511:, which is the third leading cause of parasitic deaths. It is diagnosed by the assessment of stool samples. Amoebiasis is caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces or other bodily wastes of an infected person, which contain cysts, the dormant form of the microbe. These cysts on reaching the terminal ileum region of the gastrointestinal tract give rise to a mass of proliferating cells, the trophozoite form of the parasite, by the process of excystation. Symptoms of this infection include diarrhea with blood and mucus, and can alternate between constipation and remission, abdominal pain, and fever. Symptoms can progress to ameboma, fulminant colitis, toxic megacolon, colonic ulcers, leading to perforation, and abscesses in vital organs like liver, lung, and brain. Amoebiasis can be treated with the administration of anti-amoebic compounds, this often includes the use of
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and protection. In addition to the plasma membrane, protists contain two different types of vacuoles. Contractile vacuoles help to maintain osmoregulation, and phagocytic vacuoles allow select protists to ingest food. In some protists, flagella or cilia may be present to help with motility and nutrient intake. The flagella or cilia create water currents that assist in feeding and respiration. Energy intake is necessary for protists’ survival. Aerobic chemoorganotrophic protists produce energy through the use of their mitochondria. The mitochondria then generate energy for the protist to keep up with cellular life functions. Photosynthetic protists produce energy through the use of their mitochondria and chloroplasts. Finally, anaerobic chemoorganotrophs produce energy through the use of hydrogenosomes, which are membrane-enclosed organelles that release molecular hydrogen (H
629:) is an example of a member of the phylum Ciliophora. Balantidiasis is the only ciliate known to be capable of infecting humans, and swine are the primary reservoir host. Balantidiasis is opportunistic and rare in Western countries. Apicomplexans are parasites of animals and contain an arrangement of organelles called the apical complex. One example of an apicomplexan is Malaria. Five species of plasmodium cause malaria in animals. Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito. Symptoms of malaria include: periodic chills and fever, anemia, and hypertrophy of the liver and spleen. Cerebral malaria can occur in children. In order to diagnose Malaria, doctors will look for parasites in
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the bite or internally (visceral leishmaniasis), affecting the organs, which can be life-threatening. Cutaneous leishmaniasis can spread to the mucous membranes and cause mucosal leishmaniasis even years after the initial infection. Cutaneous leishmaniasis heals on its own and leaves bad scars. Only FDA approved for visceral leishmaniasis is amphotericin B and oral miltefosine for cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis diagnosis- tissue specimen, bone marrow, blood tests detect antibody to parasite for visceral leishmaniasis.
645:, however, resistance has been observed. New vaccines are being discovered to this day. Preventative measures that can be taken include sleeping with netting and using insecticide to prevent mosquitoes. Eimeria is another example of an apicomplexan pathogen. This pathogen causes cecal coccidiosis in chickens. Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract. This disease is treated by placing anticoccidials in the chickens’ feed. It also causes malabsorption, diarrhea, and sometimes bloody diarrhea in animals.
