5304:
3912:
133:
160:
5620:
4663:
4648:
5291:
4655:
5298:
3649:
Pritchard, Adam C.; Turner, Alan H.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Smith, Nathan D. (2015-03-04). "Late
Triassic tanystropheids (Reptilia, Archosauromorpha) from northern New Mexico (Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation) and the biogeography, functional morphology, and evolution of
3693:
J., Nesbitt, Sterling; Flynn, John J.; Pritchard, Adam C.; J. Michael, Parrish; Lovasoa, Ranivoharimanana; Wyss, André R. (2015-12-07). "Postcranial osteology of
Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis (?Middle to Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) and its systematic position among stem archosaur
678:(2015), Ezcurra (2016) and Spiekman et al., 2021 found that even this definition of Protorosauria, like Prolacertiformes, was an unnatural group of various non-Crocopodan archosauromorphs. These studies found that tanystropheids were archosauromorphs more closely related to
3525:
Renesto, Silvio; Spielmann, Justin A.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Tarditi
Spagnoli, Giorgio (2010). "The taxonomy and paleobiology of the Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian: Adamanian-Apachean) drepanosaurs (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha: Drepanosauromorpha)".
686:. Nevertheless, Ezcurra noted that archosauromorph systematics required further study, and that phylogenetic support for Protorosauria being a natural group was only barely weaker than the support for the group being unnatural.
616:. Analyses, such as Dilkes (1998), Sues (2003), Modesto & Sues (2004), Rieppel, Fraser & Nosotti (2003), Rieppel, Li & Fraser (2008), Gottmann-Quesada and Sander (2009) and Renesto
651:
Some studies still use the term
Prolacertiformes to include prolacertids and traditional protorosaurs, while restricting the term Protorosauria to the smallest clade that includes
489:, though some recent studies have recovered the group as monophyletic. A number of members of Protosauria have been found to belong to a monophyletic group (though not including
3145:"A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Tanystropheidae (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) and other "protorosaurs", and its implications for the early evolution of stem archosaurs"
3727:
5685:
5736:
3945:
5756:
5751:
5761:
3308:
5741:
5746:
3614:
Hone, D. W. E.; Benton, M. J. (2007). "An evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships of the pterosaurs among archosauromorph reptiles".
3256:
Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Rytel, Adam; Wang, Wei; Mujal, Eudald; Buchwitz, Michael; Schoch, Rainer R. (2024-03-15).
3122:
706:. A wide variety of Permian and Triassic reptiles have been classified within Protorosauria, including the arboreal gliding reptile
3743:"The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms"
3938:
3270:
5303:
3451:
Sues, H.-D. (2003). "An unusual new archosauromorph reptile from the Upper
Triassic Wolfville Formation of Nova Scotia".
2332:
Although
Protorosauria as a whole is often found to be a paraphyletic, a large group of former "protorosaurs" (excluding
5731:
159:
2057:
1138:
754:, subsequent studies failed to find the same result, instead supporting the hypothesis that they were protorosaurs.
1417:
Most recent studies have recovered
Protorosauria as a whole as a paraphyletic, cladogram after Spiekman et al. 2021
5726:
5623:
3931:
5222:
5113:
4647:
4597:
3857:
Peters, D (2000). "A Redescription of Four
Prolacertiform Genera and Implications for Pterosaur Phylogenesis".
644:) to be more advanced or more basal than the node Drepanosauridae+Tanystropheidae, but always more basal than
5290:
3503:
3375:"The skull of the Early Triassic archosauromorph reptile Prolacerta broomi and its phylogenetic significance"
729:
have also been proposed as protorosaurs or close relatives of them, although they are now regarded as a more
530:, tanystropheids, and various other protorosaurs are usually placed near the base of Archosauromorpha, while
4546:
3545:
Li, C.; Rieppel, O.; Labarbera, M. C. (2004). "A Triassic
Aquatic Protorosaur with an Extremely Long Neck".
2025:
1874:
5297:
485:, the group is now thought to consist of various groups of basal archosauromorph reptiles that lie outside
5640:
4662:
4572:
5698:
5251:
4654:
3707:
583:) have been removed from Protorosauria. Because the name Prolacertiformes is defined based on the genus
395:
142:
512:
Since 1998, many phylogenetic analyses have found
Protorosauria, as used in its widest sense, to be a
5672:
5154:
3460:
1857:
441:
236:
4042:
3917:
1748:
437:
232:
5587:
3893:
3675:
3631:
3570:
3507:
1511:
720:
664:
462:
154:
3204:"Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles"
147:
5703:
132:
4456:
4325:
4269:
3782:
3764:
3667:
3562:
3289:
3235:
3184:
3166:
3118:
2591:
1796:
1696:
1561:
933:
354:
3830:, a possibly arboreal archosauromorph (Reptilia) from the Upper Triassic of northern Italy".
