597:. The measured values for these particles were only in rough agreement between the groups, but the Rabi group confirmed the earlier Stern measurements that the magnetic moment for the proton was unexpectedly large. Since a deuteron is composed of a proton and a neutron with aligned spins, the neutron's magnetic moment could be inferred by subtracting the deuteron and proton magnetic moments. The resulting value was not zero and had a sign opposite to that of the proton. By the late 1930s, accurate values for the magnetic moment of the neutron had been deduced by the Rabi group using measurements employing newly developed
1573:, "between late 1948 and the middle of 1949 at least six papers appeared reporting on second-order calculations of nucleon moments". These theories were also, as noted by Pais, "a flop" – they gave results that grossly disagreed with observation. Nevertheless, serious efforts continued along these lines for the next couple of decades, to little success. These theoretical approaches were incorrect because the nucleons are composite particles with their magnetic moments arising from their elementary components, quarks.
1100:
149:
1467:
424:. The magnetic moment of such a particle is parallel to its spin. Since the neutron has no charge, it should have no magnetic moment by the analogous expression. The non-zero magnetic moment of the neutron thus indicates that it is not an elementary particle. The sign of the neutron's magnetic moment is that of a negatively charged particle. Similarly, that the magnetic moment of the proton,
1342:
5314:
1399:. By this idea, the magnetic moment of the neutron was caused by the fleeting existence of the large magnetic moment of the electron in the course of these quantum-mechanical fluctuations, the value of the magnetic moment determined by the length of time the virtual electron was in existence. The theory proved to be untenable, however, when
1319:, or the magnetic moment for the nucleus as a whole. The nuclear magnetic moment also includes contributions from the orbital motion of the charged protons. The deuteron, consisting of a proton and a neutron, has the simplest example of a nuclear magnetic moment. The sum of the proton and neutron magnetic moments gives 0.879
1470:
One-loop correction to a fermion's magnetic dipole moment. The solid lines at top and bottom represent the fermion (electron or nucleon), the wavy lines represent the particle mediating the force (photons for QED, mesons for nuclear force). The middle solid lines represent a virtual pair of particles
1458:
magnetic moment of the electron results from the contributions of the "bare" electron, which is the Dirac particle, and the cloud of "virtual", short-lived electron–positron pairs and photons that surround this particle as a consequence of QED. The effects of these quantum mechanical fluctuations can
1386:
The anomalous values for the magnetic moments of the nucleons presented a theoretical quandary for the 30 years from the time of their discovery in the early 1930s to the development of the quark model in the 1960s. Considerable theoretical efforts were expended in trying to understand the origins of
1768:
where the q-subscripted variables refer to quark magnetic moment, charge, or mass. Simplistically, the magnetic moment of a nucleon can be viewed as resulting from the vector sum of the three quark magnetic moments, plus the orbital magnetic moments caused by the movement of the three charged quarks
1171:
The interaction of the neutron's magnetic moment with an external magnetic field was exploited to determine the spin of the neutron. In 1949, D. Hughes and M. Burgy measured neutrons reflected from a ferromagnetic mirror and found that the angular distribution of the reflections was consistent with
456:
Although the nucleons interact with normal matter through magnetic forces, the magnetic interactions are many orders of magnitude weaker than the nuclear interactions. The influence of the neutron's magnetic moment is therefore only apparent for low energy, or slow, neutrons. Because the value for
1357:
of opposite magnetic charge, bound together in some way, called a "Gilbertian" magnetic dipole. Elementary magnetic monopoles remain hypothetical and unobserved, however. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s it was not readily apparent which of these two mechanisms caused the nucleon intrinsic magnetic
1118:
When a nucleon is put into a magnetic field produced by an external source, it is subject to a torque tending to orient its magnetic moment parallel to the field (in the case of the neutron, its spin is antiparallel to the field). As with any magnet, this torque is proportional the product of the
1491:
Compared to the electron, the anomalous magnetic moments of the nucleons are enormous. The g-factor for the proton is 5.6, and the chargeless neutron, which should have no magnetic moment at all, has a g-factor of −3.8. Note, however, that the anomalous magnetic moments of the nucleons, that is,
1568:
magnetic moment of the neutron arose from the combined contributions of the "bare" neutron, which is zero, and the cloud of "virtual" pions and photons that surround this particle as a consequence of the nuclear and electromagnetic forces. The
Feynman diagram at right is roughly the first-order
523:
The neutron was discovered in 1932, and since it had no charge, it was assumed to have no magnetic moment. Indirect evidence suggested that the neutron had a non-zero value for its magnetic moment, however, until direct measurements of the neutron's magnetic moment in 1940 resolved the issue.
1394:
suggested that the magnetic moments could be caused by the quantum-mechanical fluctuations of these particles in accordance with Fermi's 1934 theory of beta decay. By this theory, a neutron is partly, regularly and briefly, disassociated into a proton, an electron, and a neutrino as a natural
1362:
showed that the magnetic moments of nuclei (including the proton) are Ampèrian. The two kinds of magnetic moments experience different forces in a magnetic field. Based on Fermi's arguments, the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles, including the nucleons, have been shown to be
1483:
in 1948. Computed to fourth order, the QED prediction for the electron's anomalous magnetic moment agrees with the experimentally measured value to more than 10 significant figures, making the magnetic moment of the electron one of the most accurately verified predictions in the history of
1127:. It is this phenomenon that enables the measurement of nuclear properties through nuclear magnetic resonance. The Larmor frequency can be determined from the product of the gyromagnetic ratio with the magnetic field strength. Since for the neutron the sign of
1292:
neutron beams. One technique employs the fact that cold neutrons will reflect from some magnetic materials at great efficiency when scattered at small grazing angles. The reflection preferentially selects particular spin states, thus polarizing the neutrons.
152:
Schematic diagram depicting the spin of the neutron as the black arrow and magnetic field lines associated with the neutron's magnetic moment. The spin of the neutron is upward in this diagram, but the magnetic field lines at the center of the dipole are
647:
The large value for the proton's magnetic moment and the inferred negative value for the neutron's magnetic moment were unexpected and could not be explained. The unexpected values for the magnetic moments of the nucleons would remain a puzzle until the
1387:
these magnetic moments, but the failures of these theories were glaring. Much of the theoretical focus was on developing a nuclear-force equivalence to the remarkably successful theory explaining the small anomalous magnetic moment of the electron.
1903:
are the magnetic moments for the down and up quarks respectively. This result combines the intrinsic magnetic moments of the quarks with their orbital magnetic moments and assumes that the three quarks are in a particular, dominant quantum state.
659:. This electrical property of the deuteron had been interfering with the measurements by the Rabi group. The discovery meant that the physical shape of the deuteron was not symmetric, which provided valuable insight into the nature of the
735:
974:
1766:
2113:
the mass of a nucleon. The masses of the quarks are actually only about 1% that of a nucleon. The discrepancy stems from the complexity of the
Standard Model for nucleons, where most of their mass originates in the
1564:. In parallel with the theory for the electron, the hypothesis was that higher-order loops involving nucleons and pions may generate the anomalous magnetic moments of the nucleons. The physical picture was that the
406:
1371:
of atomic s-state energy levels. In the case of the neutron, the theoretical possibilities were resolved by laboratory measurements of the scattering of slow neutrons from ferromagnetic materials in 1951.
893:
639:. By directly measuring the magnetic moment of free neutrons, or individual neutrons free of the nucleus, Alvarez and Bloch resolved all doubts and ambiguities about this anomalous property of neutrons.
1833:
composed of three quarks, a straightforward calculation gives fairly accurate estimates for the magnetic moments of neutrons, protons, and other baryons. For a neutron, the magnetic moment is given by
140:
particles was developed in the 1960s. The nucleons are composed of three quarks, and the magnetic moments of these elementary particles combine to give the nucleons their magnetic moments.