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trypanosomes enter the bloodstream, they become amastigotes, and replicate. Acute Chagas disease can be treated using benznidazole or nifurtimox. Chronic chagas disease is asymptomatic and causes heart and gastrointestinal cells to be affected. Currently, there are only investigational treatments for this disease. Unfortunately, vaccines are not effective with Chagas disease due to
547:
One way this pathogen can be acquired is by soaking contact lenses in water instead of contact solution. This will result in progressive ulceration of the cornea. This pathogen can be diagnosed by demonstration of amoebae in clinical specimens. There is currently no drug therapy available for amoebic
352:
is a parasite that resides in the urogenital tract of cattle and causes bovine trichomoniasis. Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease that causes infertility in heifers. Most infertility is caused by sudden embryonic death. Various imidazoles have been used to treat infected bulls, but none
440:
causes Chagas disease and is transmitted by the reduviid bug, also known as the “kissing bug.” Chagas disease is diagnosed using a physical exam and blood test. The only treatment includes antiparasitics only from the CDC, which are not FDA approved. Acute Chagas disease has a quick onset, the
742:
causes a disease called protothecosis. This disease mainly infects cattle and dogs. Cattle can be affected by prototheca enteritis and mastitis. Protothecosis is commonly seen in dogs; it enters the body through the mouth or nose and causes infection in the intestines. Treatment with amphotericin B
418:
causes leishmaniasis. The symptoms of leishmaniasis include systemic and skin/membrane damage. Leishmania parasites spread by phlebotomine sand flies in the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. They may manifest cutaneously (cutaneous leishmaniasis) as skin sores with as scab a few weeks after
269:
in stools and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test. To prevent contamination, avoid any possibly contaminated water, and if contaminated water is the only thing available to drink, a slow sand filter should be used. A study found that the chlorination of water and nutritional intervention
172:
Encystment is when a protist becomes a dormant cyst with a cell wall; during encystment, the cyst has decreased complexity and metabolic activity relative to the protist. Encystment protects the protist from environmental changes, the cyst can be a site for nuclear reorganization and cell division,
164:
All cells have a plasma membrane. In a protist, the plasma membrane is also known as the plasmalemma. Just below the plasma membrane, and in the inner fluid region, cytoplasm can be found. The pellicle structure in the protist is a thin layer of protein that helps provide the cell with some support
123:
a collection of organisms and they are unicellular, which means that they lack the level of tissue organization which is present in more complex eukaryotes. Protists grow in a wide variety of moist habitats and a majority of them are free-living organisms. In these moist environments, plankton and
723:
Red algae are primarily multicellular, lack flagella, and range in size from microscopic, unicellular to large, multicellular forms. Some species of red algae contain phycoerythrins, photosynthetic accessory pigments that are red in color and outcompete the green tint of chlorophyll, making these
135:
protists and have three different ways of acquiring nutrients. The first method of acquiring nutrients is through saprotrophic nutrition. In saprotrophic nutrition, nutrients are obtained from dead organic matter through enzymatic degradation. The second method of acquiring nutrients is through
1621:
Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah; Hampl, Vladimir; Heiss, Aaron; Hoppenrath, Mona; Lara, Enrique; le Gall, Line; Lynn, Denis H.; McManus, Hilary; Mitchell, Edward A. D.;
118:
Within the taxonomic classification, the four protist supergroups (Amoebozoa, Excavata, SAR, and
Archaeplastida) fall under the domain Eukarya. Protists are an artificial grouping of over 64,000 different single-celled life forms. This means that it is difficult to define protists due to their
176:
Protists reproduce asexually or sexually. If the protists reproduce asexually, they do so through binary fission, multiple fission, budding, and fragmentation. If the protists reproduce sexually, they do so through a syngamy process where there is a fusion of the gametes. If this occurs in an
363:
is spread; one possibility is from swallowing contaminated water or food. Many people who are infected with this parasite show no signs of being infected. Sometimes the infection can be observed; the most common symptoms include diarrhea, stomach pains, loss of appetite, nausea, and fatigue.
194:
are considered primitive eukaryotes. They are characterized by a feeding groove with a posteriorly located flagella, which allows them to create a current that captures small food particles. The cytostome is the specialized structure that allows the protists this function. This supergroup
675:
are asymptomatic. The group most vulnerable to this pathogen are the fetuses of mothers who have been infected with the parasite for the first time during pregnancy. This can result in damage to the fetus's brain, eyes, and other organs. Treatment is available for pregnant women and the
455:, and is transmitted by the tsetse fly. It is diagnosed by a physical exam and blood test. African sleeping sickness causes interstitial inflammation, lethargy, brain swelling, and death within one to three years. Drug therapy, using Eflornithine and Melarsoprol Pentamidine for
173:
and it can act as a host cell in order to transfer parasitic species. Excystment is when a return to favorable conditions may cause a cyst to return to its original state. In parasitic protists, excystment may occur when the cyst is ingested by a new host.
136:
osmotrophic nutrition. In osmotrophic nutrition, nutrients are obtained through absorbing soluble products. The third method of acquiring nutrients is through holozoic nutrition. In holozoic nutrition, solid nutrients are absorbed through phagocytosis.
