634:
383:
654:
1001:
136:
713:
799:
113:
779:
915:
835:
1061:
733:
486:'mouth') were so named because it was once believed that in all cases the embryological dent formed the mouth while the anus was formed later, at the opening made by the other end of the gut. It is now known that the fate of the blastopore among protostomes is extremely variable; while the evolutionary distinction between deuterostomes and protostomes remains valid, the descriptive accuracy of the name
1112:
1091:
1164:
1770:
1021:
865:
594:
895:
501:
during cell division instead of radial cleavage. Spiral cleavage happens because the cells' division planes are angled to the polar major axis, instead of being parallel or perpendicular to it. Another difference is that secondary body cavities
1476:
Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; Rouse, Greg W.; Worsaae, Katrine; Sørensen, Martin V. (June 2011).
526:. The two clades diverged about 600 million years ago. Protostomes evolved into over a million species alive today, compared to ca. 73,000 deuterostome species.
3168:
1212:
415:
316:. This nature has since been discovered to be extremely variable among Protostomia's members, although the reverse is typically true of its sister clade,
3155:
1451:
1367:
3214:
3224:
1802:
1839:
1834:
3160:
1918:
1908:
1891:
135:
3173:
633:
510:, where the coelom forms out of a solid mass of embryonic tissue splitting away from the rest, instead of by
1923:
312:
of animals once thought to be characterized by the formation of the organism's mouth before its anus during
1774:
3219:
3072:
1795:
1707:"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records"
3181:
1886:
120:
116:
119:
117:
3209:
3142:
3119:
1588:
1528:
1396:
522:
The common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes was evidently a worm-like aquatic animal of the
121:
1656:"Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences"
1309:
Hejnol, A.; Obst, M.; Stamatakis, A.; Ott, M.; Rouse, G. W.; Edgecombe, G. D.; et al. (2009).
118:
653:
2351:
1903:
1881:
1869:
1844:
1612:
1497:
1291:
982:
565:
for the protostomes is shown below. The timing of clades radiating into newer clades is given in
364:
130:
3186:
2773:
2693:
2043:
1913:
1876:
1864:
1854:
1788:
1757:
1736:
1687:
1604:
1554:
1447:
1424:
1363:
1340:
1283:
712:
562:
498:
387:
3110:
1828:
1726:
1718:
1677:
1667:
1596:
1544:
1536:
1489:
1414:
1404:
1330:
1322:
1275:
1000:
798:
258:
3054:
2960:
2811:
2714:
2571:
2104:
1262:
Martín-Durán, José M.; Passamaneck, Yale J.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Hejnol, Andreas (2016).
1055:
589:
554:
523:
356:
1592:
1532:
1400:
778:
493:
Protostome and deuterostome embryos differ in several other ways. Many protostomes (the
2719:
2515:
2427:
2405:
2368:
1859:
1731:
1706:
1682:
1655:
1549:
1516:
1335:
1310:
1263:
1073:
1042:
914:
834:
1705:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (2008-04-27).
1630:
1477:
1245:"The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore - open questions about questionable openings"
3203:
2864:
2768:
2267:
1616:
1419:
1384:
1244:
847:
616:
425:
368:
317:
313:
70:
3124:
1501:
1264:"The developmental basis for the recurrent evolution of deuterostomy and protostomy"
1060:
732:
382:
2970:
2965:
2853:
2709:
2595:
2481:
2384:
2363:
2233:
2184:
2140:
2121:
1761:
1360:
The
Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history
1217:
1016:
794:
695:
629:
569:(millions of years ago); less certain placements are indicated with dashed lines.