109:. The neutron's magnetic moment is exploited to probe the atomic structure of materials using scattering methods and to manipulate the properties of neutron beams in particle accelerators.
2724:"Über die magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons. II / Magnetic Deviation of Hydrogen Molecules and the Magnetic Moment of the Proton. I"
2677:"Über die magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons. I / Magnetic Deviation of Hydrogen Molecules and the Magnetic Moment of the Proton. I"
2122:. Furthermore, the complex system of quarks and gluons that constitute a nucleon requires a relativistic treatment. Nucleon magnetic moments have been successfully computed from
685:
4917:
1977:
1945:
1345:
A magnetic dipole moment can be created by either a current loop (top; Ampèrian) or by two magnetic monopoles (bottom; Gilbertian). The nucleon magnetic moments are Ampèrian.
1681:). The magnetic moment of the nucleons can be modeled as a sum of the magnetic moments of the constituent quarks, although this simple model belies the complexities of the
1692:
1475:
The one-loop contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, corresponding to the first-order and largest correction in QED, is found by calculating the
105:
made the first accurate, direct measurement of the neutron's magnetic moment in 1940. The proton's magnetic moment is exploited to make measurements of molecules by
5334:
5071:
4632:
3660:
3630:
3566:
3536:
3506:
3476:
2349:
2319:
2238:
2208:
2178:
4654:
Aoyama, T.; Hayakawa, M.; Kinoshita, T.; Nio, M. (2008). "Revised value of the eighth-order QED contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron".
4197:
1433:, this "classical" result differs from the observed value by around 0.1%; the difference compared to the classical value is the anomalous magnetic moment. The
1403:
and R. Bacher showed that it predicted values for the magnetic moment that were either much too small or much too large, depending on speculative assumptions.
903:
158:
2826:
Toennies, J. P.; Schmidt-Bocking, H.; Friedrich, B.; Lower, J. C. A. (2011). "Otto Stern (1888–1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics".
3903:
620:
in 1940. Using an extension of the magnetic resonance methods developed by Rabi, Alvarez and Bloch determined the magnetic moment of the neutron to be
351:
551:(1934) from studies of the hyperfine structure of atomic spectra. Although Tamm and Altshuler's estimate had the correct sign and order of magnitude (
1333:. In this calculation, the spins of the nucleons are aligned, but their magnetic moments offset because of the neutron's negative magnetic moment.
862:
3230:
1149:
4421:
Shull, C. G.; Wollan, E. O.; Strauser, W. A. (1951). "Magnetic structure of magnetite and its use in studying the neutron magnetic interaction".
1240:. Neutrons can deeply penetrate matter. The magnetic moment of the neutron has therefore been exploited to probe the properties of matter using
505:. The proton's magnetic moment was determined by measuring the deflection of a beam of molecular hydrogen by a magnetic field. Stern won the
4968:
4207:
4145:
3843:
3829:
3775:
3735:
3445:
2659:
2553:
2435:
663:
binding nucleons. Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1944 for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.
4234:
1252:. In particular, the magnetic moment of the neutron is used to determine magnetic properties of materials at length scales of 1–100
1119:
magnetic moment and the external magnetic field strength. Since the nucleons have spin angular momentum, this torque will cause them to
1103:
Direction of Larmor precession for a neutron. The central arrow denotes the magnetic field, the small red arrow the spin of the neutron.
3683:
4766:
4608:
4528:
4484:
4006:
3886:
3802:
3361:
3310:
2907:
2507:
2475:
1682:
613:
3290:
5293:
5279:
3697:
3599:
3589:
3240:
1192:
that used a magnetic field to separate the neutron spin states. They recorded the two such spin states, consistent with a spin
1143:
106:
5318:
4135:
1315:
Since an atomic nucleus consists of a bound state of protons and neutrons, the magnetic moments of the nucleons contribute to the
2150:
1381:
574:
345:
112:
The existence of the neutron's magnetic moment and the large value for the proton magnetic moment indicate that nucleons are not
1288:. The magnetic moment of the neutron allows some control of neutrons using magnetic fields, however, including the formation of
1134:
is negative, the neutron's spin angular momentum precesses counterclockwise about the direction of the external magnetic field.
78:. Their magnetic strengths are measured by their magnetic moments. The nucleons interact with normal matter through either the
2989:
Alvarez, L. W.; Bloch, F. (1940). "A quantitative determination of the neutron magnetic moment in absolute nuclear magnetons".
5099:
5265:
2145:
1492:
their magnetic moments with the expected Dirac particle magnetic moments subtracted, are roughly equal but of opposite sign:
1689:, each having their own magnetic moment, as computed using an expression similar to the one above for the nuclear magneton:
318:. A magnetic moment is a vector quantity, and the direction of the nucleon's magnetic moment is determined by its spin. The
3792:
1189:
5364:
3377:
Kellogg, J. M.; Rabi, I. I.; Ramsey, N. F.; Zacharias, J. R. (1939). "An electrical quadrupole moment of the deuteron".
1241:
655:
The refinement and evolution of the Rabi measurements led to the discovery in 1939 that the deuteron also possessed an
4097:
Oku, T.; Suzuki, J.; et al. (2007). "Highly polarized cold neutron beam obtained by using a quadrupole magnet".
2135:
457:
the magnetic moment is inversely proportional to particle mass, the nuclear magneton is about 1/2000 as large as the
1353:. One way is by a small loop of electric current, called an "Ampèrian" magnetic dipole. Another way is by a pair of
1028:
598:
132:, but the neutron has no net charge. Their magnetic moments were puzzling and defied a valid explanation until the
5029:
Sakita, B. (1964). "Electromagnetic properties of baryons in the supermultiplet scheme of elementary particles".
4553:
2140:
1807:
1411:
1298:
4907:
5339:
1454:. QED is the theory of the mediation of the electromagnetic force by photons. The physical picture is that the
518:
462:
3934:
5349:
5031:
4994:
4316:
4022:
2097:
The results of this calculation are encouraging, but the masses of the up or down quarks were assumed to be
1407:
1316:
1310:
421:
3962:
Sherwood, J.E.; Stephenson, T.E.; Bernstein, S. (1954). "Stern–Gerlach experiment on polarized neutrons".
532:
506:
37:
897:
For nucleons, the ratio is conventionally written in terms of the proton mass and charge, by the formula
3264:
1285:
1099:
502:
94:
476:
have the same magnitudes as their antiparticles, the proton and neutron, but they have opposite sign.
453:, and the magnetic moments of the quarks can be used to compute the magnetic moments of the nucleons.
5205:
5147:
5085:
5040:
5003:
4869:
4824:
4724:
4675:
4562:
4432:
4395:
4358:
4281:
4108:
4064:
3971:
3918:
3386:
3297:
Discovering
Alvarez: Selected works of Luis W. Alvarez with commentary by his students and colleagues
3191:
3156:
3114:
3042:
3000:
2960:
2916:
2845:
2784:
2735:
2688:
2595:
2276:
1955:
1923:
617:
330:
4521:
20th
Century Physics: Essays and Recollections: a Selection of Historical Writings by Edoardo Amaldi
97:. While the neutron was determined to have a magnetic moment by indirect methods in the mid-1930s,
5271:
5260:
S. W. Lovesey (1986). Theory of
Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter. Oxford University Press.
4858:
Gell, Y.; Lichtenberg, D. B. (1969). "Quark model and the magnetic moments of proton and neutron".
