1449:
province. Mais toutes ces circonscriptions avaient un caractère arbitraire ; leurs délimitations variaient suivant les besoins de chaque siècle. Officiellement il n'y avait pas de provinces tout au moins jusqu'à la grande réforme de 1787, qui accorda aux généralités qui en étaient dépourvues le droit d'élire des assemblées délibérantes. Elles prirent le titre de province. C'est ainsi que pendant trois ans la généralité de
Soissons, composée artificiellement, deux siècles en çà, des élections de Soissons, Laon, Guise, Noyon, Crépy-en-Valois, Clermont et Château - Thierry, s'appela la province du Soissonnais. Les cartes officielles, auxquelles il est fait allusion plus haut, paraissent ignorer cette grande révolution pacifique, comme la plupart des manuels d'histoire du reste. Trompées par la similitude de noms, sous la rubrique de provinces, elles nous donnent les limites des gouvernements militaires. Sans doute province et gouvernement voyaient généralement leurs limites se confondre ; mais au cours des temps, des modifications sont survenues.
1365:
118:, and that this division would be the same for the different functions of the State: military, religious, fiscal, administrative, university, judicial, etc. The town chosen as the capital of each department would have to be the seat of each of these functions, and at the same time have a prefecture, a court, a university, a military post, a bishopric, a stock exchange, a fair, a hospital, etc. The protests of the towns which had always fulfilled one of these functions and which were thus deprived of their court of appeal, their arsenal, their university or their fair, prevented this plan from being completely implemented.
1226:
1351:
350:
1212:
583:
305:
1344:
31:
2704:
2481:
591:
1233:
1316:
1309:
1372:
1358:
1240:
407:
1205:
1184:
1198:
1191:
1323:
69:, militarily into general governments. None of these entities was called "province" by their contemporaries. However, later interpretations confused the term of "general government" (a military division) with that of a cultural province, since the general governments often used the names and borders of a province. It was not always the case, which causes confusion as to the borders of some provinces.
1337:
1330:
1219:
2365:
2328:
2291:
2254:
2217:
2180:
2143:
2106:
2069:
2032:
1995:
1958:
1921:
1884:
1847:
1810:
1773:
1736:
1699:
1662:
1625:
1588:
1551:
1514:
1477:
103:, baronies, governments, states, elections, generalities, intendances, parliaments, countries, bailliages, seneschaussées, etc. Each of these categories took the name of a province, without covering the same geographical area. For example, the jurisdiction of the parlement d'Artois did not correspond to the same territory as the gouvernement d'Artois or the intendance d'Artois.
79:, the word first appeared in the 15th century and has continued to spread, both in official documents and in popular or common usage. Whatever the century or dictionary consulted, the definition of the word often remains vague, due to the coexistence of several territorial division systems under the Ancien Régime. Some geographers, even some of the most famous, such as
545:
In modern times, the "thirty-six governments" corresponded to the provinces on which all the fiefs and arrière-fiefs depended, providing territorial districts for defense and marshaling, the raising of men-at-arms, the construction of squares, arsenals and castles, judges-at-arms, and therefore also
541:
Unlike the ecclesiastical provinces, their extent varies over the course of history according to the possessions of their holders, or to political reorganizations. For example, the Duchy of
Gascony disappeared in the 11th century, and the Duchy of Normandy was divided into two military governments.
