48:
40:
233:
335:
Additionally, protoplasts of plants expressing fluorescent proteins in certain cells may be used for
Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), where only cells fluorescing a selected wavelength are retained. Among other things, this technique is used to isolate specific cell types (e.g.,
282:
methods. Growth of protoplasts into callus and regeneration of shoots requires the proper balance of plant growth regulators in the tissue culture medium that must be customized for each species of plant. Unlike protoplasts from
270:), since the cell wall would otherwise block the passage of DNA into the cell. In the case of plant cells, protoplasts may be regenerated into whole plants first by growing into a group of plant cells that develops into a
817:
Hain R, Stabel P, Czernilofsky AP, Steinbiß HH, Herrera-Estrella L, Schell J (May 1985). "Uptake, integration, expression and genetic transmission of a selectable chimaeric gene by plant protoplasts".
797:
71:
538:
798:
Observation of polarity induction by cytochemical localization of phenylalkylamine-binding receptors in regenerating protoplasts of the moss
353:
267:
236:
Fused protoplast (on left), containing both chloroplasts (from a leaf cell) as well as a coloured vacuole (from a petal).
870:
422:
Davey MR, Anthony P, Power JB, Lowe KC (March 2005). "Plant protoplasts: status and biotechnological perspectives".
860:
466:"Morphological and ultrastructural changes in bacterial cells as an indicator of antibacterial mechanism of action"
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855:
263:
115:
in that their cell wall has been completely removed. Spheroplasts retain part of their cell wall. In the case of
124:
139:. Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading
92:
in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall. Protoplasts can be generated by stripping the
567:
Dahiya N, Tewari R, Hoondal GS (August 2006). "Biotechnological aspects of chitinolytic enzymes: a review".
736:"Efficient Protoplast Regeneration Protocol and CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Editing of Glucosinolate Transporter (
386:
Das
Protoplasma als Träger der pflanzlichen und thierischen Lebensverrichtungen für Laien und Fachgenossen
302:
116:
64:
850:
293:
271:
89:
53:
31:
279:
253:
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681:"Establishment of an Efficient Protoplast Regeneration and Transfection Protocol for Field Cress (
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661:
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513:
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During and subsequent to digestion of the cell wall, the protoplast becomes very sensitive to
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39:
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stress. This means cell wall digestion and protoplast storage must be done in an
734:
Li X, Sandgrind S, Moss O, Guan R, Ivarson E, Wang ES, et al. (2021-07-07).
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cells from roots) for further investigations, such as transcriptomics.
213:
85:
490:
320:. Protoplasts from different species are induced to fuse by using an
198:
140:
105:
77:
679:
Sandgrind S, Li X, Ivarson E, Ahlman A, Zhu LH (16 November 2021).
249:
231:
97:
46:
38:
288:
406:. New York: McGraw-Hill book Company, Incorporated. p. 24.
260:
636:
Thorpe TA (October 2007). "History of plant tissue culture".
533:
531:
529:
527:
305:. Instead, they regenerate directly into the filamentous
464:
Cushnie TP, O'Driscoll NH, Lamb AJ (December 2016).
123:
component of the cell wall has been removed but the
301:for regeneration, nor do they form a callus during
562:
560:
108:cells by mechanical, chemical or enzymatic means.
459:
457:
455:
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30:For mythological progenitors of humanity, see
8:
417:
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131:Enzymes for the preparation of protoplasts
43:Protoplasts of cells from a petunia's leaf
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489:
328:. This technique may be used to generate
145:
375:
569:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
309:, mimicking a germinating moss spore.
7:
470:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
274:and then by regeneration of shoots (
135:Cell walls are made of a variety of
819:Molecular and General Genetics MGG
354:Bacterial morphological plasticity
25:
312:Protoplasts may also be used for
244:biology, including the uptake of
240:Protoplasts can be used to study
436:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2004.09.008
259:Protoplasts are widely used for
119:spheroplasts, for example, the
539:"Protoplasts and spheroplasts"
268:genetically modified organisms
1:
84: 'first-formed'), is a
689:Frontiers in Genome Editing
611:"Definition of spheroplast"
403:An introduction to cytology
389:. Heidelberg: Selbstverlag.
316:, using a technique called
887:
748:Frontiers in Plant Science
220:to prevent rupture of the
70:
29:
27:Cell stripped of cell-wall
702:10.3389/fgeed.2021.757540
650:10.1007/s12033-007-0031-3
581:10.1007/s00253-005-0183-7
482:10.1007/s00018-016-2302-2
252:. These are also used in
792:Bhatla SC, Kiessling J,
761:10.3389/fpls.2021.680859
545:. Encyclopedia.com. 2016
383:von Hanstein JL (1880).