3486:
Rieppel, O.; Li, C.; Fraser, N. C. (2008). "The skeletal anatomy of the triassic protorosaur
5690:
4694:
4681:
4615:
4500:
4406:
4292:
4253:
4212:
4172:
4121:
4104:
4091:
4054:
3954:
3885:
3839:
3772:
3754:
3695:
3659:
3623:
3554:
3499:
3468:
3431:
3423:
3386:
3350:
3279:
3266:-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early archosauromorphs"
3225:
3215:
3174:
3156:
2826:
2455:
2392:
2354:
2198:
1964:
1762:
1573:
1289:
1121:
986:
679:
565:
551:
506:
469:
that extend backward to the vertebrae behind them. Protorosaurs also have a gap between the
363:
296:
214:
5582:
5516:
5381:
5211:
5102:
4904:
4895:
4790:
4776:
4434:
4369:
4353:
4306:
4141:
3720:
2908:
2654:
2640:
2001:
1914:
1836:
1082:
1059:
1027:
788:
631:
627:
398:
371:
3337:
Gottmann-Quesada, A.; Sander, P.M. (2009). "A redescription of the early archosauromorph
3464:
3313:
from the Lower Triassic of Russia, and the relationships of the prolacertiform reptiles"
5597:
5176:
5081:
5031:
4940:
4806:
4535:
4511:
4399:
4314:
4182:
4162:
3777:
3742:
3436:
3407:
3230:
3203:
3179:
3144:
2550:
2137:
1189:
558:
analyses since 1998 have found a strongly supported clade that includes only the genus
434:
402:
286:
46:
5720:
5592:
5546:
5351:
5200:
5189:
5065:
5041:
4918:
4865:
4835:
4828:
4766:
4756:
4587:
4449:
4442:
4391:
4342:
4335:
4284:
4241:
4192:
4011:
3801:
3679:
3589:
3391:
2949:
2932:
2874:
2574:
2435:
2375:
2159:
2041:
1701:
1611:
1587:
1487:
1437:
1304:
1210:
1042:
1013:
948:
872:
848:
713:
708:
696:
622:
612:
600:
470:
446:
426:
410:
327:
276:
89:
50:
31:
3897:
3635:
3574:
3511:
3354:
5572:
5413:
5371:
5361:
5341:
5240:
5021:
4947:
4842:
4383:
4276:
4202:
4131:
3843:
2526:
1735:
1680:
833:
730:
702:
640:
591:
555:
547:
517:
513:
477:
in the back of the skull near the jaw joint, making their skulls resemble those of
466:
337:
255:
3262:
from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European
3663:
3113:
Sues, H.-D.; Fraser, N.C. (2010). "Early and early Middle Triassic in Gondwana".
5577:
5556:
5526:
5506:
5486:
5476:
5466:
5456:
5436:
5391:
5011:
4970:
4954:
4911:
4821:
4799:
4715:
4561:
4490:
4420:
4362:
3143:
Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2021-05-03).
2802:
2702:
1931:
1449:
1097:
889:
742:
606:
580:
526:
317:
265:
64:
3284:
3257:
5496:
5426:
5257:
5130:
5088:
5074:
5051:
5001:
4925:
4881:
4874:
4814:
4746:
4735:
4725:
4604:
4427:
4413:
4376:
4262:
4227:
4152:
4027:
3984:
3907:
3889:
3627:
2857:
2671:
2476:
2421:
2337:
1635:
1463:
1321:
1275:
1242:
751:
560:
532:
494:
474:
406:
346:
307:
109:
74:
5663:
3768:
3671:
3293:
3170:
450:. Other names which were once considered equivalent to Protorosauria include
5537:
5401:
5166:
5143:
4991:
4933:
4850:
4521:
4473:
4299:
3558:
3055:
2493:
2182:
2124:
1779:
763:
734:
726:
538:
486:
482:
430:
391:
171:
114:
58:
3786:
3566:
3427:
3239:
3220:
3188:
17:
3694:
reptiles. (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 398)".
5657:
3978:
2336:) is frequently found to be monophyletic. This clade was given the name "
1535:
1424:
964:
812:
543:
414:
191:
104:
99:
84:
79:
69:
3161:
740:
While Senter (2004) reassigned the bizarre, arboreal drepanosaurids and
3993:
3876:
Senter, P (2004). "Phylogeny of Drepanosauridae (Reptilia: Diapsida)".
3759:
3202:
Simões, T. R.; Kammerer, C. F.; Caldwell, M. W.; Pierce, S. E. (2022).
1225:
747:
461:
Protorosaurs are distinguished by their long necks formed by elongated
387:
201:
119:
94:
5446:
4002:
3972:
3699:
1548:
921:
767:
478:
422:
181:
5634:
3472:
3374:
3923:
3490:
Li, from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou Province, southern China".
3416:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
663:; thus Protorosauria is a true clade, while Prolacertiformes is an
595:
3802:"A long–necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland"
3590:"A long−necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland"
5677:
5228:
723:, have often been classified as belonging to the Protorosauria.
418:
5638:
5319:
4679:
4089:
3965:
3927:
3412:
and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles"
587:, the name Protorosauria is used for the remaining group.
3528:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
3504:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[95:TSAOTT]2.0.CO;2
620:(2010), recovered a large Protorosauria, that includes
579:, and several other related forms (collectively called
546:
Triassic protorosaurs, are now thought to be in a more
3588:
Borsuk−Białynicka, Magdalena; Evans, Susan E. (2009).