391:
221:
460:
while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the
1295:
3104:
2931:
2902:
2888:
2878:
2463:
2279:
2192:
1974:
1711:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1517:"Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans"
1090:
860:
728:
511:
507:
437:
407:
403:
349:
180:
45:
1540:
3028:
3013:
3008:
2989:
2984:
2912:
2859:
2829:
2821:
2763:
2637:
2629:
2612:
2392:
2304:
2257:
2197:
2133:
1979:
1964:
1672:
1493:
1478:"Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions"
1158:
1111:
910:
890:
830:
708:
534:
433:
421:
395:
371:
90:
55:
1311:"Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods"
2994:
2941:
2936:
2907:
2896:
2845:
2840:
2792:
2704:
2697:
2491:
2486:
2448:
2297:
2289:
2218:
2170:
2091:
2078:
2059:
2054:
2013:
1409:
1279:
877:
761:
685:
606:
576:
530:
360:
325:
237:
206:
193:
167:
147:
95:
1740:
1722:
1691:
1608:
1558:
1344:
1326:
1287:
1163:
17:
1769:
1428:
894:
3134:
3095:
3089:
3018:
3002:
2925:
2917:
2872:
2835:
2816:
2805:
2787:
2781:
2642:
2583:
2559:
2456:
2337:
2226:
2110:
2001:
1992:
1898:
1573:
1106:
1086:
995:
972:
774:
649:
558:
550:
546:
542:
538:
494:
341:
337:
242:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
1600:
1020:
864:
593:
2978:
2954:
2946:
2883:
2797:
2617:
2604:
2537:
2528:
2473:
2398:
1358:
Peters, Kenneth E.; Walters, Clifford C.; Moldowan, J. Michael (2005).
333:
329:
100:
75:
1780:
3023:
2757:
2047:
1957:
1944:
1815:
1812:
503:
481:
470:
429:
399:
398:
becomes the embryos' mouth while the anus is formed later. Also, the
157:
3066:
1654:
Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (June 2015).
514:, where the coelom would otherwise form out of in-folded gut walls.
1574:"Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda"
1466:
The
Invertebrate tree of life, Giribet & Edgecombe, 2020; p.155
1220:, a hypothethical common ancestor to Protostomes and Deuterostomes
461:
381:
309:
3147:
1385:"Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life"
566:
457:
3070:
2076:
1784:
476:
465:
111:
300:
294:
288:
276:
270:
1362:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 717.
1315:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
282:
261:
27:
Clade of animals whose mouth develops before the anus
285:
273:
267:
264:
3079:
2747:
2628:
2603:
2594:
2570:
2548:
2513:
2472:
2447:
2440:
2425:
2377:
2350:
2335:
2288:
2266:
2246:
2217:
2210:
2183:
2168:
2157:
2120:
2089:
2012:
1973:
1942:
1572:Smith, Martin R.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014).
1444:
The New
Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1; Volume 3
1395:(15). The National Academy of Sciences: 8001–8005.
291:
279:
436:) which deepens to become its digestive tube (the
1515:Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (2017-04-04).
1247:. In M. J. Telford; D. T. J. Littlewood (eds.).
115:
1249:Animal Evolution — Genomes, Fossils, and Trees
1796:
8:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1213:Embryological origins of the mouth and anus
441:
440:). In the sister-clade, the deuterostomes (
416:embryological origins of the mouth and anus
297:
3067:
2744:
2600:
2576:
2552:
2521:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2272:
2250:
2243:
2214:
2180:
2176:
2165:
2154:
2126:
2097:
2086:
2073:
1985:
1950:
1939:
1803:
1789:
1781:
31:
1730:
1681:
1671:
1548:
1418:
1408:
1334:
386:In protostomes, cells divide with spiral
2141:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
1446:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 767.
1230:
402:(shown in blue) forms from tissue that
2135:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
2105:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
1243:Hejnol, A.; Martindale, M. Q. (2009).
7:
2406:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
1482:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
355:Together with the Deuterostomia and
1079:
1048:
988:
978:
883:
853:
823:
767:
757:
701:
691:
681:
622:
612:
582:
572:
390:instead of radial cleavage. During
2003:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
420:In animals at least as complex as
25:
1383:Valentine, James W. (July 1997).
529:Protostomes are divided into the
456:), the original dent becomes the
3047:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
1768:
1162:
1110:
1089:
1059:
1019:
999:
913:
893:
863:
833:
797:
777:
731:
711:
652:
632:
592:
432:forming a dent on one side (the
257:
134:
2234:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
1268:Nature Ecology & Evolution
464:. The protostomes (from Greek
1:
406:from the rest, instead of by
2846:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
1631:"Palaeos Metazoa: Ecdysozoa"
482:
471:
3215:Ediacaran first appearances
2903:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
2643:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
2458:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2369:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
2258:Loricifera (corset animals)
367:, anteroposterior axis and
3241:
3225:Taxa named by Karl Grobben
2793:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
2539:Annelida (segmented worms)
2364:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
2280:Onychophora (velvet worms)
1541:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w
477:
466:
413:
352:typically occurs in them.
