129:
2075:
917:
2081:
150:
2099:
458:, and long, ribbon-like tail feathers. The body was mostly covered in feathers of about 12 millimetres (0.47 in). The barbs of the down feathers were laminar instead of hairlike and were frayed at the tips. The most distinctive feature of
867:
He, H. Y., X. L. Wang, F. Jin, Z. H. Zhou, F. Wang, L. K. Yang, X. Ding, A. Boven, and R. X. Zhu (2006), "The 40Ar/39Ar dating of the early Jehol Biota from
Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China", Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q04001,
857:
O’Connor, Jingmai K., Zhonghe Zhou, and
Fucheng Zhang. "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9, no. 1 (2011):
826:
Xiaoting, Z., Zihui, Z. and
Lianhai, H. (2007), A New Enantiornitine Bird with Four Long Rectrices from the Early Cretaceous of Northern Hebei, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81: 703–708. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00995.x
838:
Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of
Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin 53 (18): 2820–2827.
462:
is that the tail consisted of two long feathers which only had barbs at their tips. Closer to the body, the long tail feathers were thin and needle-like. The only modern bird to share a feather type similar to
573:
was adapted for flying and had feathers with features similar to modern birds, as shown by its procoracoid, carina of the sternum, external tuberosity of the humerus, and deltoid crest, which suggest
817:
Fucheng, Z., Zhonghe, Z. and Dyke, G. (2006), Feathers and ‘feather-like’ integumentary structures in
Liaoning birds and dinosaurs. Geol. J., 41: 395–404. doi: 10.1002/gj.1057
848:
Zhonghe, Z. (2006), "Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives". Geol. J., 41: 377–393. doi: 10.1002/gj.1045
773:
A Primitive
Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959.
2179:
950:
2225:
2235:
409:
means "primitive feather": "proto-" meaning "the first of" and "-pteryx" meaning "feather" or "wing." The name comes from the fact that
137:
782:
Zhou, Zhonghe, and
Fucheng Zhang. "Origin of feathers–perspectives from fossil evidence." Science Progress 84, no. 2 (2001): 87-104.
595:
lack of barbs and rami close to the body, suggesting a use outside of flight, such as display, thermoregulation, or sensory usage.
528:
2074:
908:
881:
2080:
943:
128:
149:
749:
Zhiheng Li, Zhonghe Zhou, Min Wang, Julia A. Clarke, (2014). "A New
Specimen of Large-Bodied Basal Enantiornithine
2230:
2102:
523:
was discovered in the
Sichakou Member of the Hebei province, west of the Liaoning province. The formations where
896:
1047:
936:
2119:
413:
feathers are more primitive than those of modern birds, such as the two elongated tail feathers that lack
1570:
2192:
1621:
902:
331:
1507:
626:
Zhou, Zhonghe. (2002). "A new and primitive enantiornithine bird from the Early
Cretaceous of China."
2220:
2166:
1521:
1101:
700:
653:
644:
Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe (2000). "A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers".
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1074:
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1577:
798:"A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers", Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou".
440:
teeth were conical and unserrated, and some teeth had a resorption pit similar to those seen in
2197:
1549:
729:(Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China."
1393:
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2157:
1218:
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from the Early Cretaceous of China and the Inference of Feeding Ecology in Mesozoic Birds."
734:
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386:
41:
882:
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil-Pictures/Birds/Protopteryx/Protopteryx-fengningensis.htm
687:
Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of
550:
in the Cretaceous period, which contains many of the terrestrial and freshwater vertebrate
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Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs by Luis M. Chiappe and Lawrence M. Witmer
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1724:
1683:
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was found were the Yixian and Dageibou formations. The Sichakou Basin is part of the
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also shares asymmetric wing flight feathers with flying birds, as well as
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was alive, the Sichakou basin was located at the Hongqiangou-Jiecangou.
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2027:
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1204:
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233:
109:
84:
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was about 10 centimetres (3.9 in), excluding the tail feathers.
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471:. The tail feathers also lack rami on the proximal end of the tail.
725:
O'Connor, J.K., Zhou Z. and Zhang F. (In press). "A reappraisal of
398:
394:
2171:
928:
691:
and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota".
366:
2117:
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932:
405:
has been found in the Daibeigou formation, as well. The name
428:
fossils show that they were roughly the same as a today's
385:. It was first discovered in the Sichakou Member of the
577:
had a modern musculus supercoracoideus and pectoralis.
622:
620:
733:, (published online before print 16 December 2010).