189:
under the Lower Empire; their status as "mainmorte", having escaped the division of patrimonial domains, explains why they remained almost intact until the end of the Ancien Régime. These divisions were subsequently taken over and partly regrouped to form the generalités, then the départements, but
142:
It's worth noting that the old Gallic states retained their names, their boundaries and a kind of moral existence in people's memories and affections until very recently. Neither the Romans, nor the
Germans, nor feudalism, nor monarchy destroyed these enduring units; they can still be found in the
549:
At the end of the Ancien Régime, not counting overseas territories such as the French islands of
America, Pondicherry, Mauritius or New France (a province from 1663 to 1763, when it was ceded to Great Britain and Spain), there were thirty-six regions with a governor in charge of defense, called
334:
Ecclesiastical districts, by virtue of their mainmortal status, are the oldest and most stable territorial circumscriptions, from late antiquity to the general reorganization of 1802. Today, these 130 or so districts are grouped into the 90 départements and their capital cities, although their
83:, have widely criticised the idea of provinces and provincial identity, sometimes denying that the word covers any tangible reality. In fact, the many lists and maps showing the provinces of France are neither perfectly superimposable nor exactly comparable. The fact remains, however, that the
1448:
L'« ancienne » France n'a jamais connu trente-deux provinces. Au point de vue administratif, elle était divisée en généralités, portant tantôt le nom de leur capitale, tantôt celui d'une province ; au point de vue militaire, en gouvernements généraux, prenant tous le nom d'une
222:, conquered in advance. Each of Gaul's Roman provinces had a precise legal definition, clearly defined boundaries and codified administrative structures. The number of provinces, their organization and boundaries varied widely over the course of five centuries, and each was headed by a
94:
Before the French
Revolution, France was made up of territorial divisions resulting from history, geography and settlement, which differed according to the different powers that were exercised there, with different categories such as metropolises,
414:
Some authors attempt to equate the concept of province with that of generality. The concepts do occasionally coincide, when the extent of a generality more or less overlaps that of an older territorial entity, but they are not synonymous.
326:
which, by the same process, succeeded the ancient civitas or romanized Gallic cities, and which almost always retained the name of an ancient Gallic people, also given to the diocesan capital. Dioceses were made up of
153:
Gaul was occupied by fifty-four main peoples and more than a hundred individual peoples (300 according to
Flavius Josephus), some with very different customs. Julius Caesar called each of these independent states
599:
Note: The Comtat
Venaissin (annexed 1791), Mulhouse (annexed 1798), Montbéliard (annexed 1816), Savoy and Nice (annexed 1860), as well as small portions of other provinces were not part of the Kingdom of
242:. Over the course of four centuries of Roman control, the number of provinces increased from three to eleven, due to both the expansion of the empire and the reduction in size of the original provinces:
2469:
368:
Each of these groups includes several parliaments, which are appeal courts whose jurisdictions form as many judicial provinces, and to which belong all the royal jurisdictions,
2447:
110:, having abolished all the rights and customs specific to the different regions (also known as privileges, such as those of the classes, nobility and clergy) during the
553:
Together with the regions attached to France since 1791, these thirty-six governments correspond to what are usually known today as the "former provinces of France".
1461:
498:
The number of grand fiefs varies with history (inheritances, confiscations, conquests, losses, treaties) and increases with the definitive attachment of the
299:
2385:
2348:
2311:
2274:
2237:
2200:
2163:
2126:
2089:
2052:
2015:
1978:
1941:
1904:
1867:
1830:
1793:
1756:
1719:
1682:
1645:
1608:
1571:
1534:
1497:
561:
The list below shows the major provinces of France at the time of their dissolution during the French
Revolution. Capital cities are shown in parentheses.
2462:
2047:
2306:
1973:
1364:
170:
of their neighbors, and therefore dependent on them, sometimes paying them tribute. These confederations, the best-known of which are those of the
2703:
319:, also known as provinces because they originate from the Roman provinces administered by the first bishops after the fall of the Roman Empire.
1529:
107:
47:
190:
replacing their former ethnic names (e.g. Poitou for the country of
Pictons, Auvergne for the country of Arverni, Rouergue for the country of
2455:
1640:
2269:
2869:
331:, groups of inhabitants who could gather in the same church, whose names and boundaries have been preserved in the 36,000 French communes.
1936:
1714:
1677:
1603:
1431:
texte, Société historique de Haute-Picardie (1944- ) Auteur du; texte, Société historique de Haute-Picardie (1914-1944) Auteur du (1922).