5522:
5512:
5502:
5492:
5482:
5472:
5462:
5452:
5442:
5432:
5422:
5397:
5387:
5377:
5367:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5196:
5185:
5140:
5099:
5062:
5047:
5037:
5027:
5017:
5007:
4997:
4987:
4892:
4862:
4787:
4772:
4762:
4752:
4742:
4731:
4721:
4711:
4584:
4558:
4532:
4517:
4507:
4496:
4486:
4224:
4208:
4198:
4188:
4178:
4168:
4158:
4148:
4137:
4127:
4117:
368:
360:
351:
343:
333:
323:
313:
303:
292:
282:
272:
261:
251:
5647:
5565:
5536:
5411:
5330:
5239:
5210:
5174:
5165:
5139:
5128:
5098:
5061:
4968:
4891:
4861:
4786:
4692:
4614:
4583:
4557:
4531:
4471:
4352:
4324:
4252:
4222:
4102:
4053:
4026:
770:sensu Sean P. Modesto and Hans-Dieter Sues (2004).
3341:Meyer, 1832, and its phylogenetic relationships".
719:Another enigmatic group of Triassic reptiles, the
590:Only recently has Protorosauria been defined in a
3859:Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia
505:Protorosauria was considered to be a synonym of
766:shows the position of Protorosauria among the
634:(and relatives). However, some analysis found
3939:
694:The Protorosauria includes the Permian genus
8:
3251:
3249:
3800:Borsuk–Białynicka, M.; Evans, S.E. (2009).
3115:Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition
5635:
5327:
5316:
5171:
5136:
4980:
4976:
4704:
4700:
4689:
4676:
4479:
4233:
4110:
4099:
4086:
4032:
4023:
3962:
3946:
3932:
3924:
444:as an order, originally to solely contain
131:
38:
3776:
3758:
3726:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3435:
3390:
3379:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3283:
3229:
3219:
3178:
3160:
3117:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3102:
3716:
3705:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3108:
3106:
7:
3373:Modesto, S. P.; Sues, H. D. (2004).
3138:
3136:
3134:
3878:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3616:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2924:
2900:
2849:
2842:
2818:
2794:
2774:
2719:
2694:
2687:
2646:
2566:
2542:
2518:
2468:
2461:
2451:
2427:
2417:
2367:
2360:
2350:
2343:
2174:
2152:
2130:
2017:
1993:
1956:
1906:
1899:
1849:
1842:
1754:
1727:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1627:
1603:
1579:
1554:
1527:
1503:
1479:
1455:
1430:
1420:
1296:
1267:
1217:
1205:
1181:
1113:
1089:
1034:
1005:
993:
940:
928:
864:
840:
828:
804:
780:
773:
716:, which have extremely long necks.
638:(and sometimes the closely related
3832:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3652:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3492:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3453:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3307:Benton, M.J.; Allen, J.L. (1997).
25:
5737:Taxa named by Thomas Henry Huxley
3741:Ezcurra, Martín D. (2016-04-28).
481:. While previously thought to be
5757:Middle Triassic taxonomic orders
5619:
5618:
5302:
5296:
5289:
4661:
4653:
4646:
3910:
3408:"The Early Triassic rhynchosaur
3392:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00102.x
158:
5752:Early Triassic taxonomic orders
550:position as close relatives of
5762:Late Triassic taxonomic orders
3844:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011537
3271:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
429:. It was named by the English
1:
3343:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
2340:" by Spiekman et al. in 2024.
2042:GMPKU P 1527 T. cf. hydroides
746:to a group of more primitive
5742:Guadalupian taxonomic orders
3664:10.1080/02724634.2014.911186
3488:Dinocephalosaurus orientalis
594:sense as the most inclusive
5747:Cisuralian taxonomic orders
2058:Tanystropheus longobardicus
1139:Tanystropheus longobardicus
667:of early archosauromorphs.
5778:
3285:10.1186/s13358-024-00309-6
29:
5614:
5326:
5315:
5286:
4983:
4979:
4707:
4703:
4688:
4675:
4644:
4482:
4236:
4113:
4098:
4085:
4035:
4022:
3961:
3890:10.1017/S1477201904001427
3628:10.1017/S1477201907002064
3406:Dilkes, David M. (1998).
