Province of Westphalia - Knowledge (XXG)

4978: 4800: 4742: 1299:" led to a greater politicisation of Westphalian Catholicism. The liberal Catholic journalist, Johann Friedrich Joseph Sommer wrote "contemporary events, like those of the last ten years, have stirred up the docile Westphalian and have contributed no little degree to bring a kind of religious somnolence to an end." At the same time, Sommer saw the mass unrest in connection with the riots as a precursor of the revolutions of 1848. The "state must give way, for the first time, power quakes before the popular mood." In the 1830s and 1840s, the discussion circles of liberals, democrats, and even some socialists consolidated (e.g. the journal 4483: 2648: 4770: 192: 165: 515: 2512:). In 1871, the province of Westphalia had 1.78 million inhabitants, around 14% more than in 1858. By 1882, the population had grown more than 20% and the growth from then to 1895 was similarly high. In the ten years between 1895 and 1905, the population grew by more than 30%, surpassing 3.6 million. The highest growth took place in Arnsberg district, the centre of Westphalian industry. Between 1818 and 1905, the population of Münster and Minden districts grew by slightly more than 100%, but that of Arnsberg grew by over 400%. 969:), both Protestant and Catholic, recognised that the Prussian government was the prime motor of change. In the longer term, the combination of such different territories into a single province had consequences for identity and self-perception. Throughout the 19th century, there always remained a consciousness of the old territories' pasts, but alongside this a Westphalian self-perception also developed (fostered by the Prussian government). This often came into competition with the developing German national consciousness. 2921: 875: 4580: 177: 4083:. Münster experienced its first bombing raid in 1940 and the city became the target of severe night-time bombing even before the beginning of widespread bombing in 1941. In total, over a thousand people died in the city as a result of aerial attacks. In Bochum, over four thousand died and only 35% of buildings there survived from 1939 to 1945 unscathed. It was very similar in other cities, not just in the Ruhr and the large cities, but also in marginal areas. The cities of Soest and 1601:) had very little representation in Westphalia, compared with the Rhineland. There was a strong labour association in Hamm, which played a leading role in the democratic camp and maintained contacts with the Arbeiterverbrüderung at the same time. In total, the number of democratic and republican associations remained substantially lower than the liberal ones. In the Catholic parts of Westphalia, the first organisations of political Catholicism also developed at this time. The 578:. It combined some territories that had previously belonged to Prussia with a range of other territories that had previously been independent principalities. The population included a large population of Catholics, a significant development for Prussia, which had hitherto been almost entirely Protestant. The politics of the province in the early nineteenth century saw local expectations of Prussian reforms, increased self-government, and a constitution largely stymied. The 1695: 1333: 2814: 2246: 1707: 3956:

camps and another 200 died from exhaustion in the months following the end of the war. Another portion of the Jewish population successfully made it out of the country before 1941. In the whole of Westphalia, the Jewish population sank from around 18,000 in 1933 to a little over 7,000 in 1939. By the beginning of systematic deportation in 1941, the number had fallen to 5,800. Oberpräsident Alfred Meyer participated in the

4295: 1959: 4944: 4420: 4364: 2836:), based on the traditional patterns from the early nineteenth century and the Revolution of 1848, largely monopolised politics in the Catholic parts of the province. The party was focussed on religious confession and was supported regardless of social class by Catholic workers, farmers, bourgeoisie, and nobility. Westphalia was the party's heartland. The party grew out of a meeting of politicians in 4025: 3819: 905:, acceptance of Prussian rule was eased by the fact that Protestantism was the main religion. Catholic areas, like the former prince-bishoprics of Münster and Paderborn and the Duchy of Westphalia, were particularly sceptical of the new lords. The Catholic nobility, which had played a leading role in the old prince-bishoprics, were mostly hostile. Twenty years after the province's establishment, 2050: 36: 2046:) was established. The success of textile enterprises was subsequently a basis for the establishment of iron and metalworking industries in the region. However, the new mechanised industry could not employ the available workforce like the old cottage industry. In the linen-producing areas of Westphalia, poverty and overseas emigration from rural areas rose sharply in the 1830s and 1840s. 5164: 937:). These nobles, who had ruled small principalities of their own before the Napoleonic Wars, retained special privileges of their own well into the nineteenth century. They maintained a certain amount of control or oversight over schools and churches. The second major problem for unification was the question of the redemption of manorial rights by the peasants within the context of 1196:) of 1827 also clearly diverged from the basic ideas of the Prussian reformers. It provided for the election of district councils which were basically drawn from the circle of the landed nobility and gave the people of the districts only a right to present their views for consideration; the appointment was reserved for the king. Equally untimely was the revised civic ordinance ( 4118: 1085:) in 1823 had little impact on the criticism, since they lacked central legislative powers. They had no right to raise taxes, were not involved in the drafting of laws, and had only advisory functions on important matters. The representatives were not allowed to discuss administrative matters and their minutes were subject to censorship. 1480: 3456: 886: 3147:(USPD) in 1917. Although the SPD's membership numbers decreased significantly in Westphalia, only a few local party organisations (like those in Hagen and Schwelm) crossed over to the new party. The Centre Party, which dominated Westphalia, supported the monarchy with all their strength until the end, but among their voters 4546: 1647:

accomplishments, the democrats and constitutional rebels resolved to cooperate, culminating in the "Congress for the matter and rights of the Prussian National Assembly and of the Prussian People" in Münster in 1848. After the Prussian National Assembly was dissolved on 5 December 1848, democratic candidates like

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particular, employers in the iron and steel industry defended their "Lord-of-the-Manor position" by firing workers as necessary. This was enabled by the starkly differentiated internal structure of these companies, which militated against the establishment of a sense of common purpose like that of the miners.

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arrested twenty-eight communists, who were executed in Dortmund's Bittermark forest, along with other detainees and prisoners of war in March and April. Supporters of the SPD were generally less assertive, focussing on maintaining old contacts and exchanging information. Their fragmented organisation

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The daily experience of the war, especially the short phase of significant unemployment immediately after the outbreak of the war, the rising prices, and the food shortages in industrial cities in the second half of the war dampened the initial enthusiasms. Gradually, the existing political system of

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and the crowd immediately joined in with gusto... As more troops marched through the streets, their sympathy for the allied Danube monarchy and their martial enthusiasm is expressed through their singing of patriotic songs. Loud rallies of the locals expressed their enthusiasm. Only late at night did

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The political culture of Westphalia, reflected above all in the long-term shifts in electoral results, was closely linked to the religious and social structure of the province, but also to the political debates of the first half of the nineteenth century. In particular, religion played a central role

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of all mining unions. In total, around 78% of miners in the region participated in the strike. Although it eventually had to break up, it had indirect success, since the Prussian government met many of the workers' demands through revisions to the General Mining Act. In 1912, the Alte Verband, Polish

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In all the industrialised areas of Westphalia, but especially in the Ruhr, the social consequences of industrialisation were substantial. In these areas, the working class became the largest social group by some margin. Immigration meant that the population growth over time was erratic. The supply of