487:
2380:
1225:
2937:
2343:
2158:
2121:
2084:
2010:
1899:
1825:
1566:
466:
312:
1862:
1788:
483:
2232:
2195:
1751:
474:
1492:
46:
was subdivided in multiple different ways (judicial, military, ecclesiastical, etc.) into several administrative units, until the
1350:
111:
1211:
426:
In addition to the Duchy of France, which became part of the royal domain, the first six major fiefs have the title of peerage:
2942:
2427:
1343:
884:
290:. These provinces were subdivided into cities (civitas or civitates in the plural), the number of which rose from 33 to 113.
72:
Today, the term "province" is used to name the resulting regional areas, which retain a cultural and linguistic identity.
586:
General governments of France in 1789, superimposed by modern administrative boundaries and the names of current regions
2603:
2583:
194:, Périgord for country of Pétrocores, etc.) with a physical geographic name (giving respectively the départements of
304:
1271:
707:
582:
349:
160:(city, without the word in this case referring to the idea of town or village), some of which were subdivided into
30:
1232:
59:
1315:
491:
423:
These are the fiefs that depend directly on the crown (duchies, counties and marches) and owe it military aid.
287:
2874:
1308:
1067:
470:
1371:
1357:
518:, and so on. Some of these provinces were simply the return to the crown of a former fiefdom, such as the
357:
Depending on their laws, customs and languages, the territory of the kingdom is divided into countries of
230:. In addition to Provincia (Provence), which was already Roman, Caesar divided Gaul into three provinces:
1239:
461:
Their holders were considered electors of the King of France, along with six other ecclesiastical peers:
2859:
2728:
1204:
1183:
115:
51:
1197:
2894:
2879:
2618:
2558:
1163:
1062:
1052:
969:
683:
2683:
2633:
2613:
2528:
1277:
1265:
1102:
1088:
1030:
869:
849:
703:
316:
195:
1322:
401:
2864:
2723:
2503:
1190:
1116:
565:
indicates a city that was also the seat of a judicial and quasi-legislative body called either a
499:
454:
263:
251:
590:
335:
ethnonyms have been replaced by names related to physical geography: rivers, mountains, coasts.
2553:
2489:
2480:
1455:
1413:
1151:
993:
739:
572:
519:
515:
511:
507:
450:
446:
431:
380:, each corresponding to a general custom, or even a particular custom corresponding to former
247:
243:
122:
80:
43:
1329:
1218:
125:
share names with the historic provinces; their borders may cover roughly the same territory.
2916:
2693:
2628:
2422:
2370:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2333:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2296:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2259:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2222:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2185:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2148:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2111:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2074:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2037:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2000:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1963:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1926:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1889:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1852:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1815:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1778:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1741:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1704:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1667:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1630:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1593:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1556:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1519:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1482:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1403:
1336:
1300:
1145:
1038:
979:
957:
873:
825:
803:
605:
531:
439:
435:
406:
255:
231:
39:
2909:
2573:
989:
984:
933:
797:
776:
283:
62:
in late 1789. The provinces continued to exist administratively until 21 September 1791.
579:(sovereign council). In some cases, this body met in a different city from the capital.
2884:
2598:
2578:
2513:
1175:
1133:
1094:
1075:
1071:
937:
859:
761:
535:
523:
503:
267:
259:
239:
235:
199:
185:
The Gallic cities, with their territory and the name given to their chief town, became
1029:
Areas that were not part of the
Kingdom of France, though they are currently parts of
2931:
2638:
2538:
2442:
2376:
2371:
2339:
2334:
2302:
2297:
2265:
2260:
2228:
2223:
2191:
2186:
2154:
2149:
2117:
2112:
2080:
2075:
2043:
2038:
2006:
2001:
1969:
1964:
1932:
1927:
1895:
1890:
1858:
1853:
1821:
1816:
1784:
1779:
1747:
1742:
1710:
1705:
1673:
1668:
1636:
1631:
1599:
1594:
1562:
1557:
1525:
1520:
1488:
1483:
974:
915:
617:
362:
227:
218:
The Latin etymology of the term provincia gives us an idea of its original meaning:
2432:
1042:
279:
76:
2748:
2653:
1432:
787:
627:
17:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2753:
2568:
2543:
1253:
1169:
1084:
962:
793:
697:
671:
34:
Map of the provinces of France in 1789. They were abolished the following year.