3355:10.1127/pala/287/2009/123
3053:
2946:
2929:
2922:
2905:
2898:
2871:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2823:
2816:
2799:
2792:
2779:
2772:
2739:
2724:
2717:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2668:
2651:
2644:
2588:
2571:
2564:
2547:
2540:
2523:
2516:
2490:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2449:
2432:
2425:
2415:
2389:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2348:
2266:
2196:
2179:
2172:
2157:
2150:
2135:
2128:
2054:
2039:
2022:
2015:
1998:
1991:
1978:
1961:
1954:
1928:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1871:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1793:
1776:
1759:
1752:
1732:
1725:
1694:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1632:
1625:
1608:
1601:
1584:
1577:
1559:
1552:
1532:
1525:
1508:
1501:
1484:
1477:
1460:
1453:
1435:
1428:
1318:
1301:
1294:
1272:
1265:
1239:
1222:
1215:
1203:
1186:
1179:
1135:
1118:
1111:
1094:
1087:
1056:
1039:
1032:
1010:
1003:
991:
962:
945:
938:
926:
886:
869:
862:
845:
838:
826:
809:
802:
785:
778:
409:stage) to the end of the
401:reptiles from the latest
248:
243:
155:Scientific classification
153:
139:
130:
41:
27:Extinct order of reptiles
598:containing taxa such as
30:Not to be confused with
3809:Palaeontologia Polonica
3597:Paleontologica Polonica
3559:10.1126/science.1100498
3260:Trachelosaurus fischeri
2727:Macrocnemus fuyuanensis
2026:Tanystropheus hydroides
1875:Macrocnemus fuyuanensis
45:Temporal range: Latest
3715:Cite journal requires
3428:10.1098/rstb.1998.0225
3221:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898
5699:Paleobiology Database
3339:Protorosaurus speneri
700:, closely related to
143:Protorosaurus speneri
3826:Renesto, S (1994). "
3258:"A redescription of
1858:Macrocnemus bassanii
630:(and relatives) and
5732:Paraphyletic groups
3918:Paleontology portal
3465:2003CaJES..40..635S
3162:10.7717/peerj.11143
2742:Macrocnemus obristi
1749:Dinocephalosauridae
438:Thomas Henry Huxley
140:Fossil specimen of
5588:Ichthyosauromorpha
5578:Drepanosauromorpha
3760:10.7717/peerj.1778
3650:Tanystropheidae".
1512:Acerosodontosaurus
721:Drepanosauromorpha
665:evolutionary grade
493:) which was named
463:cervical vertebrae
5714:
5713:
5641:Taxon identifiers
5632:
5631:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5311:
5310:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5124:
5123:
4964:
4963:
4671:
4670:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4467:
4466:
4457:Sharovipterygidae
4326:Sharovipterygidae
4270:Dinocephalosaurus
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
3422:(1368): 501–541.
3410:Mesosuchus browni
3264:Dinocephalosaurus
3093:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2887:
2886:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2592:Dinocephalosaurus
2505:
2504:
2404:
2403:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
1943:
1942:
1886:
1885:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1797:Dinocephalosaurus
1714:
1713:
1697:Sharovipterygidae
1562:Lepidosauromorpha
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1254:
1253:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1071:
1070:
975:
974:
934:Lepidosauromorpha
910:
909:
901:
900:
381:
380:
355:Sharovipterygidae
239:
16:(Redirected from
5769:
5727:Archosauromorphs
5707:
5706:
5694:
5693:
5681:
5680:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5636:
5622:
5621:
5566:Possible members
5524:
5514:
5504:
5494:
5484:
5474:
5464:
5454:
5444:
5434:
5424:
5399:
5389:
5379:
5369:
5359:
5349:
5339:
5328:
5317:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5198:
5187:
5172:
5142:
5137:
5101:
5064:
5049:
5039:
5029:
5019:
5009:
4999:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4894:
4864:
4789:
4774:
4764:
4754:
4744:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4695:Archosauriformes
4690:
4682:Archosauriformes
4677:
4666:
4665:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4616:Archosauriformes
4586:
4560:
4534:
4519:
4509:
4501:Cryptovaranoides
4498:
4488:
4480:
4407:Langobardisaurus
4293:Protanystropheus
4254:Trachelosauridae
4234:
4226:
4213:Vritramimosaurus
4210:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4173:Mecistotrachelos
4170:
4160:
4150:
4139:
4129:
4122:Aenigmastropheus
4119:
4111:
4105:Archosauromorpha
4100:
4092:Archosauromorpha
4087:
4055:Archosauromorpha
4033:
4024:
4017:
4016:
3963:
3955:Archosauromorpha
3948:
3941:
3934:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3901:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3762:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3370:
3359:
3358:
3349:(4–6): 123–200.
3334:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3214:(33): eabq1898.
3208:Science Advances
3199:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3164:
3140:
3129:
3128:
3110:
2925:
2901:
2850:
2843:
2827:Langobardisaurus
2819:
2795:
2775:
2720:
2695:
2688:
2647:
2567:
2543:
2519:
2469:
2462:
2456:Trachelosauridae
2452:
2428:
2418:
2393:Aenigmastropheus
2368:
2361:
2355:Archosauromorpha
2351:
2344:
2267:"Protorosauria"
2199:Archosauriformes
2175:
2153:
2131:
2018:
1994:
1965:Langobardisaurus
1957:
1907:
1900:
1850:
1843:
1763:Protanystropheus
1755:
1728:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1628:
1604:
1580:
1574:Archosauromorpha
1555:
1528:
1504:
1480:
1456:
1431:
1421:
1297:
1290:Archosauriformes
1268:
1218:
1206:
1182:
1122:Langobardisaurus
1114:
1090:
1035:
1006:
994:
987:Archosauromorpha
941:
929:
865:
841:
829:
805:
781:
774:
712:and the aquatic
674:(2015), Nesbitt
571:For this reason
566:Archosauriformes
552:Archosauriformes
509:for many years.
