623:
372:
643:
990:
125:
702:
788:
102:
768:
904:
824:
1050:
722:
475:'mouth') were so named because it was once believed that in all cases the embryological dent formed the mouth while the anus was formed later, at the opening made by the other end of the gut. It is now known that the fate of the blastopore among protostomes is extremely variable; while the evolutionary distinction between deuterostomes and protostomes remains valid, the descriptive accuracy of the name
1101:
1080:
1153:
1759:
1010:
854:
583:
884:
490:
during cell division instead of radial cleavage. Spiral cleavage happens because the cells' division planes are angled to the polar major axis, instead of being parallel or perpendicular to it. Another difference is that secondary body cavities
1465:
Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; Rouse, Greg W.; Worsaae, Katrine; Sørensen, Martin V. (June 2011).
515:. The two clades diverged about 600 million years ago. Protostomes evolved into over a million species alive today, compared to ca. 73,000 deuterostome species.
3157:
1201:
404:
305:. This nature has since been discovered to be extremely variable among Protostomia's members, although the reverse is typically true of its sister clade,
3144:
1440:
1356:
3203:
3213:
1791:
1828:
1823:
3149:
1907:
1897:
1880:
124:
3162:
622:
499:, where the coelom forms out of a solid mass of embryonic tissue splitting away from the rest, instead of by
1912:
301:
of animals once thought to be characterized by the formation of the organism's mouth before its anus during
1763:
3208:
3061:
1784:
1696:"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records"
3170:
1875:
109:
105:
108:
106:
3198:
3131:
3108:
1577:
1517:
1385:
511:
The common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes was evidently a worm-like aquatic animal of the
110:
1645:"Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences"
1298:
Hejnol, A.; Obst, M.; Stamatakis, A.; Ott, M.; Rouse, G. W.; Edgecombe, G. D.; et al. (2009).
107:
642:
2340:
1892:
1870:
1858:
1833:
1601:
1486:
1280:
971:
554:
for the protostomes is shown below. The timing of clades radiating into newer clades is given in
353:
119:
3175:
2762:
2682:
2032:
1902:
1865:
1853:
1843:
1777:
1746:
1725:
1676:
1593:
1543:
1436:
1413:
1352:
1329:
1272:
701:
551:
487:
376:
3099:
1817:
1715:
1707:
1666:
1656:
1585:
1533:
1525:
1478:
1403:
1393:
1319:
1311:
1264:
989:
787:
247:
3043:
2949:
2800:
2703:
2560:
2093:
1251:
Martín-Durán, José M.; Passamaneck, Yale J.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Hejnol, Andreas (2016).
1044:
578:
543:
512:
345:
1581:
1521:
1389:
767:
482:
Protostome and deuterostome embryos differ in several other ways. Many protostomes (the
2708:
2504:
2416:
2394:
2357:
1848:
1720:
1695:
1671:
1644:
1538:
1505:
1324:
1299:
1252:
1062:
1031:
903:
823:
1694:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (2008-04-27).
1619:
1466:
1234:"The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore - open questions about questionable openings"
3192:
2853:
2757:
2256:
1605:
1408:
1373:
1233:
836:
605:
414:
357:
306:
302:
59:
3113:
1490:
1253:"The developmental basis for the recurrent evolution of deuterostomy and protostomy"
1049:
721:
371:
2959:
2954:
2842:
2698:
2584:
2470:
2373:
2352:
2222:
2173:
2129:
2110:
1750:
1349:
The
Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history
1206:
1005:
783:
684:
618:
558:(millions of years ago); less certain placements are indicated with dashed lines.
