ichthyosauriformes
2481:Ichthyosauromorpha
2468:Ichthyosauromorpha
2431:Ichthyosauromorpha
2343:Ichthyosauromorpha
2257:Protoichthyosaurus
2128:Protoichthyosaurus
2089:Protoichthyosaurus
2055:10.7717/peerj.6112
1782:Protoichthyosaurus
1004:Protoichthyosaurus
996:Protoichthyosaurus
980:Protoichthyosaurus
936:Protoichthyosaurus
932:Protoichthyosaurus
928:Protoichthyosaurus
920:Protoichthyosaurus
916:Protoichthyosaurus
896:Protoichthyosaurus
865:acromion processes
861:Protoichthyosaurus
774:Protoichthyosaurus
763:Protoichthyosaurus
734:Protoichthyosaurus
711:and it had a tall
697:Protoichthyosaurus
666:Protoichthyosaurus
662:Protoichthyosaurus
650:Protoichthyosaurus
599:Protoichthyosaurus
581:associated with a
579:Protoichthyosaurus
563:Protoichthyosaurus
535:Protoichthyosaurus
487:Protoichthyosaurus
464:Protoichthyosaurus
460:Protoichthyosaurus
446:Protoichthyosaurus
412:Protoichthyosaurus
328:Protoichthyosaurus
285:Protoichthyosaurus
220:Protoichthyosaurus
25:Protoichthyosaurus
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4079:Triassic reptiles
4049:
4048:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3860:Kazakhstanosaurus
3774:
3773:
3735:Ophthalmosaurinae
3700:Myobradypterygius
3656:Ophthalmosauridae
3552:
3551:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3329:
3328:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3181:Qianichthyosaurus
2919:
2918:
2808:
2807:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2743:
2742:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2561:Parahupehsuchinae
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2309:
2308:
2249:Taxon identifiers
1679:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1497:
1496:
1440:
1439:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
281:
280:
275:
232:
4136:
4055:
4044:
4038:
4032:
3980:Simbirskiasaurus
3929:Platypterygiinae
3897:Pervushovisaurus
3785:
3780:Platypterygiidae
3661:
3623:
3612:
3585:Stenopterygiidae
3565:
3514:
3510:
3441:Temnodontosaurus
3435:
3425:
3392:
3386:Neoichthyosauria
3359:
3348:
3335:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3236:
3113:
2998:
2940:Cymbospondylidae
2932:
2877:Cymbospondylidae
2873:
2838:
2827:
2814:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2692:
2683:
2644:
2601:
2542:
2511:
2487:
2476:
2463:
2409:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2351:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2057:
2048:(e6112): e6112.
2029:
2020:
2019:
1999:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1961:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1772:
1721:
1720:
1704:
1535:
1511:
1461:
1454:
1404:
1397:
1373:
1314:
1290:
1280:
1256:
1232:
1208:
1149:
1133:Temnodontosaurus
1125:
1084:
1060:
1036:
1029:
875:. The humeri of
859:The scapulae of
715:for propulsion.
427:Street, Somerset
383:postorbital bone
269:
224:
217:
204:
191:
141:
140:
119:
109:
39:
29:Temporal range:
21:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4083:
4074:Marine reptiles
4060:
4045:
3992:
3923:
3823:Brachypterygius
3815:Athabascasaurus
3807:Arthropterygius
3770:
3765:Ophthalmosaurus
3729:
3669:Arthropterygius
3650:
3619:
3617:Ophthalmosauria
3606:
3579:
3561:
3548:
3518:Ichthyosauridae
3506:
3489:
3444:
3419:
3388:
3379:
3355:
3342:
3325:
3291:
3279:Svalbardosaurus
3258:Pachygonosaurus
3251:Barracudasaurus
3214:
3194:
3165:
3129:Californosaurus
3108:Euichthyosauria
3102:
3034:
2987:
2968:Contectopalatus
2946:
2928:
2915:
2867:
2834:
2821:
2804:
2763:
2739:
2712:
2678:Eoichthyosauria
2672:
2639:Ichthyopterygia
2633:
2605:Omphalosauridae
2582:
2577:Parahupehsuchus
2555:
2531:
2526:Nanchangosaurus
2500:
2483:
2470:
2445:
2425:
2394:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2340:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2206:10.1139/e96-033
2187:
2186:
2182:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2001:
2000:
1977:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1798:(5): e1361433.