507:Prolacertiformes
452:Prolacertiformes
370:
364:Trachelosauridae
362:
353:
345:
335:
325:
315:
305:
297:Mecistotrachelos
294:
284:
274:
263:
253:
231:
226:
215:Archosauromorpha
163:
162:
135:
124:
61:
39:
21:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5702:
5697:
5689:
5684:
5676:
5671:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5643:
5633:
5628:
5602:
5583:Kuehneosauridae
5561:
5532:
5517:Vjushkovisaurus
5407:
5382:Protecovasaurus
5322:
5307:
5288:
5264:
5235:
5223:Avemetatarsalia
5212:Avemetatarsalia
5206:
5161:
5133:
5120:
5114:Proterochampsia
5103:Proterochampsia
5094:
5057:
4973:
4960:
4905:Bharitalasuchus
4896:Erythrosuchidae
4887:
4857:
4791:Proterosuchidae
4782:
4777:Syntomiprosopus
4697:
4684:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4630:
4610:
4579:
4553:
4527:
4476:
4463:
4435:Sclerostropheus
4370:Augustaburiania
4354:Tanystropheidae
4348:
4320:
4307:Sclerostropheus
4248:
4230:
4218:
4142:Elachistosuchus
4107:
4094:
4069:
4049:
4018:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3952:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3828:Megalancosaurus
3825:
3824:
3820:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3714:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3473:10.1139/e02-048
3450:
3449:
3445:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3372:
3371:
3362:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3142:
3141:
3132:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2909:Sclerostropheus
2888:
2781:UFRGS-PV-492-T
2762:
2753:
2655:Augustaburiania
2641:Tanystropheidae
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2506:
2405:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2002:Sclerostropheus
1980:AMNH FARB 7206
1944:
1915:Augustaburiania
1887:
1837:Tanystropheidae
1827:
1818:
1809:
1715:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1255:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1083:Tanystropheidae
1072:
1060:Megalancosaurus
1028:Drepanosauridae
976:
911:
902:
789:Petrolacosaurus
760:
692:
690:Included groups
632:Tanystropheidae
628:Drepanosauridae
503:
399:archosauromorph
372:Tanystropheidae
230:
224:
157:
148:Teyler's Museum
126:
125:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
57:260–201.3
56:
55:
54:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5775:
5773:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5719:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5695:
5682:
5669:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5598:Thalattosauria
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5520:
5510:
5500:
5490:
5480:
5470:
5460:
5450:
5440:
5430:
5419:
5417:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5385:
5375:
5365:
5355:
5345:
5334:
5332:
5324:
5323:
5321:Related topics
5320:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5225:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5182:
5180:
5177:Incertae sedis
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5148:
5146:
5134:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5107:
5105:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5082:Halazhaisuchus
5078:
5070:
5068:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5045:
5035:
5032:Marcianosuchus
5025:
5015:
5005:
4995:
4984:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4941:Guchengosuchus
4937:
4930:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4870:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4807:Chasmatosuchus
4803:
4795:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4760:
4750:
4740:
4729:
4719:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4547:Allokotosauria
4540:
4538:
4536:Allokotosauria
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4515:
4512:Tasmaniosaurus
4505:
4494:
4483:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4400:Gwyneddosaurus
4396:
4388:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4315:Trachelosaurus
4311:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4237:
4231:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4196:
4186:
4183:Prolacertoides
4176:
4166:
4163:Malutinisuchus
4156:
4146:
4135:
4125:
4114:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4036:
4030:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3966:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3904:
3903:
3884:(3): 257–268.
3868:
3849:
3818:
3792:
3733:
3717:|journal=
3685:
3658:(2): e911186.
3641:
3622:(4): 465–469.
3606:
3580:
3553:(5692): 1931.
3537:
3517:
3478:
3459:(4): 635–649.
3443:
3398:
3385:(3): 335–351.
3360:
3329:
3299:
3245:
3194:
3130:
3123:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:Trachelosaurus
2546:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:Allokotosauria
2134:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:Trilophosaurus
1185:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1004:
1002:
992:
990:
982:
981:
978:
977:
973:
972:
969:
968:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
944:
939:
937:
927:
925:
917:
916:
913:
912:
908:
907:
904:
903:
899:
898:
895:
894:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
868:
863:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
844:
839:
837:
827:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
808:
803:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
784:
779:
777:
772:
762:The following
759:
756:
714:tanystropheids
691:
688:
502:
501:Classification
499:
471:quadrate bones
435:paleontologist
403:Middle Permian
379:
378:
377:
376:
375:
374:
366:
358:
341:
331:
321:
311:
301:
290:
287:Malutinisuchus
280:
270:
259:
246:
245:
241:
240:
222:
218:
217:
212:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
151:
150:
137:
136:
128:
127:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
62:
47:Middle Permian
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5774:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5649:Protorosauria
5646:
5642:
5637:
5625:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5593:Sauropterygia
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5552:Protorosauria
5550:
5548:
5547:Proterosuchia
5545:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5352:Lucianosaurus
5346:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5314:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5292:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5190:Sikannisuchus
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5066:Euparkeriidae
5060:
5054:
5053:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5042:Polymorphodon
5036:
5034:
5033:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4967:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:Erythrosuchus
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4866:Protopyknosia
4860:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4836:Samsarasuchus
4833:
4831:
4830:
4829:Proterosuchus
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4767:Sarmatosuchus
4761:
4759:
4758:
4757:Koilamasuchus
4751:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4649:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:Prolacertidae
4582:
4574:
4573:Rhynchosauria
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4562:Rhynchosauria
4556:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4450:Tanytrachelos
4447:
4445:
4444:
4443:Tanystropheus
4440:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:Gracilicollum
4389:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4343:Sharovipteryx
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:Gracilicollum
4282:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4243:
4242:Jesairosaurus
4239:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4193:Protorosaurus
4187:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4013:
4012:Archelosauria
4009:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3919:
3908:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3865:(3): 293–336.