380:
210:
449:
while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the
1284:
3093:
2920:
2891:
2877:
2867:
2452:
2268:
2181:
1963:
1700:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1506:"Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans"
1079:
849:
717:
500:
496:
426:
396:
392:
338:
169:
34:
1529:
3017:
3002:
2997:
2978:
2973:
2901:
2848:
2818:
2810:
2752:
2626:
2618:
2601:
2381:
2293:
2246:
2186:
2122:
1968:
1953:
1661:
1482:
1467:"Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions"
1147:
1100:
899:
879:
819:
697:
523:
422:
410:
384:
360:
79:
44:
1300:"Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods"
2983:
2930:
2925:
2896:
2885:
2834:
2829:
2781:
2693:
2686:
2480:
2475:
2437:
2286:
2278:
2207:
2159:
2080:
2067:
2048:
2043:
2002:
1398:
1268:
866:
750:
674:
595:
565:
519:
349:
314:
226:
195:
182:
156:
136:
84:
1729:
1711:
1680:
1597:
1547:
1333:
1315:
1276:
1152:
1758:
1417:
883:
3123:
3084:
3078:
3007:
2991:
2914:
2906:
2861:
2824:
2805:
2794:
2776:
2770:
2631:
2572:
2548:
2445:
2326:
2215:
2099:
1990:
1981:
1887:
1562:
1095:
1075:
984:
961:
763:
638:
547:
539:
535:
531:
527:
483:
330:
326:
231:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1589:
1009:
853:
582:
2967:
2943:
2935:
2872:
2786:
2606:
2593:
2526:
2517:
2462:
2387:
1347:
Peters, Kenneth E.; Walters, Clifford C.; Moldowan, J. Michael (2005).
322:
318:
89:
64:
1769:
3012:
2746:
2036:
1946:
1933:
1804:
1801:
492:
470:
459:
418:
388:
387:
becomes the embryos' mouth while the anus is formed later. Also, the
146:
3055:
1643:
Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (June 2015).
503:, where the coelom would otherwise form out of in-folded gut walls.
1563:"Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda"
1455:
The
Invertebrate tree of life, Giribet & Edgecombe, 2020; p.155
1209:, a hypothethical common ancestor to Protostomes and Deuterostomes
450:
370:
298:
3136:
1374:"Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life"
555:
446:
3059:
2065:
1773:
465:
454:
100:
289:
283:
277:
265:
259:
1351:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 717.
1304:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
271:
250:
16:
Clade of animals whose mouth develops before the anus
274:
262:
256:
253:
3068:
2736:
2617:
2592:
2583:
2559:
2537:
2502:
2461:
2436:
2429:
2414:
2366:
2339:
2324:
2277:
2255:
2235:
2206:
2199:
2172:
2157:
2146:
2109:
2078:
2001:
1962:
1931:
1561:Smith, Martin R.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014).
1433:
The New
Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1; Volume 3
1384:(15). The National Academy of Sciences: 8001–8005.
280:
268:
425:) which deepens to become its digestive tube (the
1504:Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (2017-04-04).
1236:. In M. J. Telford; D. T. J. Littlewood (eds.).
104:
1238:Animal Evolution — Genomes, Fossils, and Trees
1785:
8:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1202:Embryological origins of the mouth and anus
430:
429:). In the sister-clade, the deuterostomes (
405:embryological origins of the mouth and anus
286:
3056:
2733:
2589:
2565:
2541:
2510:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2261:
2239:
2232:
2203:
2169:
2165:
2154:
2143:
2115:
2086:
2075:
2062:
1974:
1939:
1928:
1792:
1778:
1770:
20:
1719:
1670:
1660:
1537:
1407:
1397:
1323:
375:In protostomes, cells divide with spiral
2130:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
1435:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 767.
1219:
391:(shown in blue) forms from tissue that
2124:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
2094:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
1232:Hejnol, A.; Martindale, M. Q. (2009).
7:
2395:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
1471:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
344:Together with the Deuterostomia and
1068:
1037:
977:
967:
872:
842:
812:
756:
746:
690:
680:
670:
611:
601:
571:
561:
379:instead of radial cleavage. During
1992:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
409:In animals at least as complex as
14:
1372:Valentine, James W. (July 1997).