482:
is one of the most basal known members of the group
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2001:
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1901:
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531:and moves in a north-northeast direction. When
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907:Protopteryx fossil courtesy of Fossil Museum
529:Daxinganling-Taihangshan Tectonomagmatic Belt
8:
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450:was covered in three types of feathers:
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805:December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959.
7:
731:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
490:, one of the most basal birds, and
628:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
138:National Museum of Natural Science
25:
2098:
2097:
2079:
2073:
915:
148:
500:is more basal than the species
2226:Early Cretaceous birds of Asia
839:doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.
1:
2236:Fossil taxa described in 2000
666:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955
562:, suggesting a similar diet.
739:10.1080/14772019.2010.512614
432:. The adult body length of
369:and possibly the basalmost
2252:
401:, dating from 131 Ma ago.
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1956:
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868:doi:10.1029/2005GC001083.
713:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5
344:Protopteryx fengningensis
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145:Scientific classification
143:
135:
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34:
18:Protopteryx fengningensis
1948:Cau & Arduini, 2008)
693:Chinese Science Bulletin
755:Journal of Paleontology
591:. The tail feathers of
516:Discovery and geography
350:Zhang & Zhou, 2000
310:Zhang & Zhou, 2000
291:Zhang & Zhou, 2006
27:Extinct genus of birds
2193:Paleobiology Database
903:Paleobiology Database
323:P. fengningensis
486:. It appeared after
1571:Piscivorenantiornis
923:Paleontology portal
705:2008SciBu..53.2820J
658:2000Sci...290.1955Z
652:(5498): 1955–1959.
605:Dinosaur coloration
566:Feather adaptations
554:. The teeth of the
397:Province, northern
391:Huajiying Formation
1675:Iberomesornithidae
263:Protopterygiformes
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699:(18): 2820–2827.
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16:(Redirected from
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383:P. fengningensis
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1744:
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1458:Largirostrornis
1212:Brevirostruavis
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1481:
1480:
1479:Liaoningornis
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1317:Eoenantiornis
1314:
1312:
1311:
1310:Eocathayornis
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:Dalingheornis
1258:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
987:
985:
981:
979:
975:
974:
969:
965:
961:
954:
949:
947:
942:
940:
935:
934:
931:
924:
913:
909:
906:
904:
900:
899:
895:
894:
890:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
864:
861:
854:
851:
845:
842:
835:
833:
829:
823:
820:
814:
812:
808:
804:
801:
795:
793:
791:
789:
785:
779:
776:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
722:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
637:
633:
629:
623:
621:
617:
610:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
594:
590:
589:
584:
583:Archaeopteryx
580:
576:
572:
565:
563:
561:
560:Archaeopteryx
557:
553:
549:
546:lived in the
545:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
515:
513:
511:
510:
505:
504:
503:Eocathayornis
499:
495:
494:
489:
488:Archaeopteryx
485:
481:
474:
472:
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
452:down feathers
449:
445:
444:
443:Archaeopteryx
439:
435:
431:
427:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
360:
347:
345:
336:
333:
332:Binomial name
329:
325:
324:
318:
315:
314:
307:
306:
299:
296:
295:
288:
282:
279:
278:
273:
269:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
139:
134:
130:
125:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2127:
2054:
2049:Neuquenornis
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2008:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1945:
1925:
1917:
1910:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1864:Longusunguis
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1689:
1682:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1443:Kizylkumavis
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1415:Ilerdopteryx
1413:
1408:Huoshanornis
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1359:Fortunguavis
1357:
1352:Fortipesavis
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1282:Elektorornis
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1226:Catenoleimus
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1146:
1012:
1003:
994:
897:
863:
853:
844:
822:
802:
799:
778:
758:
754:
750:
745:
730:
726:
721:
696:
692:
688:
682:
649:
645:
639:
631:
627:
592:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:
559:
555:
543:
542:
539:Paleobiology
532:
525:Protopteryx
524:
520:
519:
507:
501:
497:
491:
487:
479:
478:
464:
459:
447:
441:
437:
433:
425:
424:
410:
406:
403:Protopteryx
402:
382:
379:type species
377:period. The
358:
357:
356:
343:
338:
322:
321:
304:
303:
286:
262:
240:
227:
214:
201:
188:
35:
29:
2221:Bird genera
2158:Protopteryx
2152:Wikispecies
2128:Protopteryx
2003:Avisauridae
1962:Bauxitornis
1939:Avisauridae
1878:Shenqiornis
1850:Gretcheniao
1809:Shanweiniao
1788:Longipteryx
1739:Yuanchuavis
1718:Eopengornis
1711:Chiappeavis
1691:Noguerornis
1601:Pterygornis
1594:Protopteryx
1543:Orienantius
1486:Liaoxiornis
1380:Gracilornis
1373:Grabauornis
1345:Flexomornis
1331:Falcatakely
1324:Explorornis
1296:Enantiornis
1275:Elbretornis
1233:Cathayornis
1102:Maniraptora
1087:Maniraptora
898:Protopteryx
689:Protopteryx
634:(1): 49-57.