535:. Tinidazole may be effective in curing children. The usage of conventional therapeutics to treat amoebiasis if often linked with substantial side effects, a threat to the efficacy of these therapeutics, further worsened by the development of
71:
Protozoan infections are responsible for diseases that affect many different types of organisms, including plants, animals, and some marine life. Many of the most prevalent and deadly human diseases are caused by a protozoan infection, including
751:
Scientists have been researching new ways to fight protozoan infections, including targeting channels and transporters involved in the diseases and finding the link between a person's microbiome and their ability to resist a protozoan infection
372:
is a sexually transmitted disease. Men who are infected rarely show any symptoms (asymptomatic). Women who are infected usually show signs of soreness, inflammation, and redness around the vagina and a possible change in vaginal discharge.
727:
Green algae exhibit similar features to the land plants, particularly in terms of chloroplast structure. The green algae are subdivided into the chlorophytes and charophytes. It is very rare for green algae to become parasitic.
680:
Immunocompromised people are the most susceptible. Cryptosporidiosis causes watery diarrhea and can resolve itself without medical intervention. It is diagnosed by examining stool samples, and diarrhea can be treated using
719:
includes red algae, green algae and land plants. Each of these three groups have multicellular species and the green and red algae have many single-celled species. The land plants are not considered protists.
933:
Lin, Audrie; Ercumen, Ayse; Benjamin-Chung, Jade; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Das, Shimul; Haque, Rashidul; Ashraf, Sania; Parvez, Sarker M.; Unicomb, Leanne; Rahman, Mahbubur; Hubbard, Alan E. (2018-10-30).
230:
were previously defined by the lack of a mitochondrion, but recent studies have found that they have a nonfunctional, mitochondrial remnant organelle called a mitosome. Most are harmless except for
907:
315:, does not require oxygen and possesses hydrogenosomes. They only reproduce through asexual reproduction and some strains are human pathogens. There are three types of pathogenic parabasalia:
1267:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Leishmaniasis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)"
1728:
265:
is a human pathogen, which is transmitted by cyst-contaminated water. It causes epidemic diarrhea from contaminated water. One can tell one may be infected by the observation of cysts or
1265:
Aronson, Naomi; Herwaldt, Barbara L.; Libman, Michael; Pearson, Richard; Lopez-Velez, Rogelio; Weina, Peter; Carvalho, Edgar; Ephros, Moshe; Jeronimo, Selma; Magill, Alan (2017-01-11).
397:
for support, a red eye spot called a stigma to orient the cell toward light, chlorophyll a and b to assist in the process of photosynthesis, contractile vacuoles, and flagella.
935:"Effects of Water, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Child Enteric Protozoan Infections in Rural Bangladesh: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial"
2674:
1039:
821:
1622:
Mozley-Stanridge, Sharon E.; Parfrey, Laura W.; Pawlowski, Jan; Rueckert, Sonja; Shadwick, Laura; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Spiegel, Frederick W. (2012).
285:
is a common bird pathogen that causes histomoniasis. Signs of histomoniasis include reduced appetite, drooping wings, unkempt feathers, and yellow fecal droppings.
2165:
2379:
299:
are flagellated endosymbionts of animals. They lack a distinct cytostome, which means they must use phagocytosis to engulf food. There are two subgroups:
556:
The supergroup SAR includes
Stramenopiles, Alveolata and Rhizaria, and is distinguished by fine pseudopodia which can be branched, simple, or connected.
1477:
Carrero, Julio C.; Reyes-LĂłpez, Magda; Serrano-Luna, JesĂşs; Shibayama, Mineko; Unzueta, Juan; LeĂłn-Sicairos, Nidia; de la Garza, Mireya (January 2020).
128:
and are responsible for recycling nitrogen and phosphorus. Parasites also are responsible for causing disease in humans and domesticated animals.
676:
immunosuppressed. Cryptosporidiosis can be contracted through contact with water, food, soil, or surfaces contaminated with feces containing the
474:
311:
are obligate mutualists of wood-eating insects such as termites. They secrete cellulase, which is used for digesting wood. The next subgroup,
2667:
143:
protists. These protists include strict aerobes, and use photosystems I and II in order to carry out photosynthesis which produces oxygen.