518:Protostomes are divided into the
445:), the original dent becomes the
3036:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
1757:
1151:
1099:
1078:
1048:
1008:
988:
902:
882:
852:
822:
786:
766:
720:
700:
641:
621:
581:
421:forming a dent on one side (the
246:
123:
2223:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
1257:Nature Ecology & Evolution
453:. The protostomes (from Greek
1:
395:from the rest, instead of by
2835:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
1620:"Palaeos Metazoa: Ecdysozoa"
471:
460:
3204:Ediacaran first appearances
2892:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
2632:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
2447:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2358:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
2247:Loricifera (corset animals)
356:, anteroposterior axis and
3230:
3214:Taxa named by Karl Grobben
2782:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
2528:Annelida (segmented worms)
2353:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
2269:Onychophora (velvet worms)
1530:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w
466:
455:
402:
341:typically occurs in them.
3032:
2830:Asterozoans inc. starfish
2732:
2725:
2676:
2627:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
2608:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
2568:
2544:
2513:
2453:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
2425:
2348:
2335:
2264:
2242:
2231:
2182:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
2168:
2142:
2118:
2089:
2074:
2061:
2026:
1977:
1954:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
1942:
1927:
1811:
1662:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0
1483:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4
1143:
1093:
1073:
1066:
1042:
1035:
1003:
982:
975:
965:
897:
877:
870:
847:
840:
817:
810:
781:
761:
754:
744:
715:
695:
688:
678:
668:
636:
616:
609:
599:
576:
569:
417:development involves the
309:. Well known examples of
223:
218:
120:Scientific classification
118:
99:
23:
2388:Rotifera (wheel animals)
2187:Priapulida (penis worms)
1431:Safra, Jacob E. (2003).
2602:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
2574:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
2295:Tardigrada (waterbears)
2288:Arthropoda (arthropods)
1399:10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001
1269:10.1038/s41559-016-0005
348:, these form the clade
333:. They are also called
2777:Anthozoans inc. corals
2476:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
1712:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233
1316:10.1098/rspb.2009.0896
550:). A modern consensus
486:clade) undergo spiral
400:
113:
3171:Paleobiology Database
2907:Hexapods inc. insects
2217:Nematoda (roundworms)
1510:Nature Communications
501:enterocoelic pouching
413:, the first phase in
389:secondary body cavity
374:
303:embryonic development
112:
2100:Chordata (chordates)
1766:at Wikimedia Commons
495:) generally form by
2550:Mollusca (molluscs)
2035:of the animal root
1706:(1496): 1435–1443.
1590:10.1038/nature13576
1582:2014Natur.514..363S
1522:2017NatCo...8....9F
1390:1997PNAS...94.8001V
1310:(1677): 4261–4270.
399:from the gut walls.
2763:Calcareous sponges
1948:Porifera (sponges)
1649:Zoological Letters
401:
354:bilateral symmetry
114:
30:Ediacaran - Recent
3186:
3185:
3062:Taxon identifiers
3053:
3052:
3028:
3027:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2195:
2194:
2138:
2137:
2057:
2056:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
1762:Media related to
1576:(7522): 363–366.
1442:978-0-85229-961-6
1358:978-0-521-83762-0
1240:. pp. 33–40.
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1021:
1020:
951:
950:
942:
941:
933:
932:
924:
923:
915:
914:
799:
798:
733:
732:
654:
653:
552:phylogenetic tree
239:
238:
214:
3221:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3057:
2734:
2690:
2590:
2566:
2542:
2511:
2507:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2262:
2240:
2233:
2204:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2116:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2063:
2040:
1975:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1840:
1820:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1761:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1664:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1229:
1155:
1103:
1082:
1069:
1052:
1038:
1012:
992:
978:
968:
906:
886:
873:
856:
843:
826:
813:
790:
770:
757:
747:
724:
704:
691:
681:
671:
645:
625:
612:
602:
585:
572:
562:
474:
469:
468:
463:
458:
457:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
335:schizocoelomates
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
209:
128:
127:
103:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3064:
3054:
3049:
3024:
2950:Phylactolaemata
2738:
2728:
2727:
2713:
2704:Xenambulacraria
2680:
2636:
2613:
2579:
2561:Kryptotrochozoa
2555:
2533:
2503:
2490:
2481:Monoblastozoa (
2457:
2415:
2402:
2374:Micrognathozoa
2362:
2325:
2300:
2273:
2251:
2227:
2191:
2158:
2147:
2134:
2105:
2079:
2070:
2053:
2030:
2014:
1997:
1966:
1958:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1838:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1747:The Taxonomicon
1743:
1738:
1737:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1216:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1165:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1045:Platyhelminthes
1022:
952:
943:
934:
925:
916:
800:
734:
655:
579:Xenacoelomorpha
509:
479:is disputable.