4758:
1368:
1294:
1257:
1245:
605:
586:
113:
98:
4545:
3412:
3027:
2879:
5344:
5171:
5137:
4974:
4946:
4885:
4860:
4807:
4792:
4691:
4665:
4297:
4169:
2861:
2835:
2808:
2751:
2704:
1822:
1815:
1554:
1354:
1261:
1249:
846:
672:
498:
494:
4600:
4594:
3353:
2582:
2545:
2467:
1390:
The problem of the origins of the magnetic moments of nucleons was recognized as early as 1935.
4476:
3302:
5289:
5275:
5261:
5163:
4964:
4912:
4840:
4762:
4656:
4604:
4524:
4519:
Amaldi, E. (1998). "Gian Carlo Wick during the 1930s". In
Battimelli, G.; Paoloni, G. (eds.).
4480:
4464:
4349:
4245:
4203:
4141:
4055:
4002:
3882:
3839:
3835:
3798:
3771:
3731:
3721:
3693:
3595:
3441:
3435:
3357:
3306:
3236:
2800:
2655:
2549:
2503:
2471:
2431:
2403:
1795:, which agrees with the experimental value to within 3%. The measured value for this ratio is
1364:
1289:
1124:
1113:
1027:
and the strength of the magnetic field in nuclear magnetic resonance applications, such as in
1024:
582:
413:
264:
5232:
2951:
Breit, G.; Rabi, I. I. (1934). "On the interpretation of present values of nuclear moments".
2380:
1776:, and A. Pais theoretically calculated the ratio of proton-to-neutron magnetic moments to be
5359:
5299:
5213:
5155:
5048:
5011:
4956:
4877:
4832:
4732:
4683:
4570:
4440:
4403:
4366:
4289:
4116:
4072:
3979:
3926:
3727:
3394:
3199:
3164:
3122:
3069:
3050:
3008:
2968:
2924:
2853:
2792:
2743:
2696:
2603:
2423:
2376:
2284:
1480:
1233:
770:
754:
249:
3182:
Rabi, I. I.; Kellogg, J. M.; Zacharias, J. R. (1934). "The magnetic moment of the deuton".
3147:
Rabi, I. I.; Kellogg, J. M.; Zacharias, J. R. (1934). "The magnetic moment of the proton".
3101:
2408:
1414:
of a particle stems from the small contributions of quantum mechanical fluctuations to the
148:
5354:
4815:
4715:
4423:
4386:
3767:
2991:
2415:
2123:
1773:
1476:
1460:
1419:
1415:
1391:
1350:
544:
449:
indicates that it too is not an elementary particle. Protons and neutrons are composed of
121:
2723:
2676:
2118:
fields, virtual particles, and their associated energy that are essential aspects of the
730:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}={\frac {g\mu _{\text{N}}}{\hbar }}{\boldsymbol {I}},}
213:. The best available measurement for the value of the magnetic moment of the neutron is
17:
5209:
5190:
5151:
5044:
5007:
4873:
4828:
4786:
4728:
4679:
4593:
Peskin, M. E.; Schroeder, D. V. (1995). "6.3. The
Electron VertexFunction: Evaluation".
4566:
4436:
4399:
4362:
4285:
4112:
4068:
3975:
3922:
3390:
3195:
3160:
3118:
3046:
3004:
2964:
2920:
2849:
2788:
2739:
2692:
2599:
2280:
5285:
4469:
3652:
3622:
3346:
3295:
3226:
2538:
2495:
2460:
1265:
1237:
1156:
969:{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {g\mu _{\text{N}}}{\hbar }}=g{\frac {e}{2m_{\text{p}}}}.}
334:
323:
117:
63:
4384:
Hughes, D. J.; Burgy, M. T. (1951). "Reflection of neutrons from magnetized mirrors".
2628:
2261:
1023:. The gyromagnetic ratio is also the ratio between the observed angular frequency of
5328:
5274:(1982). Introduction to High Energy Physics. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wesley,
5217:
4889:
4695:
4370:
4301:
3268:
2865:
2812:
2755:
2708:
2230:
2200:
2170:
1826:
1281:
1208:
particle. Until these measurements, the possibility that the neutron was a spin
660:
590:
528:
458:
326:
is towards aligning the neutron's spin vector opposite to the magnetic field vector.
260:
116:. For an elementary particle to have an intrinsic magnetic moment, it must have both
83:
79:
5175:
4978:
3558:
3528:
1772:
In one of the early successes of the
Standard Model (SU(6) theory), in 1964 M. Beg,
1761:{\displaystyle \ \mu _{\text{q}}={\frac {\ e_{\text{q}}\hbar \ }{2m_{\text{q}}}}\ ,}
1557:
for nucleons was discovered in the mid-1930s, and this nuclear force is mediated by
4992:
Beg, M.A.B.; Lee, B.W.; Pais, A. (1964). "SU(6) and electromagnetic interactions".
2419:
2119:
1811:
1686:
1570:
1359:
1044:
548:
2341:
4960:
4624:
3760:
3468:
2311:
1148:
Nuclear magnetic resonance employing the magnetic moments of protons is used for
5159:
4120:
3498:
1582:
1466:
1269:
769:-factor is dimensionless, for composite particles it is defined relative to the
649:
609:
473:
450:
133:
102:
5052:
5015:
4687:
4076:
2502:. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. 679–680.
2289:
1806:. A contradiction of the quantum mechanical basis of this calculation with the
1188:. In 1954, J. Sherwood, T. Stephenson, and S. Bernstein employed neutrons in a
527:
Values for the magnetic moment of the neutron were independently determined by
4941:
Greenberg, O.W. (2009). "Color charge degree of freedom in particle physics".
2427:
1406:
Similar considerations for the electron proved to be much more successful. In
1400:
1396:
1341:
1153:
1120:
656:
578:
490:
469:
90:
5128:
Ji, Xiangdong (1995). "A QCD analysis of the mass structure of the nucleon".
4836:
4500:
Wick, G. C. (1935). "Teoria dei raggi beta e momento magnetico del protone".
2804:
1569:
diagram, with the role of the virtual particles played by pions. As noted by
1284:
cannot be controlled by the conventional electromagnetic methods employed in
4574:
4099:
4049:
3983:
3930:
3879:
Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter: An exploration of the physics of slow neutrons
3689:
3054:
1160:
540:
536:
5167:
4737:
4710:
4444:
4407:
4001:. Vol. 1: Nuclear Scattering. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–30.
3398:
3203:
3168:
3126:
3012:
2972:
2929:
2902:
2857:
604:
The value for the neutron's magnetic moment was first directly measured by
82:
or their magnetic moments, with the charged proton also interacting by the
5313:
4272:
1430:
1253:
594:
268:
125:
5068:
The 2010 CODATA Recommended Values of the
Fundamental Physical Constants
2650:
Schreckenbach, K. (2013). "Physics of the
Neutron". In Stock, R. (ed.).
1363:
Ampèrian. The arguments are based on basic electromagnetism, elementary
1163:
of many substances, NMR can determine the structure of those molecules.
671:
The magnetic moment of a nucleon is sometimes expressed in terms of its
5142:
4881:
4347:
Mezei, F. (1986). "La Nouvelle Vague in Polarized Neutron Scattering".
4293:
2796:
2747:
2700:
2654:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. pp. 321–354.
1586:
1485:
1429:
for a negatively charged, spin-1/2 particle. For particles such as the
1248:
techniques. These methods provide information that is complementary to
75:
71:
45:
4844:
4475:. Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing. pp.
2607:
2231:"2022 CODATA Value: neutron magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio"
252:, a standard unit for the magnetic moments of nuclear components, and
2771:
2171:"2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio"
1830:
1479:
shown in the diagram on the right. The calculation was discovered by
465:
is therefore about 1000 times larger than that of the nucleons.