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The new industrial cities only acquired cultural infrastructure, like museums and theatres later on. These were concentrated in the old cities, which had a civic tradition, and did not appear in the newly formed industrial centres until well into the twentieth century. There was little provision for

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in July 1848. In the district of Arnsberg alone, there were twenty-eight such societies by October. In the other two districts, the number of societies was clearly lower and in Münster the local association was split by internal conflicts. The democratic societies only managed to reach an agreement

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are well documented. As in the rest of Germany, the Jewish community in Westphalia was almost completely destroyed. In Dortmund in 1933 there were around 4,000 Jews, of whom 44 had fallen victim to the various persecutory measures by 1939. Over a thousand died between 1940 and 1945 in concentration

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Before 1933, the Westphalian portion of the Ruhr was in no way a "heartland" of the SPD. Although the social democratic "Old Union" was the first workers' union, it was weaker than the Christian unions by the turn of the century, and was subsequently also challenged by a significant Polish workers'

2866:("Westphalian Farmer's Association") had an influential role. The Association primarily represented small- and medium-scale farmers; the landed nobility remained influential well into the Weimar Republic and could take care of themselves politically. In the Münster-Coesfeld electorate, someone like 2611:

were established in the 18th century, these were reduced to "rump universities" with only a limited offering of courses at the beginning of Prussian rule. Münster was only promoted to full university status in 1902. The establishment of higher education in the Ruhr area only really began during the

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At the beginning of the 19th century, Westphalia was already a very economically and socially diverse region. Agriculture was dominant and in many places it was still practiced in very traditional and ineffective ways. In most areas, small and medium farms were most common. Only in the Münsterland

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Alongside increasing secularisation, the social focus of political Catholicism was a reason why the Centre Party lost support in middle-class areas during the Weimar Republic. In Sauerland, the party's support in 1933 had fallen to around 20% of what it had been in 1919. Nevertheless, in Catholic

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and even the noble Baron of Fürstenberg openly called for the establishment of a constitution for Prussia. The question of what such a constitution should look like was fiercely debated. Most nobles, including Fürstenberg, sought a restoration of the old order, while the bourgeoisie pursued early

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A characteristic of the rapidly growing industrial cities was the general absence of the bourgeoisie. The middle class was notably weak. The cities concentrated at first on the most essential infrastructure, like supply routes, rubbish collection, public transport, schools, etc. Improved hygiene

2535:(people who rented a room for only a couple of hours a day) were common. Corporations sought to plug this gap to some extent with company housing or workers' settlements. The ulterior motive for this was the creation of a workforce that was loyal to the corporation and would not engage with the 1761:

alone, there were more than eighty individual breweries. The huge market for agricultural goods in the nearby industrial areas meant that in the fertile parts of the province, agriculture was the dominant industry well into the twentieth century and that it remained a profitable economic sector

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in Germany. This resulted in rapid population growth and the establishment of several new cities which formed the basis of the modern Ruhr urban area. It also led to the development of a strong labour movement, which led several large strikes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

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The majority of the population generally reconciled themselves to the demands of the regime – many of them enthusiastically. The strongest Christian unions in the province hoped to escape from their status as banned free organisations by issuing statements of subservience to the Nazi party and

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Alongside the miners, Westphalian workers in other areas also participated in the labour movement. In the metal industry, these actions were focused on small and medium-sized enterprises and the labour movement was not able to establish a toehold in the larger companies for various reasons. In

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in 1865, the privileges of the "Bergknappen" ("ordinary miners") came to an end, and thereafter miners did not differ from other workers in their employment rights. Initially, they reacted to falling wages, extended hours and other issues as normal, with – generally unsuccessful – petitions to

1118:(presiding officer of the Landtag) did not restrict discussion to purely local matters, and under the surface the constitutional question played an important role in discussions in the Landtag in 1826 and in the next Landtag in 1828. This became even clearer during the Landtag of 1830/31, when 1638:

and Münster, for example. However, the reaction to this election showed that the difference between Catholics and Protestants in Westphalia was as great as ever. In the old Prussian areas, the duty of establishing unity and freedom was seen as resting above all with Prussia, while in Catholic

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In addition, the agrarian reforms which were negatively received by many rural groups, led to growing dissatisfaction. To this were added several bad harvests in the 1840s, which caused the price of food to rise notably, particularly in the cities. Traditional manufacturing also faced a stark

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The active opponents of Nazism in Westphalia were a small minority. A strong motivation for this was religious membership. Around a thousand Catholic priests were at least temporarily arrested or prosecuted. Some were sent to concentration camps, where at least fifteen died. The dismissal of

2757:, although the Christian Miners' Union refused to lend its support. As a result, strike participation reached only about 60%. The strike was prosecuted with great bitterness and violent riots led the police and military to intervene in the end. The strike eventually broke up without success. 3448:

and paramilitary Freikorps troops to put down the rebellion. They acted with considerable brutality, including summary executions of prisoners and the killing of wounded fighters. The government victory cost the lives of over 1,000 workers and about 600 Reichswehr and Freikorps soldiers.

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Only the beginning of the counter-revolution notably increased political excitement. In many parts of Westphalia, the power of the democrats increased, while the discontent of the people with hesitant liberals like Johan Sommer was palpable. In the face of the threat to the revolution's

4869:(Provincial committee). Between 1920 and 1933 the provincial diet was directly elected by the Westphalian electorate. From 1933, in the course of the abolition of parliamentarism in Nazi Germany, the Landeshauptmann was appointed by the central Prussian government, presided over by 3964:. The deportations began in Westphalia on 10 December 1941, with transport from Münsterland. Bielefeld and Arnsberg followed a few days later. By the end of March 1943, there were only around 800 Jews in Westphalia. Most of these were probably protected persons in the context of 3394:

In January 1919, parts of the Westphalian Workers' and Soldiers' Councils were beginning to radicalise. There was a campaign for nationalisation of the mining industry and a widespread strike movement in the Rhinish and Westphalian parts of the Ruhr. On the political right, the

941:. Although a law was passed in 1820 that allowed for redemption through monetary rents, there were also numerous individual regulations and regional peculiarities. Redemption remained controversial until 1848 and prompted significant conflicts in the provincial Landtags in the 952:

One thing that initially contributed to the acceptance of Prussia was the policy of reform which aimed at the establishment of a "civic order". This involved the creation of a predictable system of administration and justice, rights of self-administration for communities, the

3174:. In Westphalia, their members were mostly supporters of the social democratic parties, although in the Catholic parts of the province, some Christian unions also participated. The broad support for the revolution soon waned however, in the context of the elections for the 2494:

The developing industry initially pulled numerous jobseekers mostly from the agriculturally and economically stagnant parts of the province. From around the 1870s, the supply of workers within Westphalia was exhausted and companies increasingly drew workers in from the