649:
are tick-borne parasites which cause fatal East Coast fever in cattle. East Coast fever is transmitted by the bite of the three-host tick
270:
had no effect on childhood giardia infection. Only handwashing and hygienic sanitation interventions reduced infection rates in children.
1118:
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2223:
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succumb to pulmonary edema and die within three weeks of infection. The severity of the infection can be lessened by treatment with
422:
1575:
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2158:
1371:
2372:
2188:
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Plasmodiophorids and
Halosporidians are two examples of parasitic Rhizaria. Plasmodiophorids cause infections in crops such as
353:
are safe and effective. Ipronidazole is probably most effective but it frequently causes sterile abscesses at injection sites.
490:
are characterized by the use of pseudopodia for movement and feeding. These protists reproduce by binary or multiple fission.
463:, or combinations of these medications, can help treat this disease, but vaccines can not be used due to antigenic variation.
2282:
697:. They cause powdery scabs and galls and disrupt growth. Halosporidians cause infections in marine invertebrates such as
1479:"Intestinal amoebiasis: 160 years of its first detection and still remains as a health problem in developing countries"
87:
The species originally termed "protozoa" are not closely related to each other and only have superficial similarities (
2994:
2505:
2151:
1079:"Diagnosis of Trichomonas foetus-infected bulls, an ultimate approach to eradicate bovine trichomoniasis in US cattle"
2365:
992:"Oral Pharmacological Treatments for Parasitic Diseases of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss. I: Hexamita Salmonas"
1053:
279:
is a common flagellated fish pathogen. Infected fish are weak and emaciated, and typically swim on their sides.
2080:
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68:. They are usually contracted by either an insect vector or by contact with an infected substance or surface.
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is a green algae that lacks chlorophyll and has turned to parasitism. It is found in sewage and the soil.
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in the parasite. Amoebic meningoencephalitis and keratitis is a brain-eating amoeba caused by free-living
112:
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individual it is recognized as autogamy. If this occurs between individuals, it is known as conjugation.
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2311:
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1398:
Rawat, Aadish; Singh, Parikshit; Jyoti, Anupam; Kaushik, Sanket; Srivastava, Vijay Kumar (August 2020).
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503:
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226:, but their characteristics remain the same despite their renaming. They are microaerophilic protists.
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393:(saprophytic). They are commonly found in freshwater. The members of the phylum Euglenozoa have a
30:
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1435:
1021:
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and partially due to the necessity of making identifications of organisms based upon morphology.
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2004:
Burgess, Stacey L.; Gilchrist, Carol A.; Lynn, Tucker C.; Petri, William A. (2017-08-01).
835:
536:
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protists obtain nutrients through organic and inorganic carbon compounds simultaneously.
1954:
1705:"Balantidiasis | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"
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2005:
1981:
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65:
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2403:
2198:
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1439:
662:
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626:
512:
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species appear as varying shades of red. This group doesn't include many pathogens.
2916:
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17:
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104:
92:
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and results in respiratory failure and death in
African cattle. Most hosts of
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508:
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88:
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1972:
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1290:
958:
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486:
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is a parasite that lives in the large intestine of humans. No one knows how
57:
2047:
1990:
1908:
1665:
1561:
1512:
1431:
1399:
1308:
1282:
1104:
1095:
1078:
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1875:"Protothecal enteritis as a cause of protein-losing enteropathy in a bull"
1873:
Osterstock, Jason B.; Mansell, Joanne L.; Roussel, Allen J. (2005-11-01).
1017:
705:
are abscesses or green pustules on palps and mantles of certain molluscs.