3864:
3860:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3326:(4): 931–953.
3325:
3321:
3320:Palaeontology
3314:
3312:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3124:9780231135221
3120:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:Tanytrachelos
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:Tanystropheus
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:Gracilicollum
2569:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:Jesairosaurus
2430:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:Protorosaurus
2370:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:Protorosaurus
2325:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:Rhynchosauria
2155:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:Protorosaurus
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:Jesairosaurus
1582:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:Claudiosaurus
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:Araeoscelidia
1433:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:Proterosuchus
1299:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1211:Rhynchosauria
1208:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:Drepanosaurus
1037:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:Protorosaurus
1008:
1007:
1000:
999:Protorosauria
996:
995:
988:
984:
983:
980:
979:
971:
970:
967:
966:
960:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
950:
949:Gephyrosaurus
943:
942:
935:
931:
930:
923:
919:
918:
915:
914:
906:
905:
897:
896:
893:
892:
891:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
874:
873:Champsosaurus
867:
866:
860:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
850:
849:Lazarussuchus
843:
842:
835:
831:
830:
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
814:
807:
806:
800:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
790:
783:
782:
776:
775:
771:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
722:
717:
715:
711:
710:
709:Sharovipteryx
705:
704:
699:
698:
697:Protorosaurus
689:
687:
685:
684:Protorosaurus
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
661:Tanystropheus
658:
654:
653:Protorosaurus
649:
647:
643:
642:
637:
636:Protorosaurus
633:
629:
625:
624:
623:Protorosaurus
619:
615:
614:
613:Tanystropheus
609:
608:
603:
602:
601:Protorosaurus
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
528:
523:
522:Protorosaurus
519:
515:
510:
508:
500:
498:
496:
492:
491:Protorosaurus
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:, which have
464:
459:
457:
456:Prolacertilia
453:
449:
448:
447:Protorosaurus
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
427:North America
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Late Triassic
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:Protorosauria
373:
367:
365:
359:
356:
350:
349:
348:
342:
340:
339:
332:
330:
329:
328:Protorosaurus
322:
320:
319:
312:
310:
309:
302:
299:
298:
291:
289:
288:
281:
279:
278:
277:Jesairosaurus
271:
268:
267:
260:
258:
257:
250:
249:
247:
242:
238:
234:
229:
228:Protorosauria
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
152:
149:
145:
144:
138:
134:
129:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
52:
51:Late Triassic
48:
40:
37:
33:
32:Protorosaurus
19:
5648:
5573:Choristodera
5551:
5538:Paraphyletic
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5435:
5425:
5414:Nomina dubia
5412:
5400:
5390:
5380:
5372:Palaeosaurus
5370:
5362:Tecovasaurus
5360:
5350:
5342:Crosbysaurus
5340:
5295:
5258:crocodilians
5252:Pseudosuchia
5241:Pseudosuchia
5199:
5188:
5175:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5050:
5040:
5030:
5022:Litorosuchus
5020:
5010:
5000:
4990:
4953:
4948:Shansisuchus
4946:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4880:
4873:
4849:
4843:Tsylmosuchus
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4805:
4798:
4775:
4765:
4755:
4745:
4734:
4724:
4714:
4651:
4603:
4596:
4520:
4510:
4499:
4489:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4384:Fuyuansaurus
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4341:
4334:
4313:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4277:Fuyuansaurus
4275:
4268:
4261:
4240:
4211:
4203:Rhombopholis
4201:
4191:
4181:
4171:
4161:
4151:
4140:
4132:Czatkowiella
4130:
4120:
4007:
3998:
3989:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3838:(1): 38–52.