2838:
2678:
1127:
921:
895:
631:
275:
148:
Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France
1417:
87:
of many of the territorial subdivisions of the Ancien Régime refer to Gallic
2889:
2763:
2758:
2643:
2608:
2508:
2093:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 102–103.
1982:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 689–690.
1797:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 494–495.
1259:
1057:
1018:
926:
783:
649:
567:
373:
369:
344:
223:
1395:
807:
65:
The country was subdivided ecclesiastically into dioceses, judicially into
2843:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2688:
2673:
2648:
2623:
2548:
2533:
2437:
1295:
1283:
1157:
879:
839:
813:
771:
732:
717:
676:
661:
654:
637:
389:
207:
179:
84:
2406:
by le Vicomte Olivier de Romanet, la Nouvelle Librairie Nationale, 1913.
2389:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 673.
2315:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 931.
2278:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 780.
2130:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 701.
2056:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 433.
1908:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 503.
1871:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 576.
1760:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 899.
1612:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 179.
1575:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 749.
1538:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 281.
2793:
2733:
2718:
2663:
2593:
2588:
2563:
2241:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 698.
2204:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 755.
2019:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 617.
1834:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 821.
1723:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
1686:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 829.
1649:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 851.
1501:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 809.
1248:
1046:
1002:
998:
853:
833:
751:
727:
723:
621:
527:
323:
271:
203:
186:
171:
156:
96:
88:
2352:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
2167:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
1945:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
388:
is made up of five secondary bailiwicks, corresponding to five former
361:(roughly south of a line from La Rochelle to Geneva) and countries of
2813:
2768:
2738:
2668:
2658:
2518:
1408:
1139:
1022:
1011:
911:
904:
891:
829:
818:
765:
755:
713:
687:
522:, which had been held by Hugues Capet's brother. Others, such as the
385:
328:
191:
2410:
Les Provinces au XVIII et leur division en départements de la France
596:
Provinces of France in 1789 relative to the modern borders of France
2904:
2899:
2833:
2823:
2773:
2743:
2523:
1289:
1080:
950:
941:
843:
744:
693:
642:
610:
581:
405:
384:
that have retained local customs. For example, the seneschalty of
381:
348:
175:
161:
100:
29:
1098:
863:
665:
114:, decided to establish a uniform division of the territory, the
2451:
1396:"La fin du pouvoir provincial (4 août 1789-21 septembre 1791)"
339:
Judicial provinces: parliaments, bailiwicks, and seneschalties
182:, formed a kind of province before Roman reorganization.
1433:"Bulletin de la Société historique de Haute-Picardie"
2852:
2711:
2496:
546:all questions of nobility, armorial bearings, etc.
300:fr:Circonscriptions catholiques françaises en 1748
538:, were acquired from the Empire or the Holy See.
2412:by Charles Berlet, Bloud, second edition, 1913.
1121:Partial display of historical provincial arms:
140:
1400:Annales historiques de la Révolution française
410:Generalities in the kingdom of France in 1789.
143:provinces and countries of present-day France.
2463:
8:
557:List of former general governments of France
353:Parlements in the Kingdom of France in 1789.
315:are territories under the jurisdiction of a
1460:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2470:
2456:
2448:
308:Dioceses in the Kingdom of France in 1789.
166:. Many of the smaller Gallic peoples were
1407:
1123:
589:
550:governments. Each had its own nobility.