570:
are brown algae, diatoms, and water molds. An example of
Stramenopila are
2960:
2739:
2731:
2392:
2021:
2006:"Parasitic Protozoa and Interactions with the Host Intestinal Microbiota"
950:
190:
108:
53:
49:
1777:"General Information for the Public | Cryptosporidium | Parasites | CDC"
2876:
2854:
2839:
2183:
1415:
100:
81:
2143:
2072:
1939:"Targeting Channels and Transporters in Protozoan Parasite Infections"
1008:
991:
2298:
96:
61:
665:
and can be acquired from undercooked meat or cat feces containing
611:
473:
421:
337:
145:
2107:
461:
Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense and
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
453:
Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense and
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
2656:
2361:
2147:
1679:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and (2019-06-12).
1400:"Averting transmission: A pivotal target to manage amoebiasis"
1322:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and (2019-02-27).
1240:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and (2019-02-27).
1215:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (2019-02-27).
1190:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for Disease Control and (2019-02-27).
111:. This is partially because of the conservative character of
1119:"Overview of Trichomoniasis in Cattle - Reproductive System"
671:. The majority of the 60 million Americans infected with
1372:"Chagas disease - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic"
52:. These organisms are now classified in the supergroups
48:
caused by organisms formerly classified in the kingdom
1879:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1526:
Dans, Leonila F; MartĂnez, Elizabeth G (2007-01-01).
1271:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
445:. This pathogen causes damage to the nervous system.
99:, though with exceptions). The terms "protozoa" and "
2062:
107:. However, this terminology is still encountered in
2951:
2906:
2875:
2807:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2605:
2580:
2571:
2540:
2461:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2297:
2260:
2197:
2182:
2117:
2066:
616:
Toxoplasmosis life cycle between humans and animals
119:extreme differences and uniqueness. Protists are a
124:terrestrial forms can also be found. Protists are
1924:An unusual cause of blindness in a Siberian husky
411:One major pathogen from the phylum Euglenozoa is
1937:Meier, Anna; Erler, Holger; Beitz, Eric (2018).
1393:
1391:
990:Tojo, Santamarina, J.L., M.T. (April 6, 1998).
2668:
2373:
2159:
1483:International Journal of Medical Microbiology
377:can be treated with a course of antibiotics.
8:
1038:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
820:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1576:"Naegleria infection - Symptoms and causes"
734:belongs to the subdivision Chloroplastida.
661:drugs like buparvaquone. Toxoplasma causes
2722:
2713:
2704:
2675:
2661:
2653:
2577:
2417:
2408:
2380:
2366:
2358:
2194:
2166:
2152:
2144:
2063:
1624:"The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes"
2037:
1980:
1962:
1890:
1655:
1551:
1494:
1298:
1094:
1007:
966:
501:lack mitochondria and possess mitosomes.
1926:. Veterinary Medicine. pp. 172–178.
1850:"Archaeplastida | Biology for Majors II"
507:is a pathogenic parasite known to cause
430:The second pathogen from this phylum is
399:
317:Trichomonas foetus, Dientamoeba fragilis
29:
783:
327:causes spontaneous abortion in cattle,
27:Parasitic disease caused by a protozoan
1031:
813:
806:Wiley, Sandman, Wood, K, J, D (2020).
7:
1054:"Histomoniasis in Poultry - Poultry"
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
103:" are usually discouraged in modern
2557:Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
548:meningoencephalitis and keratitis.
335:is a sexually transmitted disease.
2224:Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
1628:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1404:Chemical Biology & Drug Design
884:"Excavata | Biology for Majors II"
860:"Definition of CHEMOORGANOTROPHIC"
459:and Suramin (Antrypol) for either
25:
1324:"CDC - Leishmaniasis - Diagnosis"
1242:"CDC - Leishmaniasis - Treatment"
647:Theileria parva & T. annulata
597:is a large group, which includes
574:. The most well-known example of
1640:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x
1143:"Dientamoeba Fragilis Infection"
2245:Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis
1217:"CDC - Leishmaniasis - Disease"
331:causes diarrhea in humans, and
1922:Gionfriddo, Juliet R. (2007).