319:
137:
41:
5067:
4711:"On Quantum-Electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron"
4523:. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 128–139.
3828:
R. M. Silverstein; F. X. Webster; D. J. Kiemle; D. L. Bryce (2014).
1232:
Since neutrons are neutral particles, they do not have to overcome
682:-factor for composite particles, such as the neutron or proton, is
5302:(1975). Magnetism of Elementary Particles. Moscow: Mir Publishers.
5288:(1987). Rabi, Scientist and Citizen. New York: Basic Books, Inc.,
4951:
4670:
2840:
2201:"2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio"
2115:
1561:
1465:
1340:
1098:
856:
851:
593:
had independently measured the magnetic moments of the proton and
147:
4270:
Fermi, E. (1930). "Uber die magnetischen Momente der Atomkerne".
4202:(5th ed.). London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 556.
401:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{N}}={\frac {e\hbar }{2m_{\text{p}}}},}
4324:
1685:. The calculation assumes that the quarks behave like pointlike
1558:
337:, a charged, spin-1/2 elementary particle, with a proton's mass
67:
5189:
Martinelli, G.; Parisi, G.; Petronzio, R.; Rapuano, F. (1982).
3904:"Reflection and polarization of neutrons by magnetized mirrors"
1272:
in physics in 1994 for developing these scattering techniques.
4808:"Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Electron, Muon, and Nucleon"
3437:
Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts
1040:
888:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}=\gamma {\boldsymbol {I}}.}
89:
The proton's magnetic moment was directly measured in 1933 by
5066:
Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N.; Newell, D.B., eds. (June 2, 2011).
1471:(electron and positron for QED, pions for the nuclear force).
489:
The magnetic moment of the proton was discovered in 1933 by
161:
recommended value for the magnetic moment of the proton is
1635:) while the proton is composed of one down quark (charge
5191:"The proton and neutron magnetic moments in lattice QCD"
3766:. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. pp.
3623:"2022 CODATA Value: neutron gyromagnetic ratio in MHz/T"
2260:
Beringer, J.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2012).
859:
of its magnetic moment to its spin angular momentum, or
4755:
Theoretical Nuclear Physics Volume I: Nuclear Structure
4629:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3657:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3653:"2022 CODATA Value: proton gyromagnetic ratio in MHz/T"
3627:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3563:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3533:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3503:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3473:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
2346:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
2316:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
2235:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
2205:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
2175:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
5084:
The database was developed by J. Baker, M. Douma, and
1326:, which is within 3% of the measured value 0.857
678:, a dimensionless scalar. The convention defining the
3685:
Fundamentals of MRI: An Interactive Learning Approach
3028:"Note on the Magnetic Moment of the Nitrogen Nucleus"
1958:
1926:
1695:
1236:
as they approach charged targets, unlike protons and
906:
865:
688:
354:
5233:"Pinpointing the magnetic moments of nuclear matter"
4050:"Demonstration of focusing by a neutron accelerator"
3440:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 74–75, 259–260.
3434:
Povh, B.; Rith, K.; Scholz, C.; Zetsche, F. (2002).
2652:
Encyclopedia of Nuclear Physics and its Applications
4918:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3881:. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. pp. 28–31.
3797:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 1–7.
3762:
Spin dynamics: basics of nuclear magnetic resonance
2544:. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wesley. pp.
4599:. Reading, Massachusetts: Perseus Books. pp.
4468:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4048:
3999:Theory of Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter
3759:
3345:
3294:
3100:
2770:
2581:
2537:
2459:
2407:
1971:
1939:
1760:
1589:, the neutron is composed of one up quark (charge
968:
887:
729:
400:
4317:"The nature of intrinsic magnetic dipole moments"
4047:Arimoto, Y.; Geltenbort, S.; et al. (2012).
3831:Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds
2262:"Review of Particle Physics, 2013 partial update"
4945:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 109–111.
4546:"Nuclear Physics A. Stationary states of nuclei"
3529:"2022 CODATA Value: neutron gyromagnetic ratio"
3235:. New York: Basic Books, Inc. pp. 99–114.
5072:National Institute of Standards and Technology
4908:"Mass of the common quark finally nailed down"
4791:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
4134:Fernandez-Alonso, Felix; Price, David (2013).
3823:
3821:
3559:"2022 CODATA Value: proton gyromagnetic ratio"
1301:phenomenon to control beams of slow neutrons.
4242:Joseph Henry Laboratory, Princeton University
2772:"Molecular beams: our legacy from Otto Stern"
2126:, requiring significant computing resources.
1418:of that particle. The g-factor for a "Dirac"
1349:A magnetic dipole moment can be generated by
1150:nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
322:on the neutron that results from an external
8:
4936:
4934:
3265:"Isidor Isaac Rabi: walking the path of God"
2629:"CODATA values of the fundamental constants"
2342:"2022 CODATA Value: neutron magnetic moment"
1376:Anomalous magnetic moments and meson physics
4471:The Origin of the Concept of Nuclear Forces
4228:
4226:
3957:
3955:
3594:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience.
3352:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
2371:
2369:
2367:
2312:"2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment"
1437:-factor for the electron is measured to be
4199:Introduction to Atomic and Nuclear Physics
4140:. Amsterdam: Academic Press. p. 103.
2984:
2982:
2494:Hausser, O. (1981). "Nuclear Moments". In
2489:
2487:
1228:Neutrons used to probe material properties
1123:with a well-defined frequency, called the
1039:called "gamma bar", expressed in the unit
5141:
4950:
4736:
4669:
4588:
4586:
4584:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
2928:
2839:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2288:
1963:
1957:
1931:
1925:
1743:
1722:
1712:
1703:
1694:
954:
941:
923:
913:
905:
877:
866:
864:
719:
707:
697:
689:
687:
386:
368:
359:
353:
4191:
4189:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3301:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
3291:"Chapter 5: The Neutron Magnetic Moment"
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
1906:
1224:particle could not have been ruled out.
573:By 1934 groups led by Stern, now at the
27:In physics, proton and neutron magnetism
4901:
4899:
4596:An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2162:
1728:
1577:Quark model of nucleon magnetic moments
930:
878:
867:
720:
714:
690:
570:), the result was met with skepticism.
374:
5335:Electric and magnetic fields in matter
4625:"2022 CODATA Value: electron g factor"
4042:
4040:
3068:Tamm, I. Y.; Altshuler, S. A. (1934).
1337:Nature of the nucleon magnetic moments
1280:As neutrons carry no electric charge,
1001:. The proton's gyromagnetic ratio is
4788:Electromagnetic Structure of Nucleons
4780:
4778:
3834:(8th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey:
3726:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey:
3469:"2022 CODATA Value: neutron g factor"
2458:Bjorken, J. D.; Drell, S. D. (1964).
1276:Control of neutron beams by magnetism
348:are ignored. The nuclear magneton is
70:comprises protons and neutrons, both
7:
4753:deShalit, A.; Feschbach, H. (1974).
4544:Bethe, H. A.; Bacher, R. F. (1936).
3720:B. D. Cullity; C. D. Graham (2008).
3499:"2022 CODATA Value: proton g factor"
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
979:The neutron's gyromagnetic ratio is
5231:Kincade, Kathy (February 2, 2015).
4785:Drell, S.; Zachariasen, F. (1961).
2583:"Exotic physics with slow neutrons"
2540:Introduction to High Energy Physics
3902:Hughes, D.J.; Burgy, M.T. (1949).
3723:Introduction to Magnetic Materials
3682:Berry, E.; Bulpitt, A. J. (2008).