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The new province had an area of 20,215 km (7,805 sq mi). The establishment of Westphalia and the neighbouring Rhine Province marked a decisive economic and demographic shift to the west for Prussia. It also marked a significant expansion of the number of

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In many places, yields at the beginning of the nineteenth century were insufficient to support the growing population. The number of poor and landless peasants grew. Many of them sought opportunities to work outside their home regions. Travelling merchants like the

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in several volumes, starting in 1931, which dealt with the question of whether there was a "Westphalian region" in northwest Germany, which was distinct from the rest of the region. The conclusion was not entirely clear. Some people were confident that Lippe,

1565:. The range of political opinions was as diverse as the media landscape. However, conservative groups generally included only protestant officers and officials of the central government. A notable exception was the conservative attitude of rural people in the 2009:

opened the region up to English industrial products. Household-based textile production in particular was not able to compete with this in the long term and eventually disappeared from the market. Conversion to industrial forms of production in and around

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there were infantry battles with heavy casualties over Easter 1945. The opposition proved futile and on 1 April, American troops coming from the south met up with British and Canadian troops coming from the north, encircling the German forces within the

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In petitions, workers' groups and community representatives called on their delegates to speak on behalf of their demands in the national assemblies. In the following months, the political excitement declined markedly. In Catholic areas, the election of

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The resistance of members of the socialist and communist workers' movements was clearly politically motivated. Dortmund was the centre of a communist resistance which continued to renew itself continuously despite arrests. At the beginning of 1945, the

5747:– Auflösung der Provinzen des ehemaligen Landes Preußen in der Britischen Zone und ihre Neubildung als selbständige Länder ("Abolition of the Provinces of the Former State of Prussia in the British Zone and their Re-establishment as Separate States"). 4977: 1461:

was beginning to take hold, like the County of Mark, some factories were attacked. In the cities, there was talk of the appointment of a liberal government and the victory of the revolution was celebrated almost everywhere with parades and

4879:. Kolbow was elected in 1933 (by a provincial diet dominated by Nazi representatives), but his successors were appointed and the diet was officially dissolved in 1934. The task of the Westphalian provincial federation is carried on by the 3539:) placed the existence of the province in question. In response, the provincial administration attempted to use folklore and history to legitimise the idea of a historical "Westphalian region". This led to the publication of a work called 3902: 3561: 4257:

The British abolished the Prussian provinces in their zone on 23 August 1946 in accordance with a decision made by the British cabinet in June 1946. Westphalia was merged with the northern portion of the former Rhine province to form

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in 1870, the enthusiasm also extended to the Catholic parts of the province and to the working class. The local newspaper in Arnsberg recorded, on the occasion of the Austro-Hungarian mobilisation, "Suddenly, someone began the song

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in the same year. Moreover, the strike had clearly shown that organisation was necessary to advocate for workers' interests. On 18 August 1889, what which would later be known as the "Alte Verband" ("Old Union") was established in

2397:. Moreover, older factories grew into massive enterprises with several thousand employees. By the middle of the nineteenth century at the latest, the Westphalian portion of the Ruhr was clearly the economic centre of the province. 4799: 3467:

by French and Belgian troops began on 11 January 1923. This led to a call for a campaign of passive resistance by the Weimar Government, but this was eventually broken. The costs of this were a contributing factor to the start of

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Christian Geinitz and Uta Hinz "Das Augusterlebnis in Südbaden: Ambivalente Reaktionen der deutschen Öffentlichkeit auf den Kriegsbeginn 1914." in Gerhard Hirschfeld, Gerd Krumeich, Dieter Langewiesche, Hans-Peter Ullmann (ed.):

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Before the nineteenth century, the region's economy had been largely agricultural and many rural poor travelled abroad to find work. However, from the late eighteenth century, the coal mining and metalworking industries of the

949:. In the longer term, the fear that the peasants would be expelled from their land by great estates was not fulfilled. Instead, the two western provinces of Prussia remained the areas with the lowest numbers of large estates. 2300:

Regions like Sauerland, which were only connected to the railway network in the 1860s or 1870s, remained economically marginal even in this age of economic growth. Some parts of these regions experienced a marked process of

1067:, wrote as a schoolboy in 1820, that it was not for the "pathetic squabbles of princes" that people had fought in 1813, but so that "justice and law would have to be the foundation of public life as well as citizenship." 5630: 3133:

it finally fall quiet." Similar accounts are recorded from other parts of the province. However, this enthusiasm was not universal. In rural areas and small towns, concern about the war and the future were widespread.

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Within Westphalia, the low cost of labour enabled the expansion of pre-industrial manufacturing, which made products for export. In the "Northwest German linen belt," which stretched from western Münsterland, through

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and pastoral care organisations, which operated in their own language. A particular population profile developed in the mining districts, which differed from the rest of Westphalia in some respects, such as dialect

858:(PrALR) were the fundamental basis of the law. In the Duchy of Westphalia and the two Sayn-Wittgensteiner principalities, however, the old regional legal traditions were retained until the introduction of the 2797:("provincial union"), a body whose members henceforth met as the Westphalian provincial Landtag. Henceforth, the Landtag consisted of the representatives of the districts and cities, elected by means of the 1639:

Westphalia, the establishment of the Frankfurt Parliament was seen as a step towards a united state under Catholic leadership. Thus, the conflict between supporters of the little or greater solutions to the

3795:, rather than a Nazi. He joined the Nazi party after his appointment and his non-Nazi background helped to ensure the acceptance of the new regime in Westphalia. He was replaced by Alfred Meyer in 1938. 2688: 4837:(Provincial Captain). In order to strengthen self-rule in the provinces, the Westphalian provincial diet was reorganised as a legislature composed of representatives elected from the assemblies of the 1324:. Between 1845 and 1854, around 30,000 people left the province, most heading overseas. Almost half of these people came from the crisis-ridden linen-producing areas in the eastern part of Westphalia. 1495:, the political leanings of the candidates were not the decisive factor. Rather, their reputation among the people played a central role in their nomination. In Sauerland, therefore, the conservative 5991: 2542:

The population growth led to the development of a number of towns and villages into large cities. While some cities, like Dortmund and Bochum, had a long civic heritage to look back on, places like

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seemed similar. German nationalism only became a force in Westphalia in the 1840s. In many municipalities, singing clubs were formed, which nurtured national myths. Westphalian participation in the

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in 1826. The high voter turnout shows that, despite all the restrictions, the bourgeoisie saw the Landtag as a forum for the expression of their views (the lower classes had no voting rights). The

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The Centre Party's dominance in Westphalia meant that liberal, conservative, and social democratic movements were restricted to Protestant Westphalia. Thus, leading early social democrats, like

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Westfalen im Zeitalter der Restauration und der Julirevolution 1815–1833. Quellen zur Entwicklung der Wirtschaft, zur materiellen Lage der Bevölkerung und zum Erscheinungsbild der Volksstimmung