1681:"CDC - Balatidiasis - Biology"
1454:"Amebiasis (amebic dysentery)"
1:
2283:Sappinia amoebic encephalitis
1729:"Coccidiosis : USDA ARS"
996:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
637:-stained red blood cells and
478:X-ray of colon infected with
407:lesion on adult human forearm
939:Clinical Infectious Diseases
836:"Definition of POLYPHYLETIC"
651:Phipicephalus appendiculatus
2506:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
1892:10.2460/javma.2005.227.1476
582:. This organism caused the
3011:
2219:Cutaneous acanthamoebiasis
1806:EURL for Molluscs Diseases
1496:10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151358
1854:courses.lumenlearning.com
1709:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
888:courses.lumenlearning.com
449:African Sleeping Sickness
74:African sleeping sickness
1964:10.3389/fchem.2018.00088
810:. McGraw-Hill Education.
253:is a fish parasite, and
2777:Cyclospora cayetanensis
2745:Cryptosporidium hominis
2492:Cutaneous leishmaniasis
2437:African trypanosomiasis
2239:Balamuthia mandrillaris
1608:plantclinic.cornell.edu
1123:Merck Veterinary Manual
1058:Merck Veterinary Manual
864:www.merriam-webster.com
840:www.merriam-webster.com
808:Prescott's Microbiology
695:Spongospora subterranea
584:Great Famine of Ireland
201:Diplomonads (Fornicata)
199:includes the subgroups
37:an infectious protozoan
2966:Prototheca wickerhamii
2749:Cryptosporidium parvum
2526:Visceral leishmaniasis
2229:Acanthamoeba infection
2214:Acanthamoeba keratitis
2010:Infection and Immunity
1943:Frontiers in Chemistry
1885:(9): 1476–1479, 1418.
1283:10.4269/ajtmh.16-84256
1096:10.1099/jmm.0.047365-0
617:
580:Phytophthora infestans
482:
427:
408:
346:
283:Histomonas meleagridis
257:is a turkey pathogen.
255:Histomonas meleagridis
240:Histomonas meleagridis
222:used to be defined as
155:
113:medical classification
64:(SAR supergroup), and
38:
2818:Plasmodium falciparum
2616:Trichomonas vaginalis
2338:Amoebic brain abscess
2328:Amoebic liver abscess
2312:Entamoeba histolytica
1634:(5). Wiley: 429–514.
1532:BMJ Clinical Evidence
1192:"CDC - Leishmaniasis"
732:Prototheca moriformis
641:. Treatment includes
615:
504:Entamoeba histolytica
477:
425:
403:
375:Trichomonas vaginalis
369:Trichomonas vaginalis
344:Tritrichomonas foetus
341:
333:Trichomonas vaginalis
321:Trichomonas vaginalis
149:
33:
2630:Dientamoeba fragilis
2346:Entamoeba gingivalis
2333:Cutaneous amoebiasis
2250:Balamuthia infection
2022:10.1128/IAI.00101-17
1802:"Mikrocytos mackini"
701:in Pacific oysters.
385:Most Euglenozoa are
357:Dientamoeba fragilis
342:Image of a cultured
329:Dientamoeba fragilis
262:Giardia intestinalis
42:Protozoan infections
2763:Cystoisospora belli
2684:Protozoan infection
1955:2018FrCh....6...88M
1528:"Amoebic dysentery"
762:Parasitic infection
743:has been reported.
443:antigenic variation
18:Protozoal infection
2995:Protozoal diseases
2931:Pythium insidiosum
2271:Sappinia diploidea
2118:External resources
1416:10.1111/cbdd.13699
1376:www.mayoclinic.org
951:10.1093/cid/ciy320
703:Mikrocytos mackini
699:Mikrocytos mackini
643:antimalarial drugs
618:
576:Peronosporomycetes
572:Peronosporomycetes
483:
428:
409:
350:Trichomonas foetus
347:
325:Trichomonas foetus
156:
139:Some protozoa are
133:chemoorganotrophic
126:chemoorganotrophic
46:parasitic diseases
39:
2982:
2981:
2947:
2946:
2902:
2901:
2871:
2870:
2791:Toxoplasma gondii
2755:Cryptosporidiosis
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2567:
2566:
2551:Naegleria fowleri
2536:
2535:
2389:Parasitic disease
2355:
2354:
2323:Amoebic dysentery
2293:
2292:
2141:
2140:
1458:www.health.ny.gov
1009:10.3354/dao033051
945:(10): 1515–1522.