3835:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3812:
3808:
3795:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3708:cite journal
3688:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3600:
3596:
3583:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3382:
3378:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3302:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3152:
3148:
3114:
3054:
2948:
2947:
2931:
2930:
2907:
2906:
2873:
2872:
2856:
2855:
2825:
2824:
2801:
2800:
2780:
2741:
2740:
2726:
2725:
2701:
2700:
2670:
2669:
2653:
2652:
2590:
2589:
2573:
2572:
2549:
2548:
2527:Fuyuansaurus
2525:
2524:
2492:
2491:
2475:
2474:
2434:
2433:
2391:
2390:
2374:
2373:
2333:
2331:
2197:
2181:
2180:
2158:
2136:
2056:
2055:
2040:
2024:
2023:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1963:
1962:
1930:
1929:
1913:
1912:
1873:
1872:
1856:
1855:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1777:
1761:
1760:
1736:Fuyuansaurus
1734:
1733:
1700:
1695:
1681:Czatkowiella
1679:
1678:
1634:
1633:
1610:
1609:
1586:
1585:
1560:
1534:
1533:
1510:
1509:
1486:
1485:
1462:
1461:
1436:
1416:
1320:
1319:
1303:
1302:
1274:
1273:
1241:
1240:
1224:
1223:
1188:
1187:
1137:
1136:
1120:
1119:
1096:
1095:
1058:
1057:
1041:
1040:
1012:
1011:
998:
963:
947:
946:
888:
887:
871:
870:
847:
846:
834:Choristodera
811:
810:
787:
786:
761:
741:
739:
725:
718:
707:
703:Czatkowiella
701:
695:
693:
683:
675:
671:
669:
660:
656:
652:
650:
645:
641:Czatkowiella
639:
635:
621:
617:
611:
605:
599:
592:phylogenetic
589:
584:
581:prolacertids
576:
572:
570:
559:
556:phylogenetic
537:
531:
525:
521:
518:paraphyletic
514:polyphyletic
511:
504:
490:
483:monophyletic
460:
455:
451:
445:
392:paraphyletic
383:
382:
338:Rhombopholis
336:
326:
316:
306:
295:
285:
275:
264:
256:Czatkowiella
254:
227:
208:
141:
42:Protorosaurs
36:
5557:Thecodontia
5527:Wangisuchus
5507:Microcnemus
5487:Fenhosuchus
5477:Exilisuchus
5467:Collilongus
5457:Blomosuchus
5437:Ankistrodon
5392:Uatchitodon
5167:Archosauria
5155:Phytosauria
5144:Phytosauria
5012:Heteropelta
4971:Eucrocopoda
4955:Uralosaurus
4912:Chalishevia
4822:Jaikosuchus
4800:Archosaurus
4716:Antarctanax
4491:Boreopricea
4421:Macrocnemus
4363:Amotosaurus
3311:Boreopricea
2803:Amotosaurus
2703:Macrocnemus
1932:Amotosaurus
1450:Neodiapsida
1098:Macrocnemus
890:Cteniogenys
743:Longisquama
657:Macrocnemus
607:Macrocnemus
527:Macrocnemus
475:jugal bones
318:Microcnemus
266:Exilisuchus
18:Protorosaur
5721:Categories
5497:Megacnemus
5427:Albisaurus
5331:Tooth taxa
5131:Crurotarsi
5089:Osmolskina
5075:Euparkeria
5052:Vancleavea
5002:Dorosuchus
4926:Fugusuchus
4882:Triopticus
4875:Kranosaura
4815:Gamosaurus
4747:Kalisuchus
4736:Eorasaurus
4726:Cuyosuchus
4625:see below↓
4605:Prolacerta
4598:Kadimakara
4428:Raibliania
4414:Luxisaurus
4377:Cosesaurus
4263:Austronaga
4228:Tanysauria
4153:Elessaurus
4064:see below↓
4043:Sauropsida
4028:Sauropsida
3985:Sauropsida
3815:: 203–234.
3603:: 203–234.
3498:: 95–110.
3155:: e11143.
3097:References
2858:Raibliania
2672:Luxisaurus
2477:Austronaga
2422:Tanysauria
2338:Tanysauria
1636:Prolacerta
1464:Orovenator
1322:Euparkeria
1276:Prolacerta
1243:Mesosuchus
752:Avicephala
735:archosaurs
727:Pterosaurs
670:Pritchard
646:Prolacerta
585:Prolacerta
573:Prolacerta
561:Prolacerta
533:Prolacerta
495:Tanysauria
417:stage) of
407:Capitanian
347:Tanysauria
308:Megacnemus
5402:Zanclodon
5256:includes
5227:includes
4992:Asperoris
4934:Garjainia
4851:Vonhuenia
4522:Teyujagua
4474:Crocopoda
4300:Pectodens
3971:Kingdom:
3769:2167-8359
3753:: e1778.
3700:2246/6624
3680:130089407
3672:0272-4634
3294:1664-2384
3278:(1): 10.
3171:2167-8359
3056:Crocopoda
2494:Pectodens
2183:Teyujagua
2125:Crocopoda
1780:Pectodens
764:cladogram
758:Cladogram
733:group of
680:crocopods
577:Pamelaria
544:Gondwanan
539:Pamelaria
497:in 2024.
487:Crocopoda
431:anatomist
394:group of
390:, likely
178:Kingdom:
172:Eukaryota
5658:Wikidata
5624:Category
3994:Diapsida
3979:Chordata
3977:Phylum:
3973:Animalia
3898:83840423
3787:27162705
3636:86145645
3575:38739295
3567:15448262
3512:86026836
3240:35984885
3189:33986981
2705:bassanii
1536:Youngina
1425:Diapsida
965:Squamata
813:Youngina
748:diapsids
682:than to
564:and the
473:and the
415:Rhaetian
244:Subtaxa
202:Reptilia
192:Chordata
188:Phylum:
182:Animalia
168:Domain:
5678:4532214
5664:Q133072
3983:Class:
3778:4860341
3547:Science
3534:: 1–81.