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During the Republic, the process of community formation and the establishment of large cities, which had begun in 1875 with Münster, continued and expanded, reaching its peak in 1929 with the

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were established. As a result, some of the pre-industrial areas in Westphalia became marginal and were only able to succeed by concentrating on particular products (e.g. lead production in

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in June 1849. A few Westphalian revolutionaries, like Temme and Waldeck, were later subject to political prosecutions. By summer 1849, Westphalian democrats had already begun departing for

3609:, the Nazi party averaged 44% of the vote across Germany, but only 28.7% in the largely Catholic Münster district, 33.8% in mixed-religion Arnsberg, and 40.7% in mostly Protestant Minden. 2071:

In the ironworking and metalworking areas in southwestern Westphalia, industrial competition from overseas initially had only negative consequences. Some pre-industrial enterprises, like

3566:. A whole series of districts (e.g. Dortmund, Hörde, and Bochum) were abolished and their territory transferred to the neighbouring cities. New territorial arrangements were created for 4310:(Supreme President) as their representative in each province, supervising the implementation of central prerogatives. Between 1920 and 1933 their appointment needed the consent of the 2855:

From the 1890s, social differences led to a clear regional differentiation within the party. In the predominantly rural areas, the Centre Party was usually rather conservative and the

6454: 3440:. During the strike, spontaneously formed workers' councils sprang up across the Ruhr and took control of the region with the support of 50,000 armed workers who quickly formed the 2983:

association. Only in Protestant parts of the coalfields, like Dortmund, was the SPD able to achieve significant power in the period before World War I. The mining workers' leaders,

2882: 5900:

Horst Conrad: Westfalen im Vormärz, pp. 5–13, Wilfried Reininghaus: Sozial- und wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Aspekte des Vormärz in Westfalen und Lippe, pp. 14–21, Ders., Axel Eilts:

4202: 3802:. People in many regions of Westphalia participated in the boycott of Jewish businesses on 1 April. After 1 May 1933, the headquarters of the free labour unions were seized. In 854:

In general, the Prussian administration focussed on the alignment of political institutions and administration, but legally they were distinct. In most parts of Westphalia, the

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Klartext Verlag, Essen 1997, pp. 20f., 24f.; Jürgen Schulte-Hobein, "Kriegsbegeisterung oder Kriegsskepsis? Reaktionen auf den Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges in Westfalen.", in

1202:) of 1831, which heavily restricted the voting right for town councils and provided for organs of self-government which were really just offices of the central government. The 5638: 6449: 3961: 2955:(ADAV) and its successors were strong from its foundation in 1863. Above all, Tölcke was responsible for the establishment of local branches of the party in Iserlohn, Hagen, 1377:. The left also looked to France for their political programme and called for "Wealth, Education, and Freedom for all." There were also countervailing opinions, like that of 3410:

in Münster. When these began to move against the strikers, the strike had reached its peak with 400,000 participants across the coalfields. Externally, calm was restored by

1466:. However, there was also an anti-revolutionary movement, especially in the old Prussian parts of the province. In the County of Mark, this centred around the industrialist 1355:

In Westphalia, there were very diverse reactions to the outbreak of revolution in 1848. The democratic left of the "Rhede Circle" celebrated the coming of a new era in the

5984: 4246:. Its members were drawn according to a fixed pattern from a set of parties that had been newly founded or refounded since the end of the war. The SPD had 35 members, the 2881:

On the other hand, in the industrialised parts of the province, social Catholicism was very strong. This current was particularly strong in the Ruhr and in Sauerland. The

1529:. In constitutional discussions in Berlin, Waldeck and Sommer played notable roles on the left and right respectively. In Frankfurt, Westphalia's representatives included 1337: 4741: 3887:. Initially, German Christians who were closely associated with the regime won most priestly and synodal elections, but in 1934 a noted member of the Confessing Church, 5757: 2727:

began attempts at organisation in the 1880s, but remained insignificant. With respect to unionisation, the miners also provided a model for other groups of workers.

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on 1 May. They were joined spontaneously by numerous other workers. A central strike committee was formed. The workers sought higher wages, the introduction of an

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Marktintegration und Entwicklung der westfälischen Landwirtschaft 1780–1880: marktorientierte ökonomische Entwicklung eines bäuerlich strukturierten Agrarsektors.

3556: 3144: 2964: 2678:, and various other changes. That the miners' old loyalty to authority had not been forgotten is shown by the fact that the strike committee sent a deputation to 3001:

In the Ruhr, the SPD was even more directly affected by the crises of the Weimar Republic than the Centre Party. Disenchantment with the party's approach to the

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was fairly unproductive. Even in the pre-industrial period, some agricultural products were exported. Westphalian ham was a known export commodity, for example.

945:, since these bodies were dominated by the landed nobility. The uncertainties surrounding land ownership were a cause of rural uprisings at the beginning of the 5977: 5698: 4279: 4053: 2901: 1400:" expected "that a constitution would sweep all misery and inequality from the world." He feared instead the "collapse of all order" and general "disorder." 927:

In practice, the incorporation of the region into the Prussian state faced a number of problems. Firstly, the administrative unification was opposed by the

6484: 6479: 6160: 855: 4012:. Including later victims, the total number of Westphalian patients killed is likely to be around three thousand. However, with a few exceptions, the 3605:, their vote in Arnsberg rose to 14%. There were significant differences in their support among different religious groups and social classes. In the 3483: 1104: 3044:

These movements also attracted members of the working class. In Siegerland, the Protestant working class long remained conservatives or adherents of

2102:, which allowed the removal of the ore without stripping off the surface layer. This was employed for the first time in 1837 in the Ruhr region near 3618:

or "Nazification" in Westphalia after 1933 did not differ significantly from the rest of Germany. The new government divided the province into two "

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milieu of Minden-Ravensberg. The vast majority of politically active bourgeoisie joined constitutional or democratic clubs. The liberals founded an

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200 Jahre Westfalen-Jetzt! Katalog zur Ausstellung der Stadt Dortmund, des Landschaftsverbandes Westfalen-Lippe und des Westfälischen Heimatbundes.