2908:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
2466:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
1683:Standard Model of Particle Physics
745:is the intrinsic magnetic moment,
25:
4806:Drell, S.; Pagels, H. R. (1965).
4170:"Neutron Optics and Polarization"
4023:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994"
3413:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944"
2880:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943"
2382:Magnetism of Elementary Particles
1144:Proton nuclear magnetic resonance
1138:Proton nuclear magnetic resonance
1047:, is often given. The quantities
855:, of a particle or system is the
824:, while the proton's g-factor is
107:proton nuclear magnetic resonance
5312:
4235:"The Forces on Magnetic Dipoles"
3099:Esterman, I.; Stern, O. (1934).
3070:"Magnetic moment of the neutron"
2722:Esterman, I.; Stern, O. (1933).
2151:Neutron triple-axis spectrometry
1459:be computed theoretically using
1382:Anomalous magnetic dipole moment
1031:. For this reason, the quantity
575:Carnegie Institute of Technology
4137:Neutron Scattering Fundamentals
3794:Basic H- and C-NMR Spectroscopy
3102:"Magnetic moment of the deuton"
2410:Principles of Quantum Mechanics
1972:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{N}}}
1940:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{N}}}
463:magnetic moment of the electron
3263:J. Rigden (November 1, 1999).
2769:Ramsey, N. F. (June 1, 1988).
2675:Frisch, R.; Stern, O. (1933).
2462:Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
2146:Neutron electric dipole moment
1612:) and two down quarks (charge
442:is not almost equal to 1
1:
4943:Compendium of Quantum Physics
4906:Cho, Adiran (April 2, 2010).
3293:. In Trower, W. Peter (ed.).
1167:Determination of neutron spin
5218:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90162-9
5070:(Report). Gaithersburg, MD:
5002:(16): 514–517, erratum 650.
4961:10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_32
4751:See chapter 1, section 6 in
4371:10.1016/0378-4363(86)90335-9
1810:led to the discovery of the
1658:) and two up quarks (charge
1091:, are therefore convenient.
652:was developed in the 1960s.
509:in 1943 for this discovery.
468:The magnetic moments of the
329:The nuclear magneton is the
5160:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.1071
4121:10.1016/j.physb.2007.02.055
3232:Rabi, Scientist and Citizen
2536:Perkins, Donald H. (1982).
667:Nucleon gyromagnetic ratios
5381:
5053:10.1103/physrevlett.13.643
5016:10.1103/physrevlett.13.514
4688:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.053012
4077:10.1103/PhysRevA.86.023843
3591:NMR spectroscopy explained
3588:Jacobsen, Neil E. (2007).
3289:Ramsey, Norman F. (1987).
3074:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
2290:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001
1379:
1308:
1141:
1111:
657:electric quadrupole moment
599:nuclear magnetic resonance
516:
4554:Reviews of Modern Physics
2428:10.1007/978-1-4757-0576-8
2385:. Moscow: Mir Publishers.
2141:LARMOR neutron microscope
1808:Pauli exclusion principle
1412:anomalous magnetic moment
1299:total internal reflection
18:Proton–gyromagnetic ratio
4837:10.1103/PhysRev.140.B397
4233:McDonald, K. T. (2014).
2903:"Existence of a Neutron"
2901:Chadwick, James (1932).
2777:Zeitschrift für Physik D
1305:Nuclear magnetic moments
1295:Neutron magnetic mirrors
1190:Stern–Gerlach experiment
614:University of California
519:Discovery of the neutron
34:nucleon magnetic moments
5319:Neutron magnetic moment
5032:Physical Review Letters
4995:Physical Review Letters
4575:10.1103/RevModPhys.8.82
4315:Jackson, J. D. (1977).
3984:10.1103/PhysRev.96.1546
3931:10.1103/PhysRev.76.1413
3688:. Boca Raton, Florida:
3055:10.1103/physrev.43.1001
2500:Encyclopedia of Physics
2498:; Trigg, G. L. (eds.).
1408:quantum electrodynamics
1351:two possible mechanisms
1317:nuclear magnetic moment
1311:Nuclear magnetic moment
643:Unexpected consequences
422:reduced Planck constant
38:magnetic dipole moments
5074:. Web Version 6.0
4738:10.1103/PhysRev.73.416
4709:Schwinger, J. (1948).
4502:Rend. R. Accad. Lincei
4445:10.1103/physrev.81.483
4408:10.1103/physrev.81.498
3997:S. W. Lovesey (1986).
3399:10.1103/physrev.55.318
3344:Pais, Abraham (1986).
3204:10.1103/physrev.46.163
3169:10.1103/physrev.46.157
3127:10.1103/PhysRev.45.739
3026:Bacher, R. F. (1933).
3013:10.1103/physrev.57.111
2973:10.1103/physrev.46.230
2930:10.1098/rspa.1932.0112
2858:10.1002/andp.201100228
2136:Aharonov–Casher effect
1973:
1941:
1762:
1472:
1346:
1104:
970:
889:
731:
533:University of Michigan
507:Nobel Prize in Physics
402:
154:
4196:Semat, Henry (1972).
3758:M. H. Levitt (2001).
1974:
1942:
1763:
1469:
1344:
1286:particle accelerators
1102:
1095:Physical significance
971:
890:
732:
503:University of Hamburg
403:
346:anomalous corrections
151:
95:University of Hamburg
74:that behave as small
5321:at Wikimedia Commons
5220:– via cern.ch.
5100:"The Origin of Mass"
5098:Wilczek, F. (2003).
3838:. pp. 126–163.
1956:
1924:
1693:
1297:and guides use this
904:
863:
686:
545:S. A. Altshuler
352:
331:spin magnetic moment
124:. The nucleons have
114:elementary particles
5365:Physical quantities
5210:1982PhLB..116..434M
5152:1995PhRvL..74.1071J
5045:1964PhRvL..13..643S
5008:1964PhRvL..13..514B
4874:1969NCimA..61...27G
4829:1965PhRv..140..397D
4759:John Wiley and Sons
4729:1948PhRv...73..416S
4680:2008PhRvD..77e3012A
4567:1936RvMP....8...82B
4437:1951PhRv...81..483S
4400:1951PhRv...81..498H
4363:1986PhyBC.137..295M
4286:1930ZPhy...60..320F
4113:2007PhyB..397..188O
4069:2012PhRvA..86b3843A
3976:1954PhRv...96.1546S
3923:1949PhRv...76.1413H
3391:1939PhRv...55..318K
3196:1934PhRv...46..163R
3161:1934PhRv...46..157R
3119:1934PhRv...45..739S
3047:1933PhRv...43.1001B
3005:1940PhRv...57..111A
2965:1934PhRv...46..230B
2921:1932RSPSA.136..692C
2850:2011AnP...523.1045T
2789:1988ZPhyD..10..121R
2740:1933ZPhy...85...17E
2693:1933ZPhy...85....4F
2600:2013PhT....66c..50S
2281:2012PhRvD..86a0001B
1825:quantum-mechanical
1422:is predicted to be
1369:hyperfine structure
802:, so the neutron's
773:. For the neutron,
765:-factor. While the
587:Columbia University
271:, these values are
5107:MIT Physics Annual
4882:10.1007/BF02760010
4861:Il Nuovo Cimento A
4294:10.1007/bf01339933
4025:. Nobel Foundation
3940:on August 13, 2016
3877:Byrne, J. (2011).
3791:Balci, M. (2005).