3043:
2841:Asterozoans inc. starfish
2743:
2736:
2687:
2638:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
2619:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
2579:
2555:
2524:
2464:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
2436:
2359:
2346:
2275:
2253:
2242:
2193:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
2179:
2153:
2129:
2100:
2085:
2072:
2037:
1988:
1965:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
1953:
1938:
1822:
1673:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0
1494:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4
1154:
1104:
1084:
1077:
1053:
1046:
1014:
993:
986:
976:
908:
888:
881:
858:
851:
828:
821:
792:
772:
765:
755:
726:
706:
699:
689:
679:
647:
627:
620:
610:
587:
580:
428:development involves the
320:. Well known examples of
234:
229:
131:Scientific classification
129:
110:
34:
2399:Rotifera (wheel animals)
2198:Priapulida (penis worms)
1442:Safra, Jacob E. (2003).
2613:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
2585:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
2306:Tardigrada (waterbears)
2299:Arthropoda (arthropods)
1410:10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001
1280:10.1038/s41559-016-0005
359:, these form the clade
344:. They are also called
2788:Anthozoans inc. corals
2487:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
1723:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233
1327:10.1098/rspb.2009.0896
561:). A modern consensus
497:clade) undergo spiral
411:
124:
3182:Paleobiology Database
2918:Hexapods inc. insects
2228:Nematoda (roundworms)
1521:Nature Communications
512:enterocoelic pouching
424:, the first phase in
400:secondary body cavity
385:
314:embryonic development
123:
2111:Chordata (chordates)
1777:at Wikimedia Commons
506:) generally form by
2561:Mollusca (molluscs)
2046:of the animal root
1717:(1496): 1435–1443.
1601:10.1038/nature13576
1593:2014Natur.514..363S
1533:2017NatCo...8....9F
1401:1997PNAS...94.8001V
1321:(1677): 4261–4270.
410:from the gut walls.
2774:Calcareous sponges
1959:Porifera (sponges)
1660:Zoological Letters
412:
365:bilateral symmetry
125:
41:Ediacaran - Recent
3197:
3196:
3073:Taxon identifiers
3064:
3063:
3039:
3038:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2206:
2205:
2149:
2148:
2068:
2067:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
1773:Media related to
1587:(7522): 363–366.
1453:978-0-85229-961-6
1369:978-0-521-83762-0
1251:. pp. 33–40.
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1032:
1031:
962:
961:
953:
952:
944:
943:
935:
934:
926:
925:
810:
809:
744:
743:
665:
664:
563:phylogenetic tree
250:
249:
225:
16:(Redirected from
3232:
3190:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3068:
2745:
2701:
2601:
2577:
2553:
2522:
2518:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2273:
2251:
2244:
2215:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2127:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2074:
2051:
1986:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1851:
1831:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1772:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1675:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1578:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1166:
1114:
1093:
1080:
1063:
1049:
1023:
1003:
989:
979:
917:
897:
884:
867:
854:
837:
824:
801:
781:
768:
758:
735:
715:
702:
692:
682:
656:
636:
623:
613:
596:
583:
573:
485:
480:
479:
474:
469:
468:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
346:schizocoelomates
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
220:
139:
138:
114:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3035:
2961:Phylactolaemata
2749:
2739:
2738:
2724:
2715:Xenambulacraria
2691:
2647:
2624:
2590:
2572:Kryptotrochozoa
2566:
2544:
2514:
2501:
2492:Monoblastozoa (
2468:
2426:
2413:
2385:Micrognathozoa
2373:
2336:
2311:
2284:
2262:
2238:
2202:
2169:
2158:
2145:
2116:
2090:
2081:
2064:
2041:
2025:
2008:
1977:
1969:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1849:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1758:The Taxonomicon
1754:
1749:
1748:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1242:
1241:
1232:
1227:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1176:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1056:Platyhelminthes
1033:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
811:
745:
666:
590:Xenacoelomorpha
520:
490:is disputable.