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reached Westphalia by train. They were joined in Bielefeld, Münster, and soon throughout the province, by the troops garrisoned there. Everywhere,

6474: 3041:, which gave the rich disproportionate voting power in Prussian elections, and these classes' support for the liberal and conservative movements. 1551:

In the province itself, political clubs and journals of every stripe were established. The spectrum ranged from Catholic and liberal pamphlets to

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The south of the old County of Mark, especially the Hagen-Schwelm electorate, was a stronghold of liberalism, particularly the liberal left-wing

3080: 676: 4146:. German resistance, initially rather determined, dwindled rapidly. During this period, the Nazis carried out various atrocities (known as the 3700:, politicians and civil servants who were associated with the Centre Party or the SPD were fired. These included the head of Arnsberg district 2952: 1745:

encouraged the integration of agricultural activity with the new centres of industrial production. The increased demand led to an expansion of

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were known throughout Germany. Protestant priests were also arrested and sent to concentration camps for similar reasons. In general in the

3622:" (regional party branches), which were the primary means by which it controlled the region. Although the province continued to exist, the 2587:

ceased to play a significant role. On the other hand, the limits of these positive developments are clear from the continued prevalence of

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A precondition for industrial development was the expansion of transport infrastructure. From the end of the 18th century, rural highways (

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levels. Especially in Minden-Ravensberg, pre-industrial linen production played an important role. The fabric was bought up and sold on by

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led to a drastic transformation of the province's society and economy and massive population growth. With the introduction of the General

2269:) began to be constructed, rivers in the lower part of the Ruhr were made navigable for ship traffic, and canals were built. Most of all, 1408: 1350: 1239: 893:

The establishment of the province provoked different reactions in the region. In areas that had already been under Prussian control, like

733:, acquired by Prussia in 1802–03; the northernmost parts of the geographically enormous Bishopric of Münster, however, became part of the 3601:. In Arnsberg it got only 1.6% of the vote. Over the course of the Great Depression, the party's following greatly increased and, in the 2355: 1453:

were attacked and the documents inside were burnt, as people sung songs of freedom. Manors were attacked elsewhere, also, for example in

808:. At the beginning of Prussian rule, the province had around 1.1 million inhabitants, of which 56% were Catholic, 43% Protestant, and 1% 164: 3117:, the same nationalist enthusiasm prevailed in Westphalia as in the rest of Germany. In contrast to the widespread skepticism about the 2683: 2338:

As the nineteenth century progressed, the coal mining industry in the Ruhr grew ever stronger. In the 1850s, Hermannshütte, Rothe Erde,

1285: 1224: 671: 3155: 1094: 582:

led to an effervescence of political activity in the province, but the failure of the revolution was accepted with little resistance.

5209: 4076:, died at Stukenbrock alone. There are similar estimates for Hemer, although the officially recorded number of deaths there is lower. 3983: 3606: 3202: 3061: 2968: 2870:(later Minister-President of Bavaria and Imperial Chancellor) stood as a candidate from 1903 to 1912. Similarly, the later Chancellor 1100: 4114:

was particularly hard-hit with over 800 victims, among them at least 526 victims in a camp for Russian women held for forced labour.

1089: 1048:. This optimistic attitude shifted with the beginning of the Restoration Period, when the absence of a national constitution and the 100: 6107: 5584: 4198: 2908:

areas it generally remained the leading political force and remained the leading party in both of the province's electorates in the

2294: 2286: 1659: 119: 6429: 5254:

Michael Epkenhans, "Westfälisches Bürgertum, preußische Verfassungsfrage und Nationalstaatsgedanke 1830–1871." in Teppe/Epkenhans,

4658: 4638: 4482: 3792: 3212: 3154:

From the beginning of 1918, social unrest increased markedly and there were numerous strikes throughout the province. However, the

1997: 72: 5199: 4653: 4571: 3858:, "I am... deeply religious and it is because of my religious beliefs that I entered this conspiratorial clique." The sermons by 3049: 2774:

milieus, which heavily shaped the lives of their members "from the cradle to the grave." This tendency was less marked among the

2550:

grew from small villages to major centres in a matter of decades. Other settlements that became major industrial cities included

689: 2647: 6459: 4251: 4008:. In total, around 3,000 Westphalian patients were involved, of which around 1,350 have been proven to have been killed at the 2144: 819:

was introduced. The administrative incorporation of the province into the Prussian state was chiefly accomplished by the first

176: 5422:

Karl Rohe, "Vom sozialdemokratischen Armenhaus zur Wagenburg der SPD. Politischer Strukturwandel nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg."

3182:(USPD). At the same time, there was even some support for the establishment of an independent "Rhinish-Westphalian Republic." 2290: 1585: 490: 476: 462: 448: 434: 420: 406: 392: 378: 364: 79: 6425: 6321: 5540: 4885: 4880: 3038: 2798: 2274: 57: 4162:. The surrender of the last units of the German army on 18 April 1945 marked the end of the Second World War in Westphalia. 3706: 3479: 2633:

government administration. Increasingly, they began to adopt the forms of action used by other groups of workers. The first

2083:

and cottage metalworking enterprises was the establishment of a modern metalworking industry in Westphalia itself, based on

1631: 726: 5726:

Brautmeier, Jürgen (1986). "Der Weg zum Landesparlament. Die Provinzialräte der Nord-Rheinprovinz und Westfalens 1945/46".

5003: 4769: 4604: 4469: 4389: 6464: 4566: 4413: 3994: 3862: 3822: 2845: 2817: 1545: 1374: 1011:, the desire for a constitution was clearly articulated from the beginning. Draft constitutions were issued by Sommer and 946: 730: 2722: 2350: 4599: 3880: 3602: 3598: 3076: 3065: 2909: 2555: 2386:). Even more new pit mines and mining companies were established in the Ruhr region in the following years, such as the 1982: 1825:

at home in winter and then travel to the Netherlands to sell it the following summer, developed from the Hollandgänger.

1366: 773: 481: 86: 4998: 4384: 2920: 1992: 688:

in 1815 that the Province of Westphalia came into being. Although Prussia had long owned territory in Westphalia, King

6469: 6056: 3495: 2717: 1917: 1710: 777: 467: 6068: 3855: 3701: 3452:

As part of the democratisation of Prussia, voting for the Westphalian Landtag was changed to equal suffrage in 1921.

3037:

and a comparatively strong middle class, the SPD was unable to dominate the political landscape. This was due to the

1776: 983: 5372: 2319: 1306: 1078: 978: 666:

territories and only a relatively small part of the region of Westphalia. After the reconquest of the region by the

6212: 6023: 4842: 4508: 4503: 3870: 3798:

Numerous party supporters and functionaries (especially from the workers' parties) were arrested and spent time in

3217: 3022: 2886: 2026: 1488: 1382: 861: 191: 68: 5685:

Wilfried Reininghaus, "Zwangsarbeit und Zwangsarbeiter in Westfalen 1939–1945. Quellen des Staatsarchivs Münster"

4052:

in agriculture, factories, and mines was the first major change that the war brought to the province. The largest

3516:

in 1923, the political and economic situation in the province stabilised for several years. However, in 1928, the

3137:

the province began to lose legitimacy. Within the social democratic workers' unions and the SPD, criticism of the

2861: 2747: 2731: 2656: 2634: 2116: 1053: 46: 6362: 6358: 6228: 6200: 5514:

Hungerblockade und Heimatfront. Die kommunale Lebensmittelversorgung in Westfalen während des Ersten Weltkrieges.

4009: 3436:

in Berlin. Radical left workers used the strike as an opportunity to attempt the establishment of a soviet-style

3072: 2031: 1737:, were especially suitable for agriculture. On the other hand, agriculture in Minden-Ravensberg and the southern 1672: 1404: 1301: 1203: 1073: 1064: 1058: 2856: 2314: 2111: 6313: 6191: 6097: 4532: 4179: 4151: 3799: 3669: 3175: 3086: 3068:. The socialist parties did not manage to gain a foothold in Siegerland until the time of the Weimar Republic. 2852:

were among the leading politicians in the establishment of the party who came from the province of Westphalia.