3415:. Nobel Foundation
2882:. Nobel Foundation
2828:Annalen der Physik
2797:10.1007/BF01384845
2748:10.1007/bf01330774
2701:10.1007/bf01330773
1969:
1937:
1758:
1555:Yukawa interaction
1473:
1358:moments. In 1930,
1355:magnetic monopoles
1347:
1250:X-ray spectroscopy
1105:
966:
885:
847:gyromagnetic ratio
727:
499:Immanuel Estermann
495:Otto Robert Frisch
398:
265:physical constants
155:
36:are the intrinsic
5317:Media related to
5272:Donald H. Perkins
5198:Physics Letters B
4970:978-3-540-70622-9
4823:(2B): B397–B407.
4657:Physical Review D
4251:on August 2, 2019
4209:978-1-4615-9701-8
4147:978-0-12-398374-9
4056:Physical Review A
3845:978-0-470-61637-6
3777:978-0-471-48921-4
3737:978-0-471-47741-9
3447:978-3-540-43823-6
3113:(10): 761(A109).
3041:(12): 1001–1002.
2834:(12): 1045–1070.
2661:978-3-527-40742-2
2608:10.1063/PT.3.1918
2580:Snow, M. (2013).
2555:978-0-201-05757-7
2437:978-1-4757-0576-8
2377:Vonsovsky, Sergei
2095:
2094:
1966:
1934:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1706:
1698:
1365:quantum mechanics
1234:Coulomb repulsion
1114:Larmor precession
1108:Larmor precession
1080: =
1058: =
1025:Larmor precession
1008: =
986: =
961:
957:
933:
926:
831: =
813: =
761:is the effective
717:
710:
414:elementary charge
393:
389:
362:
306: =
278: =
16:(Redirected from
5372:
5316:
5300:Sergei Vonsovsky
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5195:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5145:
5136:(7): 1071–1074.
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5104:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5026:
5020:
5019:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4954:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4812:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4673:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4590:
4579:
4578:
4550:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4474:
4460:
4449:
4448:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4321:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4280:(5–6): 320–333.
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4244:. Archived from
4239:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4107:(1–2): 188–191.
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4052:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4019:
4013:
4012:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3970:(6): 1546–1548.
3959:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3933:. Archived from
3917:(9): 1413–1414.
3908:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3874:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3765:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3728:Wiley-IEEE Press
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3351:
3341:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3300:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3223:
3208:
3207:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3104:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3016:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2915:(830): 692–708.
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2843:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2585:
2577:
2560:
2559:
2543:
2533:
2514:
2513:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2465:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2414:(2nd ed.).
2413:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2167:
2124:first principles
2112:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1907:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1696:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1461:Feynman diagrams
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1428:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1125:Larmor frequency
1090:
1088:
1085:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
975:
973:
972:
967:
962:
960:
959:
958:
955:
942:
934:
929:
928:
927:
924:
914:
894:
892:
891:
886:
881:
870:
854:
841:
839:
836:
823:
821:
818:
805:
801:
800:
797:
795:
794:
791:
788:
780:
771:nuclear magneton
768:
764:
760:
755:angular momentum
752:
744:
736:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
712:
711:
708:
698:
693:
681:
675:
638:
637:
633:
624:
569:
568:
564:
555:
445:
441:
419:
411:
407:
405:
404:
399:
394:
392:
391:
390:
387:
377:
369:
364:
363:
360:
340:
317:
315:
311:
298:
295:
293:
289:
286:
283:
250:nuclear magneton
240:
231:
229:
226:
205:
203:
200:
197:
194:
181:
179:
176:
173:
21:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5340:Magnetic moment
5325:
5324:
5309:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5241:
5239:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5130:Phys. Rev. Lett
5127:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5110:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5077:
5075:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5039:(21): 643–646.
5028:
5027:
5023:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4971:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4816:Physical Review
4810:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4784:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4716:Physical Review
4708:
4707:
4703:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4592:
4591:
4582:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4462:
4461:
4452:
4424:Physical Review
4420:
4419:
4415:
4387:Physical Review
4383:
4382:
4378:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4009:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3876:
3875:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3730:. p. 103.
3719:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3692:. p. 320.
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3379:Physical Review
3376:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3343:
3342:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3227:Rigden, John S.
3225:
3224:
3211:
3184:Physical Review
3181:
3180:
3176:
3149:Physical Review
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3107:Physical Review
3098:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3035:Physical Review
3030:
3025:
3024:
3020:
2992:Physical Review
2988:
2987:
2980:
2953:Physical Review
2950:
2949:
2938:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2579:
2578:
2563:
2556:
2535:
2534:
2517:
2510:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2438:
2422:. p. 676.
2416:Kluwer Academic
2402:
2401:
2390:
2375:
2374:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2132:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:of quark model
1914:
1913:Magnetic moment
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1823:nonrelativistic
1801:
1798:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1739:
1735:
1718:
1714:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1687:Dirac particles
1678:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1579:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1477:vertex function
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1420:magnetic moment
1416:magnetic moment
1395:consequence of
1384:
1378:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1313:
1307:
1278:
1258:cold or thermal
1238:alpha particles
1230:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1159:are within the
1146:
1140:
1133:
1116:
1110:
1097:
1089:(18) MHz⋅T
1086:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1064:(69) MHz⋅T
1061:
1059:
1053:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1007:
996:
992:
989:
987:
985:
950:
946:
919:
915:
902:
901:
861:
860:
850:
837:
834:
832:
830:
819:
816:
814:
812:
803:
798:
792:
789:
786:
785:
783:
782:
774:
766:
762:
758:
746:
738:
703:
699:
684:
683:
679:
673:
669:
645:
636:
631:
629:
627:
622:
621:
583:I. I. Rabi
567:
562:
560:
558:
553:
552:
541:I. Y. Tamm
521:
515:
487:
482:
448:
443:
439:
437:
430:
417:
409:
382:
378:
370:
355:
350:
349:
343:
338:
313:
309:
307:
305:
296:
291:
287:
284:
281:
279:
277:
258:
247:
238:
227:
224:
222:
220:
214:
212:
201:
198:
195:
192:
190:
188:
177:
174:
171:
169:
167:
146:
122:electric charge
61:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5378:
5376:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5350:Magnetostatics
5347:
5342:
5337:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5308:
5307:External links
5305:
5304:
5303:
5297:
5286:John S. Rigden
5283:
5269:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5223:
5204:(6): 434–436.
5181:
5143:hep-ph/9410274
5120:
5090:
5086:S. Kotochigova
5058:
5021:
4984:
4969:
4930:
4895:
4850:
4798:
4774:
4768:978-0471203858
4767:
4761:. p. 31.
4744:
4723:(4): 416–417.
4701:
4646:
4616:
4610:978-0201503975
4609:
4580:
4536:
4530:978-9810223694
4529:
4511:
4492:
4486:978-0750303736
4485:
4465:Rechenberg, H.
4463:Brown, L. M.;
4450:
4431:(3): 483–484.
4413:
4394:(4): 498–506.
4376:
4357:(1): 295–308.
4339:
4307:
4262:
4222:
4208:
4185:
4160:
4146:
4126:
4089:
4036:
4014:
4008:978-0198520290
4007:
3989:
3951:
3894:
3888:978-0486482385
3887:
3858:
3844:
3817:
3804:978-0444518118
3803:
3783:
3776:
3750:
3736:
3712:
3698:
3674:
3644:
3614:
3600:
3580:
3550:
3520:
3490:
3460:
3446:
3426:
3404:
3385:(3): 318–319.
3369:
3363:978-0198519973
3362:
3325:
3312:978-0226813042
3311:
3281:
3255:
3241:
3209:
3190:(3): 163–165.
3174:
3155:(3): 157–163.
3139:
3091:
3060:
3018:
2999:(2): 111–122.
2978:
2959:(3): 230–231.
2936:
2893:
2871:
2818:
2783:(2): 121–125.
2761:
2734:(1–2): 17–24.