1774:
1773:
1724:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1498:
1441:
1360:
1351:
1284:Ichthyosauridae
1195:
1186:
1008:Ichthyosauridae
968:
857:
730:
701:marine reptiles
694:
551:P. prosostealis
511:Nottinghamshire
499:shoulder girdle
476:P. prosostealis
439:P. prosostealis
423:P. prosostealis
404:
318:P. prosostealis
292:from the early
252:
249:
223:
215:
206:Ichthyosauridae
202:
189:
135:
110:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4142:
4140:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4096:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3973:Plutoniosaurus
3969:
3966:Platypterygius
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3938:Caypullisaurus
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3707:Nannopterygius
3703:
3696:
3688:
3681:
3673:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3645:Macropterygius
3641:
3638:Delphinosaurus
3634:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3601:Stenopterygius
3597:
3594:Magnipterygius
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3573:Chacaicosaurus
3568:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3520:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3472:
3468:Excalibosaurus
3464:
3455:
3453:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3414:Suevoleviathan
3410:
3403:
3395:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3244:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3171:Toretocnemidae
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3151:Mikadocephalus
3147:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3121:Auroroborealia
3116:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3073:Himalayasaurus
3069:
3061:
3057:Guanlingsaurus
3053:
3044:
3042:
3040:Shastasauridae
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2995:
2993:Merriamosauria
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2935:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2901:Thalattoarchon
2897:
2893:Phantomosaurus
2889:
2886:Cymbospondylus
2881:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2835:
2830:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2652:Isfjordosaurus
2647:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2406:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2211:
2200:(3): 439–443.
2190:Leptopterygius
2180:
2157:
2138:(4): 640–650.
2118:
2099:(4): 640–650.
2079:
2021:
1975:
1932:
1902:
1875:
1847:
1817:
1722:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
967:
966:Classification
964:
960:P. prostaxalis
952:P. prostaxalis
877:P. prostaxalis
856:
853:
845:P. prostaxalis
825:P. prostaxalis
802:P. prostaxalis
778:P. prostaxilis
750:P. prostaxilis
729:
726:
693:
690:
686:P. prostaxalis
682:P. prostaxalis
607:P. prostaxalis
575:P. prostaxalis
570:P. prostaxalis
539:Early Jurassic
515:Leicestershire
472:P. prostaxalis
435:P. prostaxalis
419:P. prostaxalis
403:
400:
367:P. prostaxalis
359:P. prostaxalis
306:P. prostaxalis
288:is a genus of
279:
278:
277:
276:
259:
258:
257:Other species
254:
253:
250:
241:
240:
234:
233:
213:
209:
208:
200:
196:
195:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
129:
128:
126:P. prostaxalis
121:
120:
112:
111:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
40:
31:Early Jurassic
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4141:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4056:
4052:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4031:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3959:Maiaspondylus
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:Cryopterygius
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:Acamptonectes
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3724:
3723:Thalassodraco
3720:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:Ichthyosaurus
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:Eurhinosaurus
3457:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:Leptonectidae
3447:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:Hauffiopteryx
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:Hudsonelpidia
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:Sphaerodontes
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2911:
2910:
2909:Xinminosaurus
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2861:Xinminosaurus
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:Ichthyosauria
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:Ichthyosauria
2815:
2811:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2749:Ichthyosauria
2746:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2621:Omphalosaurus
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:Cartorhynchus
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Hupehsuchidae
2534:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2519:Eohupehsuchus
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:Hauffiopteryx
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:(4): 164–178.