914:. August 15, 2020
908:"23.3A: Excavata"
668:Toxoplasma gondii
655:P. appendiculatus
639:serological tests
438:Trypanosoma cruzi
433:Trypanosoma cruzi
391:chemoorganotrophs
246:causes diarrhea,
236:Hexamita salmonis
78:amoebic dysentery
16:(Redirected from
3002:
2886:Balantidium coli
2845:Blackwater fever
2723:
2714:
2705:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2578:
2522:
2488:
2473:Leishmania major
2418:
2409:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2195:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2064:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1966:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1894:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1733:www.ars.usda.gov
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1498:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1348:"Chagas Disease"
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1167:"Trichomoniasis"
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1011:
987:
981:
980:
970:
930:
924:
923:
921:
919:
904:
898:
897:
895:
894:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
832:
826:
825:
819:
811:
803:
747:Future Treatment
678:Cryptosporidium.
622:Balantidium coli
564:Some members of
387:photoautotrophic
141:photoautotrophic
35:Giardia lamblia,
21:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2943:
2898:
2867:
2803:
2730:
2694:
2681:
2651:
2642:
2636:Dientamoebiasis
2601:
2591:Giardia lamblia
2563:
2532:
2512:
2500:L. braziliensis
2470:
2457:
2422:Trypanosomiasis
2413:Trypanosomatida
2398:
2386:
2356:
2351:
2289:
2277:Sappinia pedata
2256:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2113:
2112:
2075:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1757:medlineplus.gov
1753:"Toxoplasmosis"
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1352:medlineplus.gov
1346:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1171:medlineplus.gov
1165:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1083:J Med Microbiol
1077:Yao, C (2013).
1076:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1030:
989:
988:
984:
932:
931:
927:
917:
915:
906:
905:
901:
892:
890:
882:
881:
877:
868:
866:
858:
857:
853:
844:
842:
834:
833:
829:
812:
805:
804:
785:
780:
758:
749:
713:The supergroup
711:
691:
592:
562:
554:
537:drug resistance
496:
472:
389:, but some are
383:
291:
217:
188:
186:
168:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2957:
2955:
2953:Archaeplastida
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2923:Blastocystosis
2912:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2783:Cyclosporiasis
2773:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2736:
2734:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2692:Archaeplastida
2682:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2622:Trichomoniasis
2611:
2609:
2607:Trichomonadida
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2546:
2544:
2542:Schizopyrenida
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2451:Chagas disease
2441:
2440:
2439:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2307:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:Classification
2060:
2059:External links
2057:
2054:
2053:
1996:
1929:
1914:
1865:
1841:
1817:
1793:
1768:
1744:
1720:
1696:
1671:
1613:
1592:
1567:
1518:
1469:
1445:
1410:(2): 731–744.
1387:
1363:
1339:
1314:
1257:
1232:
1207:
1182:
1158:
1134:
1110:
1069:
1045:
982:
925:
912:Lumen Learning
899:
875:
851:
827:
782:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
757:
754:
748:
745:
716:Archaeplastida
710:
709:Archaeplastida
707:
690:
687:
599:Dinoflagellata
591:
588:
586:in the 1850s.
561:
558:
553:
552:Supergroup SAR
550:
495:
492:
480:E. histolytica
471:
465:
382:
379:
313:Trichomonadida
305:Trichomonadida
290:
287:
216:
213:
185:
179:
166:
66:Archaeplastida
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3007:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2973:
2972:Protothecosis
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2893:
2892:Balantidiasis
2890:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2797:Toxoplasmosis
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2582:Diplomonadida
2579:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:L. aethiopica
2478:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2463:Leishmaniasis
2460:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Discicristata
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2199:Centramoebida
2196:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1831:
1830:Basic Biology
1827:
1821:
1818:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1601:"Late Blight"
1596:
1593:
1582:. 9 July 2015
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1489:(1): 151358.