2714:
2667:
2660:
2642:
2620:
2561:
2554:
2515:
2509:978-0201043136
2508:
2483:
2477:978-0070054936
2476:
2443:
2436:
2388:
2363:
2333:
2303:
2252:
2222:
2192:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2061:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2005:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1962:
1948:
1930:
1916:
1911:
1900:
1893:
1883:
1861:
1839:
1814:for quarks by
1757:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1721:
1711:
1702:
1578:
1575:
1545:
1535:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1497:
1377:
1374:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1309:Main article:
1306:
1303:
1277:
1274:
1229:
1226:
1168:
1165:
1142:Main article:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1112:Main article:
1109:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1073:
1051:
1005:
983:
977:
976:
965:
953:
949:
945:
940:
937:
932:
922:
918:
912:
909:
884:
880:
876:
873:
869:
828:
810:
726:
722:
716:
706:
702:
696:
692:
668:
665:
644:
641:
634:
630:−1.93(2)
625:
565:
556:
529:R. Bacher
514:
511:
486:
483:
481:
478:
446:
435:
428:
397:
385:
381:
376:
373:
367:
358:
341:
335:Dirac particle
324:magnetic field
303:
275:
256:
245:
236:
218:
210:
186:
165:
145:
142:
59:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5377:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5320:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5294:0-465-06792-1
5291:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5280:0-201-05757-3
5277:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5121:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5025:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4988:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4923:September 27,
4919:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4864:. Series 10.
4863:
4862:
4854:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4809:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4745:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4664:(5): 053012.
4663:
4659:
4658:
4650:
4647:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4561:(5): 82–229.
4560:
4556:
4555:
4547:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4343:
4340:
4328:. 77–17: 1–25
4327:
4326:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4276:(in German).
4275:
4274:
4266:
4263:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4171:
4164:
4161:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4090:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:(2): 023843.
4062:
4058:
4057:
4051:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3751:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3701:
3699:9781584889021
3695:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3675:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3603:
3601:9780471730965
3597:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3581:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3427:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3314:
3308:
3304:
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2698:
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2690:
2687:(1–2): 4–16.
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2653:
2646:
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2588:Physics Today
2584:
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2497:
2496:Lerner, R. G.
2490:
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2275:(1): 010001.
2274:
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2253:
2240:
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2090:
2087:
2042:
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2034:
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1986:
1983:
1982:
1960:
1949:
1928:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1882:
1860:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1827:wave function
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1775:
1770:
1755:
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1709:
1700:
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1334:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:neutron beams
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:B. Brockhouse
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1191:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
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1151:
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1137:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1101:
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1092:
1079:
1072:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1042:
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1034:
1030:
1026:
1004:
982:
963:
951:
947:
943:
938:
935:
920:
916:
910:
907:
900:
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895:
882:
874:
871:
858:
853:
848:
843:
827:
809:
779:
778:
772:
756:
751:
750:
743:
742:
724:
704:
700:
694:
677:
666:
664:
662:
661:nuclear force
658:
653:
651:
642:
640:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
550:
546:
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534:
530:
525:
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
479:
477:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
459:Bohr magneton
454:
452:
438: ≈
434:
427:
423:
415:
395:
383:
379:
371:
365:
356:
347:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
302:
274:
270:
266:
263:, both being
262:
261:Bohr magneton
255:
251:
244:
235:
217:
209:
185:
168: =
164:
160:
150:
143:
141:
139:
135:
131:
129:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
84:Coulomb force
81:
80:nuclear force
77:
73:
69:
65:
58:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5255:Bibliography
5240:. Retrieved
5236:
5226:
5201:
5197:
5184:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5111:. Retrieved
5106:
5093:
5076:. Retrieved
5061:
5036:
5030:
5024:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4942:
4921:. Retrieved
4911:
4868:(1): 27–40.
4865:
4859:
4853:
4820:
4814:
4801:
4787:
4757:. New York:
4754:
4747:
4720:
4714:
4704:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4637:. Retrieved
4628:
4619:
4595:
4558:
4552:
4539:
4520:
4514:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4470:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4323:
4310:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4246:the original
4241:
4213:. Retrieved
4198:
4176:. Retrieved
4163:
4151:. Retrieved
4136:
4129:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4080:. Retrieved
4060:
4054:
4027:. Retrieved
4017:
3998:
3992:
3967:
3963:
3942:. Retrieved
3935:the original
3914:
3910:
3897:
3878:
3851:December 10,
3849:. Retrieved
3830:
3810:December 12,
3808:. Retrieved
3793:
3786:
3761:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3722:
3715:
3705:December 12,
3703:. Retrieved
3684:
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3656:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3626:
3617:
3605:. Retrieved
3590:
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3562:
3553:
3541:. Retrieved
3532:
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3502:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3472:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3436:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3407:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3348:Inward Bound
3347:
3316:. Retrieved
3296:
3284:
3274:December 11,
3272:. Retrieved
3258:
3246:. Retrieved
3231:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3110:
3106:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3077:
3073:
3063:
3038:
3034:
3021:
2996:
2990:
2956:
2952:
2912:
2906:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2874:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2780:
2776:
2764:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2651:
2645:
2633:. Retrieved
2623:
2613:December 11,
2611:. Retrieved
2594:(3): 50–55.
2591:
2587:
2539:
2499:
2461:
2420:Plenum Press
2409:
2381:
2354:. Retrieved
2345:
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2272:
2269:Phys. Rev. D
2268:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2120:strong force
2096:
1880:
1858:
1836:
1820:
1816:O. Greenberg
1812:color charge
1771:
1580:
1565:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1481:J. Schwinger
1474:
1463:with loops.
1455:
1434:
1424:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1360:Enrico Fermi
1348:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1279:
1231:
1170:
1147:
1128:
1117:
1077:
1070:
1055:
1048:
1036:
1032:
1002:
980:
978:
896:
844:
825:
807:
776:
775:
753:is the spin
748:
747:
740:
739:
670:
654:
646:
603:
601:techniques.
572:
549:Soviet Union
526:
522:
488:
467:
455:
432:
425:
328:
300:
272:
253:
242:
233:
215:
207:
183:
162:
156:
127:
111:
99:Luis Alvarez
88:
56:
49:
33:
31:
29:
4029:January 25,
2886:January 30,
2404:Shankar, R.
1769:within it.
1583:quark model
1541:−1.91
1410:(QED), the
1270:Nobel Prize
1246:diffraction
1029:MRI imaging
1021:10 s⋅T
999:10 s⋅T
806:-factor is
650:quark model
539:(1933) and
480:Measurement
474:antineutron
344:, in which
316:10 J⋅T
294:10 J⋅T
144:Description
134:quark model
103:Felix Bloch
5329:Categories
5266:0198520298
4635:. May 2024
4508:: 170–175.
4168:Chupp, T.
3663:. May 2024
3633:. May 2024
3569:. May 2024
3539:. May 2024
3509:. May 2024
3479:. May 2024
3419:25 January
3084:30 January
2352:. May 2024
2322:. May 2024
2241:. May 2024
2211:. May 2024
2181:. May 2024
2157:References
1531:0.00
1512:1.79
1502:1.00
1397:beta decay
1392:G. C. Wick
1380:See also:
1367:, and the
1260:neutrons.
1242:scattering
1172:spin
1154:hydrogen-1
606:L. Alvarez
579:Pittsburgh
561:−0.5
517:See also:
491:Otto Stern
470:antiproton
91:Otto Stern
48:, symbols
5345:Magnetism
4952:0805.0289
4890:123822660
4696:119264728
4671:0712.2607
4302:122962691
4178:April 16,
4100:Physica B
3964:Phys. Rev
3911:Phys. Rev
3690:CRC Press
2866:119204397
2841:1109.4864
2813:120812185
2805:1431-5866
2756:186232193
2709:120793548
1961:μ
1929:μ
1821:From the
1818:in 1964.