278:) from the callus using
111:Protoplasts differ from
51:Protoplasts of the moss
638:Molecular Biotechnology
617:. Merriam-Webster. 2019
615:www.merriam-webster.com
117:Gram-negative bacterial
424:Biotechnology Advances
237:
57:
44:
800:Physcomitrella patens
740:) Genes in Rapeseed (
294:Physcomitrella patens
235:
190:-diacetylmuramidase,
54:Physcomitrella patens
50:
42:
32:Protoplast (religion)
543:www.encyclopedia.com
280:plant tissue culture
254:somaclonal variation
228:Uses for protoplasts
332:in tissue culture.
326:polyethylene glycol
287:, protoplasts from
127:component has not.
871:Plant reproduction
831:10.1007/BF00330254
683:Lepidium campestre
238:
58:
45:
861:Molecular biology
476:(23): 4471–4492.
400:Sharp LW (1921).
324:or a solution of
318:protoplast fusion
218:isotonic solution
210:
209:
16:(Redirected from
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866:Plant physiology
856:Membrane biology
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359:L-form bacteria
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330:somatic hybrids
285:vascular plants
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222:plasma membrane
137:polysaccharides
133:
88:term coined by
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5:
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825:(2): 161–168.
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742:Brassica napus
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644:(2): 169–180.
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575:(6): 773–782.
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523:
449:
430:(2): 131–171.
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322:electric field
314:plant breeding
297:, do not need
264:transformation
246:macromolecules
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125:outer membrane
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340:from leaves,
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299:phytohormones
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178:Gram-positive
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149:Type of cell
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121:peptidoglycan
118:
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66:
65:Ancient Greek
62:
56:
55:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
851:Cell biology
822:
818:
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807:219, 99–105.
804:
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692:
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619:. Retrieved
614:
605:
572:
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547:. Retrieved
542:
473:
469:
427:
423:
402:
395:
385:
378:
364:Spheroplasts
334:
311:
303:regeneration
292:
276:caulogenesis
266:(for making
258:
239:
211:
187:
134:
113:spheroplasts
110:
79:prōtóplastos
78:
75:
72:πρωτόπλαστος
68:
60:
59:
52:
36:
805:Protoplasma
338:guard cells
192:lysostaphin
158:Plant cells
18:Protoplasts
845:Categories
754:: 680859.
695:: 757540.
491:10059/2129
370:References
291:, such as
86:biological
63:(from
61:Protoplast
342:pericycle
307:protonema
205:Chitinase
180:bacteria
167:pectinase
163:Cellulase
102:bacterial
94:cell wall
796:(2002):
780:34305978
721:34870274
666:25641573
658:17914178
621:July 21,
589:16249876
549:July 21,
510:27392605
501:11108400
444:15694124
348:See also
242:membrane
184:Lysozyme
171:xylanase
90:Hanstein
794:Reski R
771:8294089
712:8635052
518:2065821
250:viruses
214:osmotic
152:Enzyme
141:enzymes
778:
768:
719:
709:
664:
656:
597:852042
595:
587:
516:
508:
498:
442:
289:mosses
272:callus
201:cells
199:Fungal
106:fungal
662:S2CID
593:S2CID
514:S2CID
248:and
104:, or
98:plant
96:from
67:
776:PMID
744:L.)"
717:PMID
654:PMID
623:2019
585:PMID
551:2019
506:PMID
440:PMID
827:doi
823:199
766:PMC
756:doi
738:GTR
707:PMC
697:doi
646:doi
577:doi
496:PMC
486:hdl
478:doi
432:doi
261:DNA
188:N,O
847::
821:.
803:.
774:.
764:.
752:12
750:.
746:.
715:.
705:.
691:.
687:.
685:)"
660:.
652:.
642:37
640:.
613:.
591:.
583:.
573:71
571:.
559:^
541:.
526:^
512:.
504:.
494:.
484:.
474:73
472:.
468:.
452:^
438:.
428:23
426:.
412:^
256:.
224:.
186:,
169:,
165:,
143::
100:,
833:.
829::
782:.
758::
723:.
699::
693:3
668:.
648::
625:.
599:.
579::
553:.
520:.
488::
480::
446:.
434::
82:)
76:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