2017:
2013:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1929:(4): 207–240.
1928:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:Ichthyosaurus
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1830:"Revision of
1824:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1786:Ichthyosaurus
1783:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1713:Palaeontology
1710:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Ichthyosaurus
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:, as well as
981:
977:
973:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Ichthyosaurus
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:Ichthyosaurus
870:
866:
862:
854:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:Ichthyosaurus
827:, as in some
826:
821:
819:
815:
814:Ichthyosaurus
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:Ichthyosaurus
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
727:
725:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:Ichthyosaurus
655:
654:P. fortimanus
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Ichthyosaurus
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Ichthyosaurus
592:
591:Ichthyosaurus
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
566:
564:
560:
559:Ichthyosaurus
556:
555:Ichthyosaurus
552:
548:
544:
543:Ichthyosaurus
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:Ichthyosaurus
488:
483:
481:
480:Ichthyosaurus
477:
473:
469:
468:Ichthyosaurus
465:
461:
457:
456:Ichthyosaurus
453:
452:
451:Ichthyosaurus
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
413:
409:
401:
399:
397:
392:
388:
387:lacrimal bone
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Ichthyosaurus
333:
332:Ichthyosaurus
329:
325:
324:
323:Ichthyosaurus
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:and possibly
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
273:
268:
267:
263:
262:
260:
255:
251:Appleby, 1979
248:
247:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
221:
214:
211:
210:
207:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:Ichthyosauria
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
130:
127:
122:
118:
113:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
38:
32:
26:
22:
19:
4069:Ichthyosaurs
4033:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3918:Undorosaurus
3916:
3911:Sveltonectes
3909:
3902:
3895:
3890:Parrassaurus
3888:
3880:
3875:Muiscasaurus
3873:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3830:Catutosaurus
3828:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3800:Aegirosaurus
3798:
3791:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3685:Jabalisaurus
3683:
3675:
3667:
3643:
3636:
3631:Argovisaurus
3629:
3599:
3592:
3571:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3504:Thunnosauria
3481:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3439:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3372:
3365:
3308:
3286:Tibetosaurus
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3241:Nomina dubia
3239:
3189:Toretocnemus
3187:
3179:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3094:
3089:Shastasaurus
3087:
3081:Ichthyotitan
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3049:Besanosaurus
3047:
3026:
3018:
3011:
3006:Besanosaurus
3004:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:Mixosauridae
2938:
2926:Hueneosauria
2907:
2899:
2891:
2884:
2859:
2851:
2844:
2792:
2732:
2725:
2707:Utatsusaurus
2705:
2700:Parvinatator
2698:
2665:
2660:Chaohusaurus
2658:
2650:
2628:Sclerocormus
2626:
2619:
2612:
2575:
2570:Eretmorhipis
2568:
2548:
2524:
2517:
2493:
2383:
2256:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1716:
1712:
1558:
1557:
1541:
1540:
1517:
1516:
1484:
1483:
1467:
1466:
1427:
1426:
1410:
1409:
1379:
1378:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1296:
1295:
1262:
1261:
1238:
1237:
1214:
1213:
1172:
1171:
1155:
1154:
1131:
1130:
1107:
1106:
1090:
1089:
1066:
1065:
1042:
1041:
1024:
1011:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
983:
979:
969:
959:
951:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
915:
895:
894:Uniquely in
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
860:
858:
848:
844:
828:
824:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:postorbitals
793:
781:
777:
773:
771:
762:
758:
749:
733:
731:
721:
716:
696:
695:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
639:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
594:
590:
578:
574:
569:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
542:
534:
519:Warwickshire
490:
486:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
449:
445:
443:
438:
434:
429:, to be the
422:
418:
416:type species
411:
405:
390:
370:
366:
362:
358:
356:
335:
331:
327:
326:. The genus
321:
317:
313:
310:type species
305:
296:of southern
284:
283:
282:
271:
265:
264:
245:
244:
238:Type species
219:
218:
125:
24:
18:
3793:Acuetzpalin
3758:Mollesaurus
3677:Gengasaurus
3483:Wahlisaurus
3476:Leptonectes
3353:Parvipelvia
3340:Parvipelvia
3265:Pessosaurus
3200:Parvipelvia
3159:Shonisaurus
3096:Shonisaurus
3020:Pessopteryx
2550:Hupehsuchus
2506:Hupehsuchia
2495:Baisesaurus
2388:Neodiapsida
1776:Lomax, D.R.