1729:ℏ
1701:μ
1566:effective
1456:effective
1290:polarized
1161:molecules
1152:. Since
1076:/2
1054:/2
931:ℏ
921:μ
908:γ
875:γ
868:μ
849:, symbol
715:ℏ
705:μ
691:μ
537:Ann Arbor
375:ℏ
357:μ
153:downward.
5237:Phys.org
5176:15148740
5168:10058927
4979:17512393
4467:(1996).
4332:June 18,
4273:Z. Phys.
4255:June 18,
4153:June 30,
3944:June 26,
3229:(1987).
2406:(1994).
2379:(1975).
2130:See also
1950:Observed
1918:Computed
1778:−
1660:+
1637:−
1614:−
1591:+
1431:electron
1401:H. Bethe
1268:won the
1266:C. Shull
618:Berkeley
610:F. Bloch
595:deuteron
591:New York
431:/
269:SI units
93:team in
72:nucleons
5360:Neutron
5206:Bibcode
5148:Bibcode
5109:: 24–35
5041:Bibcode
5004:Bibcode
4913:Science
4870:Bibcode
4845:1444215
4825:Bibcode
4725:Bibcode
4676:Bibcode
4639:May 18,
4601:175–198
4563:Bibcode
4433:Bibcode
4396:Bibcode
4359:Bibcode
4350:Physica
4282:Bibcode
4109:Bibcode
4065:Bibcode
3972:Bibcode
3919:Bibcode
3667:May 18,
3637:May 18,
3573:May 18,
3543:May 18,
3513:May 18,
3483:May 18,
3453:May 10,
3387:Bibcode
3192:Bibcode
3157:Bibcode
3115:Bibcode
3043:Bibcode
3001:Bibcode
2961:Bibcode
2917:Bibcode
2846:Bibcode
2785:Bibcode
2736:Bibcode
2728:Z. Phys
2689:Bibcode
2681:Z. Phys
2596:Bibcode
2546:201–202
2356:May 18,
2326:May 18,
2277:Bibcode
2245:May 18,
2215:May 18,
2185:May 18,
2111:
2099:
2091:−1.913
2078:
2066:
2056:
2044:
2022:
2010:
2000:
1988:
1910:Baryon
1878:
1866:
1856:
1844:
1831:baryons
1793:
1675:
1652:
1629:
1606:
1587:hadrons
1581:In the
1571:A. Pais
1486:physics
1222:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1186:
1174:
1121:precess
1067:
1060:−29.164
796:
784:
676:-factor
612:at the
547:in the
531:at the
513:Neutron
501:at the
420:is the
412:is the
297:
259:is the
248:is the
189:=
76:magnets
64:nucleus
46:neutron
40:of the
5355:Proton
5292:
5278:
5264:
5242:May 8,
5174:
5166:
5113:May 8,
5078:May 9,
4977:
4967:
4888:
4843:
4765:
4694:
4607:
4527:
4483:
4477:95–312
4300:
4215:May 8,
4206:
4144:
4082:May 9,
4005:
3885:
3842:
3801:
3774:
3743:May 8,
3734:
3696:
3607:May 8,
3598:
3444:
3360:
3318:May 9,
3309:
3248:May 9,
3239:
3132:May 9,
2864:
2811:
2803:
2754:
2707:
2658:
2635:May 8,
2631:. NIST
2552:
2506:
2474:
2470:–246.
2434:
2296:May 8,
2088:−1.86
2035:2.793
1889:where
1797:−1.459
1774:B. Lee
1753:
1732:
1716:
1697:
1677:
1654:
1631:
1608:
1562:mesons
1521:, but
1439:−2.002
1256:using
1157:nuclei
1082:42.577
1078:π
1071:γ
1056:π
1049:γ
1003:γ
988:−1.832
981:γ
815:−3.826
757:, and
737:where
581:, and
485:Proton
461:. The
451:quarks
433:μ
426:μ
416:, and
408:where
320:torque
308:−9.662
301:μ
273:μ
241:Here,
232:
223:−1.913
206:
182:
159:CODATA
138:hadron
66:of an
62:. The
42:proton
5194:(PDF)
5172:S2CID
5138:arXiv
5103:(PDF)
4975:S2CID
4947:arXiv
4886:S2CID
4811:(PDF)
4795:–130.
4692:S2CID
4666:arXiv
4549:(PDF)
4320:(PDF)
4298:S2CID
4249:(PDF)
4238:(PDF)
4173:(PDF)
3938:(PDF)
3907:(PDF)
3836:Wiley
3770:–30.
3305:–32.
3080:: 455
3031:(PDF)
2862:S2CID
2836:arXiv
2809:S2CID
2752:S2CID
2705:S2CID
2265:(PDF)
2116:gluon
2032:2.79
1010:2.675
857:ratio
833:5.585
472:and
440:2.793
333:of a
280:1.410
267:. In
191:0.001
170:2.792
126:spin
5290:ISBN
5276:ISBN
5262:ISBN
5244:2015
5164:PMID
5115:2015
5080:2015
4965:ISBN
4925:2014
4841:OSTI
4763:ISBN
4641:2024
4633:NIST
4605:ISBN
4525:ISBN
4481:ISBN
4355:137B
4334:2017
4325:CERN
4257:2017
4217:2015
4204:ISBN
4180:2019
4155:2016
4142:ISBN
4084:2015
4031:2015
4003:ISBN
3946:2016
3883:ISBN
3853:2022
3840:ISBN
3812:2022
3799:ISBN
3772:ISBN
3745:2015
3732:ISBN
3707:2022
3694:ISBN
3669:2024
3661:NIST
3639:2024
3631:NIST
3609:2015
3596:ISBN
3575:2024
3567:NIST
3545:2024
3537:NIST
3515:2024
3507:NIST
3485:2024
3477:NIST
3455:2015
3442:ISBN
3421:2015
3358:ISBN
3320:2015
3307:ISBN
3276:2022
3250:2015
3237:ISBN
3134:2015
3086:2015
2888:2015
2801:ISSN
2656:ISBN
2637:2015
2615:2015
2550:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2358:2024
2350:NIST
2328:2024
2320:NIST
2298:2015
2247:2024
2239:NIST
2217:2024
2209:NIST
2187:2024
2179:NIST
1896:and
1829:for
1804:(34)
1585:for
1559:pion
1553:The
1452:(36)
1427:= −2
1264:and
1069:and
1062:6935
1017:(11)
1015:8708
995:(43)
845:The
840:(16)
838:6893
822:(90)
608:and
543:and
497:and
312:(23)
310:3653
299:and
290:(60)
230:(45)
204:(45)
180:(82)
157:The
136:for
120:and
118:spin
101:and
68:atom
55:and
44:and
32:The
5214:doi
5202:116
5156:doi
5049:doi
5012:doi
4957:doi
4878:doi
4833:doi
4821:140
4733:doi
4684:doi
4571:doi
4441:doi
4404:doi
4367:doi
4290:doi
4117:doi
4105:397
4073:doi
3980:doi
3927:doi
3395:doi
3354:299
3200:doi
3165:doi
3123:doi
3051:doi
3009:doi
2969:doi
2925:doi
2913:136
2854:doi
2832:523
2793:doi
2744:doi
2697:doi
2604:doi
2468:241
2424:doi
2285:doi
1799:898
1510:= +
1447:360
1444:304
1441:319
1244:or
1087:461
1084:478
1041:MHz
1012:221
990:471
835:694
817:085
781:is
616:at
589:in
585:at
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