2849: 2752: 2736: 2661: 2639: 1621: 954: 816: 738: 6010: 4735: 4224: 3788: 3517: 3207: 2604: 2015: 1963: 2682:. Although he criticised the strike, he agreed to launch an official investigation of the strikes. Since the 2207: 1578:

at a congress in September 1848. In Münster, the local democratic association had at least 350 members. The

1504: 1049: 6259: 5570: 5566: 4171: 3965: 3888: 3222: 3171: 2971:(SDP). After this, Tölcke ran as the party's main candidate in Westphalia. In Bielefeld, personalities like 2779: 1867: 1842: 1648: 1559: 1361:, "The people of Europe, freed from the oppressive nightmare, have almost caught their breath." The journal 411: 5059: 4845:

in 1886. These districts and cities then formed a public-law corporation called the provincial federation (

4537: 4072:, but there were several others in the province. According to some estimates, over 65,000 soldiers, mostly 3763: 2696:

The strike in the Westphalian and Rheinish coal mining areas provided a model for miners in Sauerland, the

2175: 1139: 6334: 6264: 6127: 6092: 5963: 5044: 4670: 4579: 4259: 3679: 3575: 3464: 2933: 2925: 2829: 2666:, in which roughly 90% of the 104,000 miners then working in the region participated. The strike began in 2202: 1875: 1281:

In addition to the disappointment about the failure of the promised reforms to materialise, the arrest of

1154: 619: 508: 425: 3998: 3723: 2325: 1886: 1862:, parts of the Duchy of Westphalia, and the Sauerland, which extended over the provincial borders to the 1439: 1424: 1386: 1038: 1012: 6398: 6394: 6347: 6183: 4705: 4440: 3777: 3697: 2625: 2180: 2159: 2088: 1988: 1807: 1771: 1570: 1566: 1282: 1228: 1144: 1119: 639: 591: 552: 397: 5150: 4229: 4183: 3859: 3826: 2787: 2697: 2339: 1796: 1667: 1509: 999: 4274:

on 25 February 1947, the province had disappeared from the political stage. After the founding of the

3400: 3064:

voters. Stoecker was elected to the Reichstag in the Siegen-Wittgenstein-Biedenkopf electorate in the

2805:

for the province, known as the Landeshauptman or "Headman of the State" (Landesdirektor before 1889).

1936: 6367: 6277: 6241: 6072: 6036: 5027: 4838: 4826: 4271: 4099: 3752: 3745: 3661: 3645: 3549: 3415: 2841: 2783: 2608: 2228: 2194: 2020: 1968: 1653: 1492: 1435: 1187: 964: 751: 712: 635: 544: 5631:"Übersicht der NSDAP-Gaue, der Gauleiter und der Stellvertretenden Gauleiter zwischen 1933 und 1945" 5121: 5091: 4929: 3728: 3444:. After the German government's attempts to negotiate a peaceful settlement failed, it sent in both 3025:(KPD) was already a mass party before the Great Depression, while the SPD fell into the background. 1043: 874: 93: 6325: 6305: 6287: 6061: 6052: 5969: 5064: 4891: 4263: 4125:

Towards the end of March 1945, the ground war also reached the territory between the Rhine and the

3835: 3768: 3139: 3122: 3118: 2937: 2361: 2302: 2133: 2057: 1880: 1782: 1534: 1519: 1496: 1289: 1108: 1006: 848: 762: 704: 655: 647: 611: 579: 453: 335: 4964: 4129:. There was frequent heavy fighting between German and allied troops. In the forested area around 2523: 2217: 1811: 1694: 1634:

by the Frankfurt Parliament was met with great enthusiasm and patriotic celebrations were held in

1169: 6402: 6382: 6374: 6282: 6248: 6119: 6084: 6077: 5453: 4210: 4103: 4080: 3957: 3905: 3893: 3807: 3712: 3580: 3521: 2948: 2890: 2867: 2802: 2330: 2006: 1891: 1663: 1243: 1159: 1027: 938: 912: 734: 685: 571: 548: 197: 4107: 4029: 3734: 2967:(SDAP) in 1875 to form the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SAP), which was later redubbed the 2885:

there were mostly stronger than their social-democratic competitors. Westphalian Catholics like

2629: 2344: 1605:

were established in many places, but were focused on the association in the provincial capital.

1514:

were all elected. Leading Westphalians in the Prussian National Assembly included the democrats

4003: 2713: 1444: 1429: 1391: 1017: 6417: 6176: 6171: 6155: 6147: 6140: 6135: 5915: 5860:. Bd. 2: Das 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Politik und Kultur. Düsseldorf 1983, ISBN 3-590-34212-9. 5580: 5205: 4870: 4357: 4313: 4283: 4013: 3926: 3884: 3567: 2984: 2940:, came from Catholic Sauerland, but began their careers in the neighbouring Protestant areas. 2775: 2679: 2129: 2053: 1987:

At the start of the nineteenth century, parts of the province were the first areas to see the

1901: 1742: 1467: 1458: 1271: 1267: 1135: 928: 894: 878: 840: 828: 769: 744: 693: 615: 439: 369: 327: 5960:

Kirchen-Ordnung für die evangelischen Gemeinden der Provinz Westphalen und der Rhein-Provinz.

4710: 4445: 3782: 1242:, the importance of the constitutional question in Westphalia was not matched by interest in 1124: 6219: 6041: 6018: 5948:

Expansion und Integration. Zur Eingliederung neugewonnener Gebiete in den preußischen Staat.

5445: 4793: 4305: 4267: 4214: 4045: 3975: 3919: 3774: 3010: 2944: 2600: 2376: 2245: 2171: 1612: 1530: 1515: 1450: 1255: 1180: 989: 851:. The borders of the province were slightly altered in 1851 and during the Weimar Republic. 834: 822: 723: 5155: 4079:

The war touched the civilian population of Westphalia directly for the first time with the

2813: 2792: 2583:

conditions brought the death rate down markedly, especially among children. Epidemics like

1801: 1706: 1457:. This rural revolt was quickly defeated by the military. In the areas of Westphalia where 1332: 6390: 6028: 5633:[Overview of Nazi Gaue, the Gauleiter and assistant Gauleiter from 1933 to 1945]. 5096: 4832: 4628: 4319: 4194: 4092: 4049: 3989:

In hospitals and nursing homes under direct provincial control, the number of dead in the

3851: 3749: 3619: 3614: 3437: 3179: 3167: 3159: 3128: 3114: 3053: 2871: 2771: 2536: 2500: 2387: 2238:), and other places. These new coal-powered ironworks were far more productive than their 2099: 1927:

at Iserlohn). These businesses were partially cooperative and organised into a network by

1863: 1738: 1640: 1579: 1573:

of constitutional societies in the provinces of Rhineland and Westphalia at a congress in

1463: 1275: 667: 575: 560: 536: 331: 208: 2309:

took over, from that point on practiced in a sustainable manner. Only a few places, like

1941: 1733:

and Paderborn regions were larger establishments widespread. These areas, as well as the

1262:

colours have no meaning to the peace-loving inhabitants of this land." Public feeling in

992:

were particularly hopeful for the promulgation of a constitution. In newspapers like the

815:

With the foundation of the province, the new administrative structure created during the

5926:

Westfälisches Bürgertum, preußische Verfassungsfrage und Nationalstaatsgedanke 1830–1871

5497:

Kriegserfahrungen. Studien zur Sozial- und Mentalitätsgeschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges.