1020:Parvipelvia
1016:sister taxa
992:Leptonectes
988:mixosaurids
984:Leptonectes
924:metacarpals
908:intermedium
885:P. applebyi
818:P. applebyi
810:P. applebyi
786:prefrontals
782:P. applebyi
759:P. applebyi
742:premaxillae
722:P. applebyi
692:Description
670:P. applebyi
635:Switzerland
611:P. applebyi
547:pathologies
525:as well as
408:ichthyosaur
391:P. applebyi
379:nasal bones
371:P. applebyi
363:P. applebyi
314:P. applebyi
302:Switzerland
290:ichthyosaur
4098:Categories
3987:Sisteronia
3945:Kyhytysuka
3852:Janusaurus
3845:Grendelius
3751:Baptanodon
3692:Janusaurus
3559:Baracromia
3400:Dearcmhara
3374:Macgowania
3209:see below↓
3136:Callawayia
2982:Phalarodon
2975:Mixosaurus
2758:see below↓
2727:Gulosaurus
2718:Grippiidae
2667:Thaisaurus
2440:see below↓
2419:Sauropsida
2404:Sauropsida
2377:Subclass:
2373:Sauropsida
2012:Paludicola
1923:Paludicola
1719:: 921–946.
1683:References
976:Cretaceous
889:I. larkini
841:squamosals
627:Sinemurian
385:; and the
352:Sinemurian
344:Hettangian
37:Hettangian
3882:Palvennia
3867:Keilhauia
3715:Palvennia
3534:Malawania
2687:Grippidia
2359:Kingdom:
2272:Q27989452
2152:210267260
2113:210267260
944:phalanges
869:coracoids
837:parietals
746:lacrimals
527:Glamorgan
156:Kingdom:
150:Eukaryota
3904:Sumpalla
3028:Wimanius
2853:Tholodus
2379:Diapsida
2367:Chordata
2365:Phylum:
2361:Animalia
2266:Wikidata
2074:30643690
1969:11366730
1872:: 1–159.
1812:90238537
972:Triassic
833:frontals
738:maxillae
713:tail fin
709:flippers
623:applebyi
507:Somerset
431:holotype
348:Rhaetian
294:Jurassic
199:Family:
180:Reptilia
170:Chordata
166:Phylum:
160:Animalia
146:Domain:
3952:Leninia
2734:Grippia
2371:Class:
2299:1049589
2286:4818066
2235:: 1–43.
2065:6329338
1899:: 1–26.
1844:: 1–11.
906:). The
790:orbital
705:dolphin
603:humerus
583:scapula
523:England
396:humerus
375:maxilla
298:England
226:Appleby
212:Genus:
186:Order:
176:Class:
104:↓
2177:: 1–8.
2150:
2111:
2072:
2062:
1966:
1952:. 31.
1810:
956:tarsal
912:carpal
900:ulnare
867:. The
796:. The
767:crowns
755:nasals
629:-aged
517:, and
503:Dorset
274:, 2017
272:et al.
270:Lomax
2384:Clade
2294:IRMNG
2148:S2CID
2109:S2CID
2042:PeerJ
1808:S2CID
948:femur
728:Skull
703:with
652:, as
531:Wales
495:skull
448:with
308:—the
2417:see
2281:GBIF
2070:PMID
1784:and
994:and
904:ulna
835:and
660:and
621:cf.
587:ribs
497:and
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