453:
450:
447:
444:
418:
380:
363:, animals with
357:Xenacoelomorpha
260:
256:
219:
133:
122:
112:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3178:
3165:
3152:
3139:
3129:
3116:
3101:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2926:Platyhelminths
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2753:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2720:Centroneuralia
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2607:
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2550:
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2516:Lophotrochozoa
2511:
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2387:(Limnognathia)
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1752:External links
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248:
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3220:Infrakingdoms
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3056:
3055:dubious phyla
3052:
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2854:Hemichordates
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2769:Glass sponges
2767:
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2755:
2754:
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2710:Deuterostomia
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:of Bilateria
2695:
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2641:
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2529:Cycliophora (
2527:
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2268:Panarthropoda
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1887:Stramenopiles
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1139:580 mya
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1129:550 mya
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848:Panarthropoda
846:
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645:
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641:
640:
637:
635:
631:
625:
624:
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617:Deuterostomia
615:
614:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
595:
591:
585:
584:
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575:
574:
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548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
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496:
491:
489:
484:
473:
463:
459:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
417:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:first opening
393:
389:
384:
377:
375:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:Deuterostomia
315:
311:
305:
254:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
233:
228:
223:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
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176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
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153:
152:
149:
146:
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142:
137:
132:
128:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
3080:
3053:Potentially
3048:
3001:
2977:
2971:Gymnolaemata
2966:Stenolaemata
2955:Ectoproctans
2953:
2924:
2895:
2871:
2865:Pterobranchs
2852:
2828:
2804:
2780:
2756:
2750:within phyla
2748:Major groups
2618:
2605:Bryozoa s.l.
2596:Lophophorata
2584:
2560:
2538:
2530:
2493:
2482:Orthonectida
2457:
2404:
2397:
2386:
2305:
2298:
2227:
2185:Scalidophora
2159:
2134:
2122:Ambulacraria
2109:
2022:(see below↓)
2002:
1994:
1958:
1909:Opisthokonta
1762:Karl Grobben
1714:
1710:
1700:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1584:
1580:
1567:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1462:
1443:
1437:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1359:
1353:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1248:
1218:Urbilaterian
1157:
1155:
1105:
1085:
1054:
1017:Chaetognatha
1015:
994:
909:
889:
859:
829:
795:Nematomorpha
793:
773:
727:
707:
696:Scalidophora
675:
648:
630:Ambulacraria
628:
588:
528:
521:
492:
487:
451:second-mouth
419:
392:gastrulation
354:
345:
321:
252:
251:
216:
213:(unranked):
200:
187:
174:
164:Subkingdom:
29:
3210:Protostomes
3125:Protostomia
3111:Protostomia
3105:Wikispecies
3081:Protostomia
3029:Tusk shells
3014:Cephalopods
2985:Polychaetes
2932:Turbellaria
2913:Crustaceans
2889:Secernentea
2879:Chromadorea
2860:Acorn worms
2830:Echinoderms
2822:Vertebrates
2764:Demosponges
2698:is disputed
2160:Protostomia
2048:is disputed
1975:ParaHoxozoa
1775:Protostomia
1635:palaeos.com
1274:(1): 0005.