303:
1386:
419:Military provinces: general governments
1453:
75:Borrowed from the institutions of the
294:Ecclesiastical provinces and dioceses
50:adopted a more uniform division into
27:Subdivisions of the Kingdom of France
7:
982:(Three Bishoprics within Lorraine):
25:
2702:
2479:
2363:
2326:
2289:
2252:
2215:
2178:
2141:
2104:
2067:
2030:
1993:
1956:
1919:
1882:
1845:
1808:
1771:
1734:
1697:
1660:
1623:
1586:
1549:
1512:
1475:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
2428:Gallery of French coats of arms
129:History and preceding divisions
396:Fiscal provinces: generalities
376:. They are made up of several
374:seneschaussées (seneschalties)
1:
48:National Constituent Assembly
108:Constituent Assembly of 1789
2853:Foreign territories in 1789
2712:Minor provinces and regions
1394:Legay, Marie-Laure (2003).
571:(not to be confused with a
482:The three bishop-counts of
2959:
2938:Former provinces of France
2404:Les Provinces de la France
1114:
465:The three bishop-dukes of
399:
365:(north of the same line).
342:
297:
2700:
1058:Principality of Salm-Salm
1036:
494:(of Merovingian origin).
322:They are made up of the
288:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
250:, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th
2386:Encyclopædia Britannica
2349:Encyclopædia Britannica
2312:Encyclopædia Britannica
2275:Encyclopædia Britannica
2238:Encyclopædia Britannica
2201:Encyclopædia Britannica
2164:Encyclopædia Britannica
2127:Encyclopædia Britannica
2090:Encyclopædia Britannica
2053:Encyclopædia Britannica
2016:Encyclopædia Britannica
1979:Encyclopædia Britannica
1942:Encyclopædia Britannica
1905:Encyclopædia Britannica
1868:Encyclopædia Britannica
1831:Encyclopædia Britannica
1794:Encyclopædia Britannica
1757:Encyclopædia Britannica
1720:Encyclopædia Britannica
1683:Encyclopædia Britannica
1646:Encyclopædia Britannica
1609:Encyclopædia Britannica
1572:Encyclopædia Britannica
1535:Encyclopædia Britannica
1498:Encyclopædia Britannica
317:metropolitan archbishop
2943:Subdivisions of France
601:
587:
445:The three counties of
411:
370:baillages (bailiwicks)
354:
309:
151:
121:In some cases, modern
35:
2870:Menton and Roquebrune
593:
585:
430:The three duchies of
409:
352:
307:
33:
2619:Lorraine and Barrois
2486:Historical provinces
1063:Republic of Mulhouse
1053:County of Saarwerden
970:Lorraine and Barrois
432:Aquitaine or Guyenne
2497:General governments
1031:Metropolitan France
1007:conseils souverains
946:conseils souverains
900:conseils souverains
1117:Armorial of France
602:
588:
500:County of Provence
412:
355:
310:
36:
18:Province of France
2925:
2924:
1378:
1377:
577:conseil souverain
520:Duchy of Burgundy
516:Duchy of Lorraine
512:Duchy of Brittany
508:Duchy of Burgundy
112:night of 4 August
44:Kingdom of France
16:(Redirected from
2950:
2917:Comtat Venaissin
2913:
2706:
2484:
2483:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2391:
2390:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2048:Maine (province)
2036:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1409:10.4000/ahrf.821
1391:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1124:
1039:Comtat Venaissin
874:Clermont-Ferrand
149:
21:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2907:
2848:
2707:
2698:
2492:
2478:
2476:
2419:
2400:
2398:Further reading
2395:
2394:
2379:, ed. (1911). "
2375:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2342:, ed. (1911). "
2338:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2305:, ed. (1911). "
2301:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2268:, ed. (1911). "
2264:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2231:, ed. (1911). "
2227:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2194:, ed. (1911). "
2190:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2157:, ed. (1911). "
2153:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2120:, ed. (1911). "
2116:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2083:, ed. (1911). "
2079:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2046:, ed. (1911). "
2042:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2009:, ed. (1911). "
2005:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1974:Marche (France)
1972:, ed. (1911). "
1968:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1935:, ed. (1911). "
1931:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1898:, ed. (1911). "
1894:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1861:, ed. (1911). "
1857:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1824:, ed. (1911). "
1820:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1787:, ed. (1911). "
1783:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1750:, ed. (1911). "
1746:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1713:, ed. (1911). "
1709:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1676:, ed. (1911). "
1672:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1639:, ed. (1911). "
1635:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1602:, ed. (1911). "
1598:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1565:, ed. (1911). "