3552:, and other areas outside the province belonged to the historical "Westphalian region." 2975:

had a substantial impact on political life from the Empire until the early years of the

2366: 1787: 1539: 1294: 6297: 6032: 5837:

Geschichte Westfalens. Das Land zwischen Rhein und Weser vom 8. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert

5032: 4943: 4294: 4206: 4095: 3842:

Oberpräsident Ferdinand Lüninck in 1938 and his later execution in connection with the

3757: 3420: 3405: 3045: 2995: 2837: 2742: 2702: 2675: 2563: 2547: 2392: 2233: 1958: 1947: 1913: 1792: 1734: 1626: 1500: 1317: 1259: 1251: 898: 793: 708: 607: 3947:, during and after 9 November 1938, synagogues were burnt and in some places, such as 2528: 2222: 1816: 1174: 6443: 6207: 5832: 5660: 5457: 5126: 4934: 4138: 4041: 3943: 3441: 3429: 3411: 3148: 3090: 3057: 3002: 2972: 2956: 2543: 2310: 2155: 2076: 1725: 1678: 906: 844: 781: 692:

made no secret of the fact that he would have preferred to annex the entirety of the

556: 495: 383: 215: 201: 5436:

D. A. Jeremy Telman (1995). "Adolf Stoecker: Anti-Semite with a Christian mission".

4419: 4363: 3432:

broke out following the call for a general strike in protest against the right-wing

1666:. The end of the revolution in Westphalia came with the comprehensive defeat of the 917: 6329: 6195: 5811: 4763: 4275: 3997:. Mentally disabled children were killed at Nidermarsberg in the Sauerland, in the 3979: 3970: 3930: 3875: 3847: 3846:

were religiously motivated. This is also documented by the statement of the jurist

3843: 3674: 3653: 2976: 2770:

in Westphalia. As in the rest of Germany this led to the formation of Catholic and

2588: 2504: 2138: 1928: 1905: 1838: 1524: 1370: 1342: 1113: 643: 599: 564: 4240:("Provincial Council") was established, to advise the military government and the 4024: 3818: 3545: 2716:. The Christian Miners' Union was founded in 1894 and a Polish Union in 1902. The 1834: 5933:

Rheinland und Westfalen: „Reichslande“ im wilhelminischen Kaiserreich (1888–1918)

5911:. Münster, 2008 (Sonderausgabe für die Landeszentrale für politische Bildung NRW) 5291:

Neues Archiv für Preußisches Recht und Verfahren sowie für deutsches Privatrecht.

4969: 4188: 4091:

suffered massive damage from allied bombardment. On the night of 16–17 May 1943,

17: 6223: 4143: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4037: 3806:, the local union chief subsequently killed himself. On 10 May 1933, there were 3487: 3433: 3034: 3014: 2840:

in the 1860s, to discuss the foundation of a Catholic political party. The 1870

2825: 2509: 2072: 2049: 1830: 1608: 1220: 716: 603: 35: 5163: 4234:), Minden and Münster. At the beginning of 1946, a new political assembly, the 3717: 3158:

was sparked by external forces. On 8 November 1918, mutinying sailors from the

2895: 2693:

indicated a willingness to make concessions, the strike gradually petered out.

2093: 2062: 1179:. Even among the landed nobility, there were supporters of liberalism, such as 1032: 5385:

Das Öffentliche Gesundheitswesen im Regierungs-Bezirk Arnsberg: Gesamtbericht.

5076: 4890:, which was established in 1953 and also includes the territory of the former 4130: 3594: 3571: 3535:

During the Weimar Republic, discussion on a national reform of the provinces (

3513: 3491: 3445: 3097: 2960: 2496: 2167: 2107: 1859: 1767: 1635: 1602: 1397: 1321: 1235: 1131: 942: 902: 805: 663: 651: 225: 5792:

Rheinland, Westfalen und Preußen in ihrem gegenseitigen Verhältnis 1815–1945.

5744: 5411:

Das Westfälische Zentrum 1918–1933: politische Kultur im katholischen Milieu.

5201:

The Origins of Christian Democracy: Politics and Confession in Modern Germany

3739: 5909:

Preussen im Westen. Kampf um den Parlamentarismus in Rheinland und Westfalen

5902:

Fünfzehn Revolutionsmonate. Die Provinz Westfalen vom März 1848 bis Mai 1849

4159: 4088: 4087:, for example, were mostly destroyed, and even small rural settlements like 3990: 3866: 3638: 3557:

Law on the communal restructuring of the Rhinish-Westphalian industrial area

3396: 3166:

were established, which generally supported the revolutionary government of

3018: 2592: 2571: 2372: 2250: 2037: 2011: 1974: 1552: 1420: 1263: 801: 4223:

of the province. New heads of government were also appointed for Arnsberg (

3978:

of Schmallenberg, who later wrote about his experiences, and the family of

1454: 555:

from 1815 to 1946. In turn, Prussia was the largest component state of the

3974:. After the war only a few of them returned to the region. These included 2381: 2040:

in Europe. In 1862, the "Bielfeld Action Society for Mechanical Weaving" (

1749:. Cereals produced in the province were an important raw material for the 1479: 590:

in the south of the province expanded rapidly, becoming the centre of the

4155: 4134: 4084: 3952: 3948: 3925:

In Dortmund and other large Westphalian cities there were also groups of

3850:, who was born in Paderborn and grew up in Warburg, who replied to judge 2989: 2559: 2306: 2264: 2239: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2163: 1897: 1871: 1781:

became a symbol of the region. In the northern part of the province, the

1758: 1746: 1721: 1574: 1378: 1023: 755: 4851:). The elected speaker of the provincial diet, who was initially titled 3901: 3033:

In growing cities like Dortmund and Bielefeld, which had a considerable

1904:

and made into finished products in the western part of the region (e.g.

1320:. A consequence of the difficult social situation was the high level of 6167: 6001: 5449: 4170:

After the Second World War, the Province of Westphalia was part of the

4117: 3993:

was high. Most adult patients were killed outside the province, at the

3929:, an informal youth movement which passively and actively resisted the 3914: 3474: 2708: 2584: 2517: 2270: 2254: 1750: 148: 5829:

Aschendorff-Verlag, Münster 2011, ISBN 978-3-402-12793-3, pp. 113–208.