442:
439:
436:
433:
407:
369:
352:, animals with
346:Xenacoelomorpha
249:
245:
208:
122:
111:
101:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3118:
3105:
3090:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2915:Platyhelminths
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2742:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2709:Centroneuralia
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2569:
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2505:Lophotrochozoa
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3044:dubious phyla
3041:
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3019:
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2758:Glass sponges
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2699:Deuterostomia
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:of Bilateria
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2518:Cycliophora (
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2257:Panarthropoda
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1137:
1136:
1128:580 mya
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1118:550 mya
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851:
845:
844:
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837:Panarthropoda
835:
834:
831:
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827:
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821:
815:
814:
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807:
804:
803:
795:
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729:
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723:
719:
713:
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649:
646:
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640:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
624:
620:
614:
613:
607:
606:Deuterostomia
604:
603:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
584:
580:
574:
573:
567:
564:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
506:
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502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
480:
478:
473:
462:
452:
448:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:first opening
382:
378:
373:
366:
364:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:Deuterostomia
304:
300:
294:
243:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
222:
217:
212:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
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138:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
117:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
3069:
3042:Potentially
3037:
2990:
2966:
2960:Gymnolaemata
2955:Stenolaemata
2944:Ectoproctans
2942:
2913:
2884:
2860:
2854:Pterobranchs
2841:
2817:
2793:
2769:
2745:
2739:within phyla
2737:Major groups
2607:
2594:Bryozoa s.l.
2585:Lophophorata
2573:
2549:
2527:
2519:
2482:
2471:Orthonectida
2446:
2393:
2386:
2375:
2294:
2287:
2216:
2174:Scalidophora
2148:
2123:
2111:Ambulacraria
2098:
2011:(see below↓)
1991:
1983:
1947:
1898:Opisthokonta
1751:Karl Grobben
1703:
1699:
1689:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1573:
1569:
1556:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1451:
1432:
1426:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1237:
1207:Urbilaterian
1146:
1144:
1094:
1074:
1043:
1006:Chaetognatha
1004:
983:
898:
878:
848:
818:
784:Nematomorpha
782:
762:
716:
696:
685:Scalidophora
664:
637:
619:Ambulacraria
617:
577:
517:
510:
481:
476:
440:second-mouth
408:
381:gastrulation
343:
334:
310:
241:
240:
205:
202:(unranked):
189:
176:
163:
153:Subkingdom:
18:
3199:Protostomes
3114:Protostomia
3100:Protostomia
3094:Wikispecies
3070:Protostomia
3018:Tusk shells
3003:Cephalopods
2974:Polychaetes
2921:Turbellaria
2902:Crustaceans
2878:Secernentea
2868:Chromadorea
2849:Acorn worms
2819:Echinoderms
2811:Vertebrates
2753:Demosponges
2687:is disputed
2149:Protostomia
2037:is disputed
1964:ParaHoxozoa
1764:Protostomia
1624:palaeos.com
1263:(1): 0005.