1561:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1528:, ed. (1911). "
1524:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1491:, ed. (1911). "
1487:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1119:
1113:
1108:
777:Aix-en-Provence
598:
559:
532:Comtat-Vénessin
421:
404:
398:
347:
341:
302:
296:
284:Alpes Maritimae
280:Alpes Cottiarum
216:
214:Roman provinces
150:
147:
139:
131:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2956:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2377:Chisholm, Hugh
2355:
2340:Chisholm, Hugh
2318:
2303:Chisholm, Hugh
2281:
2266:Chisholm, Hugh
2244:
2229:Chisholm, Hugh
2207:
2192:Chisholm, Hugh
2170:
2155:Chisholm, Hugh
2133:
2118:Chisholm, Hugh
2096:
2081:Chisholm, Hugh
2059:
2044:Chisholm, Hugh
2022:
2007:Chisholm, Hugh
1985:
1970:Chisholm, Hugh
1948:
1933:Chisholm, Hugh
1911:
1896:Chisholm, Hugh
1874:
1859:Chisholm, Hugh
1837:
1822:Chisholm, Hugh
1800:
1785:Chisholm, Hugh
1763:
1748:Chisholm, Hugh
1726:
1711:Chisholm, Hugh
1689:
1674:Chisholm, Hugh
1652:
1637:Chisholm, Hugh
1615:
1600:Chisholm, Hugh
1578:
1563:Chisholm, Hugh
1541:
1526:Chisholm, Hugh
1504:
1489:Chisholm, Hugh
1467:
1423:
1402:(332): 25–53.
1385:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1092:
1078:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1016:
996:
967:
955:
931:
919:
909:
889:
877:
867:
857:
847:
837:
823:
811:
801:
791:
781:
769:
759:
749:
737:
721:
711:
701:
691:
681:
669:
659:
647:
635:
625:
615:
594:
558:
555:
536:County of Nice
524:Duchy of Savoy
504:Duchy of Anjou
496:
495:
479:
478:
459:
458:
443:
420:
417:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
343:Main article:
340:
337:
295:
292:
268:Novempopulanie
262:, 1st and 2nd
258:, 1st and 2nd
254:, 1st and 2nd
215:
212:
145:
138:
132:
130:
127:
81:Onésime Reclus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2955:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2694:Trois-Évêchés
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Lower Navarre
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Île-de-France
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Franche-Comté
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2443:Royal Almanac
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Ancien Régime
2421:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2372:public domain
2359:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2335:public domain
2322:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:Franche-Comté
2304:
2299:
2298:public domain
2285:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2261:public domain
2248:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2224:public domain
2211:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2187:public domain
2174:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2150:public domain
2137:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2113:public domain
2100:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2076:public domain
2063:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2039:public domain
2026:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2002:public domain
1989:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1965:public domain
1952:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1928:public domain
1915:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1891:public domain
1878:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:public domain
1841:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1817:public domain
1804:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1780:public domain
1767:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1743:public domain
1730:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:public domain
1693:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1669:public domain
1656:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1632:public domain
1619:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1595:public domain
1582:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1558:public domain
1545:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1521:public domain
1508:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1484:public domain
1471:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:), a fief of
1073:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
980:Trois-Évêchés
977:
976:
971:
968:
965:
964:
959:
958:Franche-Comté
956:
953:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
932:
929:
928:
923:
920:
917:
913:
910:
907:
906:
901:
897:
893:
890:
887:
886:
881:
878:
875:
871:
868:
865:
861:
858:
855:
851:
848:
845:
841:
838:
835:
831:
827:
824:
821:
820:
815:
812:
809:
805:
802:
799:
795:
792:
789:
785:
782:
779:
778:
773:
770:
767:
763:
760:
757:
753:
750:
747:
746:
741:
738:
735:
734:
729:
725:
722:
719:
715:
712:
709:
705:
702:
699:
695:
692:
689:
685:
682:
679:
678:
673:
670:
667:
663:
660:
657:
656:
651:
648:
645:
644:
639:
636:
633:
629:
626:
623:
619:
616:
613:
612:
607:
606:Île-de-France
604:
603:
597:
592:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
556:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
462:
457:(circa 1212).