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1089:(Pt 1): 1–9.
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
983:
978:
974:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
913:
909:
903:
900:
889:
885:
879:
876:
865:
861:
855:
852:
841:
837:
831:
828:
823:
817:
809:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
784:
777:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
746:
744:
741:
740:P. moriformis
737:
736:P. moriformis
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
717:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
688:
686:
684:
679:
674:
670:
669:
664:
663:toxoplasmosis
660:
659:antiprotozoal
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:Balantidiasis
624:
623:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:
559:
557:
551:
549:
546:
545:Acanthomoeba.
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Metronidazole
510:
506:
505:
500:
493:
491:
489:
488:
481:
476:
470:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
451:is caused by
450:
446:
444:
439:
435:
434:
424:
420:
417:
414:
406:
405:Leishmaniasis
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
380:
378:
376:
371:
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121:polyphyletic
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2727:Conoidasida
2718:Apicomplexa
2515:L. donovani
2477:L. mexicana
2303:Archamoebae
2262:Flabellinia
2189:free-living
1781:www.cdc.gov
1685:www.cdc.gov
1580:Mayo Clinic
1328:www.cdc.gov
1246:www.cdc.gov
1221:www.cdc.gov
1196:www.cdc.gov
918:15 December
607:Apicomplexa
525:Secnidazole
521:Chloroquine
499:Entamoebida
494:Entamoebida
467:Supergroup
413:Leishmania.
361:D. fragilis
296:Parabasalia
289:Parabasilia
228:Diplomonads
220:Diplomonads
215:Diplomonads
181:Supergroup
159:Mixotrophic
150:Diagram of
105:biosciences
93:unicellular
2877:Ciliophora
2861:Babesiosis
2596:Giardiasis
2485:L. tropica
2391:caused by
2318:Amoebiasis
2175:Amoebozoal
2092:DiseasesDB
1859:2019-11-12
1835:2019-11-12
1826:"Protists"
1811:2019-11-12
1787:2019-11-12
1762:2019-11-12
1738:2019-11-12
1714:2019-11-12
1690:2019-11-12
1586:2019-11-12
1463:2019-11-12
1381:2019-11-12
1357:2019-11-12
1333:2019-11-12
1251:2019-11-12
1226:2019-11-12
1201:2019-11-12
1176:2019-11-12
1152:2019-11-12
1128:2019-11-12
1063:2019-11-12
893:2019-11-12
869:2019-11-12
845:2019-11-12
778:References
772:Giardiasis
767:Babesiosis
603:Ciliophora
533:Tinidazole
517:Ornidazole
509:amoebiasis
416:Leishmania
381:Euglenozoa
152:Plasmodium
89:eukaryotic
2937:Pythiosis
2709:Alveolate
2573:Trichozoa
2431:T. brucei
2127:eMedicine
2103:SNOMED CT
2030:0019-9567
1973:2296-2646
1901:0003-1488
1648:1066-5234
1544:1752-8526
1505:1618-0607
1440:218475533
1424:1747-0285
1291:0002-9637
959:1058-4838
816:cite book
673:T. gondii
595:Alveolata
590:Alveolata
541:Naeglaria
487:Amoebozoa
469:Amoebozoa
224:Fornicata
154:structure
58:Amoebozoa
2989:Category
2961:Algaemia
2834:knowlesi
2830:malariae
2740:Coccidia
2732:Coccidia
2519:infantum
2445:T. cruzi
2396:protozoa
2393:Excavata
2177:diseases
2132:ped/1914
2108:95896000
2048:28584161
1991:29637069
1909:16279394
1666:23020233
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1309:27927991
1105:23082032
1026:44953491
977:29669039
756:See also
689:Rhizaria
395:pellicle
277:salmonis
274:Hexamita
251:salmonis
248:Hexamita
197:Excavata
191:Excavata
183:Excavata
109:medicine
54:Excavata
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2855:Babesia
2840:Malaria
2184:Lobosea
2086:D011528
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1982:5881087
1951:Bibcode
1657:3483872
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1300:5239701
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1987:PMID
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