1098:and allies
1047:and allies
987:and allies
850:Onychophora
718:Kinorhyncha
665:Protostomia
497:schizocoely
427:archenteron
393:splits away
361:germ layers
339:schizocoely
311:protostomes
242:Protostomia
219:Superphyla
206:Protostomia
170:ParaHoxozoa
24:Protostomes
3193:Categories
2998:Gastropods
2979:Clitellata
2886:Arthropods
2825:Sea lilies
2771:Cnidarians
2689:; see also
2619:Brachiozoa
2382:Syndermata
2341:Gnathifera
2039:; see also
1984:Trichoplax
1982:Placozoa (
1969:Planulozoa
1629:2017-09-02
1214:References
1148:Kimberella
972:Gnathifera
900:Arthropoda
880:Tardigrada
820:Loricifera
698:Priapulida
530:) and the
524:arthropods
477:protostome
464:'first' +
423:blastopore
411:earthworms
403:See also:
397:folding in
367:Protostomy
315:arthropods
2984:Sipuncula
2931:Monogenea
2926:Trematoda
2897:Myriapods
2862:Nematodes
2806:Tunicates
2801:Lancelets
2795:Chordates
2787:Myxozoans
2694:Nephrozoa
2683:phylogeny
2483:Salinella
2438:Rouphozoa
2279:Tactopoda
2208:Nematoida
2160:Ecdysozoa
2081:Bilateria
2068:Bilateria
2049:Benthozoa
2044:Eumetazoa
2033:phylogeny
2003:Bilateria
1893:Amoebozoa
1871:Alveolata
1859:Cryptista
1834:Eukaryota
1606:205239797
867:Tactopoda
751:Nematoida
675:Ecdysozoa
596:Nephrozoa
566:Bilateria
528:nematodes
520:Ecdysozoa
513:Ediacaran
507:Evolution
350:Bilateria
331:nematodes
327:flatworms
297:) is the
227:Ecdysozoa
196:Nephrozoa
183:Bilateria
157:Eumetazoa
143:Kingdom:
137:Eukaryota
3137:10459935
3121:BioLib:
3079:Wikidata
3008:Bivalves
2992:Molluscs
2968:Annelids
2327:Spiralia
1934:Animalia
1888:Amorphea
1866:Rhizaria
1854:Hacrobia
1844:Excavata
1829:Bacteria
1730:18192191
1681:26605063
1598:25132546
1548:28377584
1516:(1): 9.
1491:32169826
1334:19759036
1277:28812551
1196:See also
1096:Annelida
1076:Mollusca
985:Rotifera
962:Spiralia
764:Nematoda
639:Chordata
548:rotifers
540:annelids
536:molluscs
532:Spiralia
488:cleavage
484:Spiralia
377:cleavage
323:annelids
319:molluscs
232:Spiralia
147:Animalia
133:Domain:
3013:Chitons
2936:Cestoda
2873:Enoplea
2747:Sponges
2520:Symbion
2463:Mesozoa
1903:Animals
1824:Archaea
1800:Extant
1721:2614224
1672:4657359
1578:Bibcode
1539:5431905
1518:Bibcode
1418:9223303
1386:Bibcode
1325:2817096
493:coeloms
434:
211:Grobben
3150:914155
3038:bolded
1881:Plants
1818:Domain
1802:animal
1728:
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1570:Nature
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546:, and
534:(e.g.
522:(e.g.
461:prōto-
456:πρωτο-
419:embryo
383:, the
337:since
213:, 1908
3176:85324
3163:33317
3124:14936
3085:Q5171
2200:N+L+P
1908:Fungi
1805:phyla
1602:S2CID
1566:(PDF)
1487:S2CID
1409:21545
1285:90795
1281:S2CID
472:stóma
467:στόμα
451:mouth
358:three
299:clade
190:Clade
177:Clade
164:Clade
3158:NCBI
3145:ITIS
2681:The
2031:The
1749:for
1726:PMID
1677:PMID
1594:PMID
1544:PMID
1437:ISBN
1414:PMID
1378:PNAS
1353:ISBN
1330:PMID
1273:PMID
447:anus
431:lit.
329:and
313:are
35:PreꞒ
3132:EoL
3109:ADW
2538:M+K
2430:R+M
2367:M+S
2236:L+P
1716:PMC
1708:doi
1704:363
1667:PMC
1657:doi
1586:doi
1574:514
1534:PMC
1526:doi
1479:doi
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1320:PMC
1312:doi
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