593:Protopteryx
579:Protopteryx
575:Protopteryx
571:Protopteryx
556:Protopteryx
548:Jehol Biota
544:Protopteryx
533:Protopteryx
521:Protopteryx
498:Protopteryx
480:Protopteryx
467:is the red
465:Protopteryx
460:Protopteryx
448:Protopteryx
438:Protopteryx
434:Protopteryx
426:Protopteryx
421:Description
411:Protopteryx
407:Protopteryx
373:, from the
359:Protopteryx
305:Protopteryx
36:Protopteryx
2215:Categories
1992:Mystiornis
1985:Halimornis
1912:Gobipteryx
1857:Linyiornis
1843:Bohaiornis
1836:Beiguornis
1636:Xiangornis
1578:Platanavis
1501:Martinavis
1472:Lenesornis
1429:Incolornis
1338:Feitianius
1303:Eoalulavis
1268:Dunhuangia
1123:see below↓
999:Dinosauria
990:Sauropsida
751:Bohaiornis
611:References
417:and rami.
375:Cretaceous
208:Saurischia
195:Dinosauria
2035:Intiornis
2021:Avisaurus
1970:Concornis
1927:Vescornis
1892:Zhouornis
1802:Rapaxavis
1780:Evgenavis
1759:Boluochia
1732:Pengornis
1643:Yatenavis
1622:Shangyang
1586:Praeornis
1550:Otogornis
1536:Nanantius
1529:Musivavis
1515:Mirusavis
1450:Kuszholia
1422:Imparavis
1387:Gurilynia
1366:Gobipipus
1240:Cratoavis
1198:Alexornis
1184:Abavornis
1075:Theropoda
1060:Theropoda
1008:Theropoda
976:Kingdom:
761:: 99-108.
316:Species:
221:Theropoda
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
47:131
2172:52571619
2143:Q2113781
2137:Wikidata
2103:Category
1919:Jibeinia
1885:Sulcavis
1629:Sinornis
1608:Qiliania
1564:Parvavis
1465:Lectavis
1436:Junornis
1401:Houornis
1394:Holbotia
1289:Elsornis
984:Chordata
982:Phylum:
978:Animalia
800:Science
674:11110660
599:See also
430:starling
280:Family:
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
2185:4843194
2042:Mirarce
2028:Gettyia
1664:Yuornis
1615:Sazavis
1205:Avimaia
988:Class:
901:in the
876:Sources
701:Bibcode
654:Bibcode
646:Science
364:extinct
341:†
320:†
297:Genus:
256:Order:
234:Avialae
116:↓
858:51-63.
672:
552:clades
362:is an
274:, 2006
270:&
2198:91348
2009:sensu
1946:sensu
1013:Clade
1004:Clade
995:Clade
415:barbs
399:China
395:Hebei
268:Zhang
241:Clade
228:Clade
215:Clade
202:Clade
189:Clade
2180:GBIF
1100:see
1073:see
1046:see
670:PMID
585:and
506:and
367:bird
272:Zhou
55:PreꞒ
2167:EoL
735:doi
709:doi
662:doi
650:290
393:of
389:or
381:is
2217::
2195::
2182::
2169::
2154::
2139::
1015::
1006::
997::
831:^
810:^
803:8
787:^
766:^
759:88
757:,
707:.
697:53
695:.
668:.
660:.
648:.
632:22
630:,
619:^
512:.
496:.
454:,
243::
230::
217::
204::
191::
105:Pg
49:Ma
44:,
2007:(
1973:?
1965:?
1944:(
1930:?
1922:?
1783:?
1589:?
1581:?
1489:?
1453:?
952:e
945:t
938:v
737::
715:.
711::
703::
676:.
664::
656::
301:†
284:†
260:†
247:†
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:Ꞓ
20:)
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