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
427:
424:
418:
416:
408:
403:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
363:customary law
360:
351:
346:
338:
336:
332:
330:
325:
320:
318:
314:
306:
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
159:
158:
144:
137:
133:
128:
126:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:Ancien Régime
32:
19:
2485:
2433:Coat of arms
2409:
2403:
2384:
2358:
2347:
2321:
2310:
2284:
2273:
2247:
2236:
2210:
2199:
2173:
2162:
2136:
2125:
2099:
2088:
2062:
2051:
2025:
2014:
1988:
1977:
1951:
1940:
1914:
1903:
1877:
1866:
1840:
1829:
1803:
1792:
1766:
1755:
1729:
1718:
1692:
1681:
1655:
1644:
1618:
1607:
1581:
1570:
1544:
1533:
1507:
1496:
1470:
1447:
1441:. Retrieved
1436:
1426:
1399:
1389:
1120:
1028:
1010:
1006:
983:
973:
961:
949:
945:
925:
903:
899:
883:
817:
775:
743:
731:
675:
653:
641:
609:
595:
576:
566:
562:
560:
552:
548:
544:
540:
497:
460:
425:
422:
413:
377:
367:
358:
356:
333:
321:
313:Metropolises
311:
248:2nd Germania
219:
217:
184:
167:
162:
155:
152:
141:
135:
120:
116:départements
105:
93:
77:Roman Empire
74:
71:
66:
64:
56:départements
55:
37:
2908: [
2895:Sarrewerden
2875:Montbéliard
2544:Bourbonnais
1439:(in French)
1076:Württemberg
1072:Montbéliard
1068:Montbéliard
794:Bourbonnais
698:La Rochelle
359:written law
264:Narbonensis
252:Lugdunensis
220:pro vincere
200:Puy-de-Dôme
67:généralités
52:departments
2932:Categories
2839:Vermandois
2729:Beaujolais
2679:Roussillon
2270:Roussillon
1443:2023-10-01
1381:References
1115:See also:
922:Roussillon
896:Strasbourg
573:parliament
402:Généralité
298:See also:
276:Viennensis
272:Sequanorum
256:Aquitanica
232:Aquitanica
228:propraetor
180:Armoricans
38:Under the
2890:Salm-Salm
2764:Couserans
2759:Comminges
2749:Cambrésis
2684:Saintonge
2654:Orléanais
2644:Nivernais
2609:Languedoc
2559:Champagne
2509:Angoumois
1937:Angoumois
1715:Saintonge
1678:Champagne
1604:Languedoc
1530:Orléanais
1418:0003-4436
1260:Languedoc
1164:Champagne
1103:Sardinian
1089:Sardinian
1019:Nivernais
927:Perpignan
788:Angoulême
784:Angoumois
704:Saintonge
684:Champagne
650:Languedoc
628:Orléanais
568:parlement
455:Champagne
390:vigueries
378:countries
345:Parlement
224:proconsul
210:, etc.).