1109:and allies
1058:and allies
998:and allies
861:Onychophora
729:Kinorhyncha
676:Protostomia
508:schizocoely
438:archenteron
404:splits away
372:germ layers
350:schizocoely
322:protostomes
253:Protostomia
230:Superphyla
217:Protostomia
181:ParaHoxozoa
35:Protostomes
18:Protostomia
3204:Categories
3009:Gastropods
2990:Clitellata
2897:Arthropods
2836:Sea lilies
2782:Cnidarians
2700:; see also
2630:Brachiozoa
2393:Syndermata
2352:Gnathifera
2050:; see also
1995:Trichoplax
1993:Placozoa (
1980:Planulozoa
1640:2017-09-02
1225:References
1159:Kimberella
983:Gnathifera
911:Arthropoda
891:Tardigrada
831:Loricifera
709:Priapulida
541:) and the
535:arthropods
488:protostome
475:'first' +
434:blastopore
422:earthworms
414:See also:
408:folding in
378:Protostomy
326:arthropods
2995:Sipuncula
2942:Monogenea
2937:Trematoda
2908:Myriapods
2873:Nematodes
2817:Tunicates
2812:Lancelets
2806:Chordates
2798:Myxozoans
2705:Nephrozoa
2694:phylogeny
2494:Salinella
2449:Rouphozoa
2290:Tactopoda
2219:Nematoida
2171:Ecdysozoa
2092:Bilateria
2079:Bilateria
2060:Benthozoa
2055:Eumetazoa
2044:phylogeny
2014:Bilateria
1904:Amoebozoa
1882:Alveolata
1870:Cryptista
1845:Eukaryota
1617:205239797
878:Tactopoda
762:Nematoida
686:Ecdysozoa
607:Nephrozoa
577:Bilateria
539:nematodes
531:Ecdysozoa
524:Ediacaran
518:Evolution
361:Bilateria
342:nematodes
338:flatworms
308:) is the
238:Ecdysozoa
207:Nephrozoa
194:Bilateria
168:Eumetazoa
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
3148:10459935
3132:BioLib:
3090:Wikidata
3019:Bivalves
3003:Molluscs
2979:Annelids
2338:Spiralia
1945:Animalia
1899:Amorphea
1877:Rhizaria
1865:Hacrobia
1855:Excavata
1840:Bacteria
1741:18192191
1692:26605063
1609:25132546
1559:28377584
1527:(1): 9.
1502:32169826
1345:19759036
1288:28812551
1207:See also
1107:Annelida
1087:Mollusca
996:Rotifera
973:Spiralia
775:Nematoda
650:Chordata
559:rotifers
551:annelids
547:molluscs
543:Spiralia
499:cleavage
495:Spiralia
388:cleavage
334:annelids
330:molluscs
243:Spiralia
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
3024:Chitons
2947:Cestoda
2884:Enoplea
2758:Sponges
2531:Symbion
2474:Mesozoa
1914:Animals
1835:Archaea
1811:Extant
1732:2614224
1683:4657359
1589:Bibcode
1550:5431905
1529:Bibcode
1429:9223303
1397:Bibcode
1336:2817096
504:coeloms
445:
222:Grobben
3161:914155
3049:bolded
1892:Plants
1829:Domain
1813:animal
1739:
1729:
1690:
1680:
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1615:
1607:
1581:Nature
1557:
1547:
1500:
1450:
1427:
1417:
1366:
1343:
1333:
1294:
1286:
557:, and
545:(e.g.
533:(e.g.
472:prōto-
467:πρωτο-
430:embryo
394:, the
348:since
224:, 1908
3187:85324
3174:33317
3135:14936
3096:Q5171
2211:N+L+P
1919:Fungi
1816:phyla
1613:S2CID
1577:(PDF)
1498:S2CID
1420:21545
1296:90795
1292:S2CID
483:stóma
478:στόμα
462:mouth
369:three
310:clade
201:Clade
188:Clade
175:Clade
3169:NCBI
3156:ITIS
2692:The
2042:The
1760:for
1737:PMID
1688:PMID
1605:PMID
1555:PMID
1448:ISBN
1425:PMID
1389:PNAS
1364:ISBN
1341:PMID
1284:PMID
458:anus
442:lit.
340:and
324:are
46:PreꞒ
3143:EoL
3120:ADW
2549:M+K
2441:R+M
2378:M+S
2247:L+P
1727:PMC
1719:doi
1715:363
1678:PMC
1668:doi
1597:doi
1585:514
1545:PMC
1537:doi
1490:doi
1415:PMC
1405:doi
1331:PMC
1323:doi
1319:276
1276:doi
567:mya
426:gut
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332:,
328:,
289:oʊ
271:oʊ
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96:Pg
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301:ə
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295:i
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283:s
280:ˈ
277:ə
274:t
268:r
265:p
262:ˌ
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101:N
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86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
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61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
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