3461:Bibcode
3437:1692244
3231:9390993
3180:8101476
1292:
1226:Howesia
1213:
1085:
1030:
1001:
989:
936:
924:
836:
750:called
731:derived
554:. Most
548:derived
520:taxon.
479:lizards
388:extinct
221:Order:
198:Class:
5540:groups
5447:Avipes
4336:Ozimek
4003:Sauria
3896:
3785:
3775:
3767:
3678:
3670:
3634:
3573:
3565:
3510:
3434:
3292:
3238:
3228:
3187:
3177:
3169:
3121:
2933:Ozimek
1702:Ozimek
1549:Sauria
1288:
1209:
1081:
1026:
997:
985:
932:
922:Sauria
920:
832:
768:Sauria
676:et al.
672:et al.
659:, and
618:et al.
610:, and
542:, two
423:Europe
386:is an
233:Huxley
5704:38183
5691:10165
5686:IRMNG
5229:birds
4008:Clade
3999:Clade
3990:Clade
3894:S2CID
3805:(PDF)
3747:PeerJ
3676:S2CID
3632:S2CID
3593:(PDF)
3571:S2CID
3508:S2CID
3316:(PDF)
3149:PeerJ
2878:spp.
596:clade
396:basal
209:Clade
5250:see
5221:see
5201:Smok
5153:see
5112:see
4571:see
4545:see
4041:see
3783:PMID
3765:ISSN
3728:link
3721:help
3668:ISSN
3563:PMID
3290:ISSN
3236:PMID
3185:PMID
3167:ISSN
3119:ISBN
536:and
467:ribs
454:and
442:1871
433:and
425:and
419:Asia
237:1871
65:PreꞒ
5673:EoL
3886:doi
3863:106
3840:doi
3773:PMC
3755:doi
3696:hdl
3660:doi
3624:doi
3555:doi
3551:305
3500:doi
3469:doi
3432:PMC
3424:doi
3420:353
3387:doi
3383:140
3351:doi
3347:287
3280:doi
3276:143
3226:PMC
3216:doi
3175:PMC
3157:doi
516:or
440:in
5723::
5701::
5688::
5675::
5660::
4010::
4001::
3992::
3892:.
3880:.
3861:.
3836:14
3834:.
3813:65
3811:.
3807:.
3781:.
3771:.
3763:.
3749:.
3745:.
3712::
3710:}}
3706:{{
3674:.
3666:.
3656:35
3654:.
3630:.
3618:.
3601:65
3599:.
3595:.
3569:.
3561:.
3549:.
3532:46
3530:.
3506:.
3496:28
3494:.
3467:.
3457:40
3455:.
3430:.
3418:.
3414:.
3381:.
3377:.
3363:^
3345:.
3324:40
3322:.
3318:.
3288:.
3274:.
3268:.
3248:^
3234:.
3224:.
3210:.
3206:.
3183:.
3173:.
3165:.
3151:.
3147:.
3133:^
3105:^
1705:)
737:.
655:,
648:.
626:,
604:,
575:,
568:.
524:,
458:.
421:,
235:,
211::
146:,
115:Pg
59:Ma
53:,
49:-
5523:†
5513:†
5503:†
5493:†
5483:†
5473:†
5463:†
5453:†
5443:†
5433:†
5423:†
5398:†
5388:†
5378:†
5368:†
5358:†
5348:†
5338:†
5197:†
5193:?
5186:†
5141:†
5100:†
5063:†
5048:†
5038:†
5028:†
5018:†
5008:†
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4988:†
4929:?
4893:†
4863:†
4854:?
4846:?
4810:?
4788:†
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4763:†
4753:†
4743:†
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4732:†
4722:†
4712:†
4590:?
4585:†
4559:†
4533:†
4518:†
4508:†
4504:?
4497:†
4487:†
4460:?
4438:?
4395:?
4387:?
4328:?
4310:?
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4280:?
4245:?
4225:†
4209:†
4199:†
4189:†
4179:†
4169:†
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4138:†
4128:†
4118:†
3947:e
3940:t
3933:v
3900:.
3888::
3882:2
3846:.
3842::
3789:.
3757::
3751:4
3730:)
3723:)
3719:(
3702:.
3698::
3682:.
3662::
3638:.
3626::
3620:5
3577:.
3557::
3514:.
3502::
3475:.
3471::
3463::
3440:.
3426::
3395:.
3389::
3357:.
3353::
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3296:.
3282::
3242:.
3218::
3212:8
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3159::
3153:9
3127:.
1699:(
413:(
405:(
369:†
361:†
357:?
352:†
344:†
334:†
324:†
314:†
304:†
300:?
293:†
283:†
273:†
269:?
262:†
252:†
225:†
120:N
110:K
105:J
100:T
95:P
90:C
85:D
80:S
75:O
70:Ꞓ
34:.
20:)
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