136:civitates
89:civitates
60:districts
2880:Mulhouse
2860:Créhange
2844:Vivarais
2829:Valromey
2819:Rouergue
2809:Ponthieu
2804:Périgord
2799:Nébouzan
2784:Gévaudan
2779:Gâtinais
2754:Cévennes
2724:Armagnac
2689:Touraine
2674:Provence
2649:Normandy
2624:Lyonnais
2614:Limousin
2574:Flanders
2569:Dauphiné
2554:Burgundy
2549:Brittany
2529:Auvergne
2438:Heraldry
2417:See also
2344:Lorraine
2159:Auvergne
2122:Limousin
2085:Touraine
2011:Brittany
1900:Provence
1826:Burgundy
1641:Dauphiné
1567:Normandy
1456:cite web
1296:Touraine
1284:Normandy
1266:Lorraine
1254:Gévaudan
1170:Dauphiné
1158:Brittany
1152:Burgundy
1085:Chambéry
963:Besançon
934:Flanders
870:Auvergne
850:Limousin
840:Touraine
814:Brittany
772:Provence
740:Burgundy
733:Bordeaux
718:Poitiers
677:Grenoble
672:Dauphiné
662:Lyonnais
655:Toulouse
638:Normandy
534:and the
484:Beauvais
451:Flanders
447:Toulouse
440:Normandy
436:Burgundy
329:parishes
324:dioceses
208:Dordogne
187:dioceses
146:—
134:Gallish
97:dioceses
2794:Labourd
2734:Bigorre
2719:Agenais
2664:Picardy
2599:Hainaut
2594:Guyenne
2589:Gascony
2564:Corsica
2374::
2337::
2300::
2263::
2226::
2189::
2152::
2115::
2078::
2041::
2004::
1967::
1930::
1893::
1863:Picardy
1856::
1819::
1789:Gascony
1782::
1745::
1708::
1671::
1634::
1597::
1560::
1523::
1486::
1437:Gallica
1249:Gascony
1128:Alençon
1047:Avignon
1003:Ajaccio
999:Corsica
938:Hainaut
854:Limoges
834:Le Mans
798:Moulins
752:Picardy
728:Gascony
724:Guyenne
708:Saintes
632:Orléans
622:Bourges
600:France.
575:) or a
528:Corsica
488:Châlons
475:Langres
260:Belgica
240:Belgica
236:Celtica
204:Aveyron
172:Arverni
168:clients
157:civitas
123:regions
101:duchies
2814:Quercy
2769:Dombes
2739:Bresse
2669:Poitou
2659:Perche
2634:Marche
2519:Artois
2504:Alsace
2490:France
2381:Nièvre
2368:
2331:
2294:
2257:
2233:Artois
2220:
2196:Alsace
2183:
2146:
2109:
2072:
2035:
1998:
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1887:
1850:
1813:
1776:
1752:Poitou
1739:
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1665:
1628:
1591:
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1517:
1480:
1416:
1301:Valois
1278:Marche
1140:Artois
1045:fief (
1023:Nevers
1012:Bastia
994:Verdun
912:Artois
905:Colmar
892:Alsace
830:Perche
819:Rennes
808:Guéret
804:Marche
766:Angers
756:Amiens
714:Poitou
688:Troyes
514:, the
510:, the
506:, the
502:, the
386:Quercy
196:Vienne
192:Ruteni
58:) and
42:, the
2912:]
2905:Tende
2900:Savoy
2834:Velay
2824:Soule
2774:Forez
2744:Bugey
2629:Maine
2539:Berry
2534:Béarn
2524:Aunis
2514:Anjou
1493:Berry
1290:Savoy
1272:Maine
1146:Berry
1134:Anjou
1101:), a
1087:), a
1081:Savoy
1043:Papal
975:Nancy
951:Douai
942:Lille
916:Arras
880:Béarn
844:Tours
826:Maine
762:Anjou
745:Dijon
694:Aunis
643:Rouen
618:Berry
611:Paris
492:Noyon
467:Reims
176:Aedui
85:names
2885:Nice
2865:Dabo
2579:Foix
1462:link
1414:ISSN
1294:22.
1288:37.
1276:19.
1270:21.
1264:32.
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1176:Foix
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1111:Arms
1105:fief
1099:Nice
1095:Nice
1091:fief
1041:, a
992:and
990:Toul
985:Metz
936:and
864:Foix
860:Foix
828:and
726:and
666:Lyon
563:Bold
490:and
473:and
471:Laon
453:and
438:and
382:vici
372:and
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