5326:

Für Freiheit und Recht. Westfalen und Lippe in der Revolution 1848/49.

5267:

zu den Anfangsjahren der Provinz etwa: Karl Teppe, Michael Epkenhans:

3060:

ideas on labour and tried to provide an alternative for disillusioned

2943:

The County of Mark and the area around Bielfeld were early hotbeds of

2595:, and the general strain on the environment from mining and industry. 1419:, rural uprisings broke out in parts of Westphalia, especially in the 1149:

among others. Other members of the "opposition" included the mayor of

754:

which had been annexed by France in 1810 and the southern part of the

6102: 5896:

Für Freiheit und Recht. Westfalen und Lippe in der Revolution 1848/49

5616:

Klaus Wisotzky, "Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei," in

4111: 3803: 3791:, an unusual appointment, since he had been a Catholic member of the 3189: 2667: 2551: 2122: 1909: 1699: 1416: 1412: 1278:

was considerable. A lively mass of associations and clubs developed.

1165: 958: 901:, the return to their old connection with Prussia was celebrated. In 765:, placed under Prussian rule in 1816 following the Congress of Vienna 659: 5527:

Die Revolution 1918/19 in Westfalen und Lippe als Forschungsproblem.

3079:, when the Minden-Lübbecke electorate went over to the liberal left 3013:

in the 1930s led many workers to move to the far left, initially to

2655:

In 1889, the pent-up anger of the previous decades was unleashed in

5806:

Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Rheinlands und Westfalens.

3455: 2874:, who belonged to the far right wing of the party, came from rural 885: 5398:

Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Rheinlands und Westfalens

4175: 4126: 4116: 4069: 4023: 3922:

generally went undetected by the secret police until around 1937.

3900: 3817: 2919: 2904:, were prominent individuals who were engaged in social politics. 2812: 2671: 2646: 2567: 2282: 2278: 2244: 2213: 2103: 2080: 2048: 1957: 1822: 1705: 1693: 1607: 1478: 1331: 1247: 1219: 1150: 884: 873: 789: 5884:. Red. Anselm Faust et al., Düsseldorf 1993, ISBN 3-491-34230-9. 703:

regions in Westphalia under Prussian rule since before 1800 (the

5572:

Weimar 1918–1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie

4778: 4545: 4073: 3597:

was a totally insignificant splinter party in Westphalia in the

3585:

was founded as a communal organisation for all the Ruhr cities.

2875: 2621: 2084: 1950:

was active from the beginning of the 17th century, for example.

1932: 1855: 1754: 809: 587: 5973: 4825:

The provincial diet, until 1886 represented by the Westphalian

4016:

managed to prevent the murder of its patients through to 1945.

3472:. During the period of hyperinflation, Westphalia printed some 2651:"Comrades!" Advertisement of a meeting, miners' strike of 1889. 29: 5937:

Rheinland, Westfalen und Preußen – eine Beziehungsgeschichte.

5827:

Rheinland, Westfalen und Preußen – eine Beziehungsgeschichte.

5823:

Rheinland und Westfalen als preußische Provinzen (1814–1888).

5501:

An der „Heimatfront“ Westfalen und Lippe im Ersten Weltkrieg.

5471:

An der „Heimatfront“ Westfalen und Lippe im Ersten Weltkrieg.

4201:. The headquarters of the British occupation authority, the " 2644:

took place in 1872. It was local, limited, and unsuccessful.

2746:

Union and the Hirsch-Dunckersche Union joined together in a

5712:

Ralf Blank, "Kriegsendphase und Heimatfront in Westfalen."

5577:

Weimar 1918–1933. The History of the FIrst German Democracy

5289:

Johann Friedrich Josef Sommer, "Juristische Zeitläufe." in

1396:, who spoke of a "disgraceful event", in which the "simple 1274:

construction festival and the gatherings in support of the

758:

were acquired by Prussia in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna,

3711:. Some members of the provincial Landtag and mayors, like 3414:, the leading social democrat in Bielefeld and a Prussian 2162:

furnace in Westphalia. Later, the works were relocated to

5579:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 125, 134. 4863:

in 1889, was also head of the provincial government, the

4282:

on 23 May 1949, North-Rhine Westphalia became one of the

4266:

was merged into North Rhine-Westphalia, becoming part of

3505:. In practice, only the 1921 coins were actually used as 2158:

and in 1826 in the same place they established the first

5363:

Nordrhein-Westfalen. Landesgeschichte im Lexikon, p. 46.

5056: 3873:

of Westphalia, Protestant churches were enmeshed in the

3178:, as Catholics opposed the "new Kulturkapf" of Minister 1935:

was exported for neighbouring regions from early times.

1483:

Proclamation of the Iserlohn Security Committee May 1849

5637:(in German). Zukunft braucht Erinnerung. Archived from 4110:, causing a flood which killed at least 1,579 people. 3744:

in Hagen, were removed because they refused to fly the

2273:

were the motor of industrial development. In 1847, the

831:. The province was divided administratively into three 804:

in Prussia, which had hitherto been nearly exclusively

5944:

Die Eingliederung Westfalens in den preußischen Staat.

5935:. In: Georg Mölich, Veit Veltzke, Bernd Walter (ed.): 3908:

memorial for those killed at Bittermark in early 1945.

3096:

Most liberal and conservative voters went over to the

2043:

Bielefelder Actiengesellschaft für mechanische Weberei

1134:

ideas. In this, Bracht was supported by industrialist

570:

The province was formed and awarded to Prussia at the

5876:

Zwischen Besatzungsregime und politischer Neuordnung.

5373:

Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich 1939/40

5269:

Westfalen und Preußen. Integration und Regionalismus.

3191:

Provincial Landtag Elections 1921–1933 (vote %)

2998:

were among the leading social democrats in the Ruhr.

2002:

it was among the economic hubs of the German Empire.

650:

in 1807. Although named for the historical region of

5920:

Westfalen und Preußen. Integration und Regionalismus

5891:

In: Westfälische Forschungen 55 (2005), pp. 423–469.

5825:

In: Georg Mölich, Veit Veltzke, Bernd Walter (ed.):

5801:

In: Westfälische Forschungen 55 (2005), pp. 361–421.

3762:(Centre Party) was fired and replaced with the Nazi 3143:(policy of party truce) led to the formation of the 2324:, saw new industrial developments. The expansion of 2079:, disappeared. More devastating for the old village 670:

in 1813, it was put under the administration of the

6345: 6239: 6118: 6009: 5864:

Die Provinz Westfalen und das Land Lippe 1813–1933.

3962:

Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories

3425:, although he did not actually defuse the tension. 2087:from the Ruhr. Decisive for the development of the 2014:enabled a transition to the new circumstances. The 323: 301: 291: 279: 261: 249: 239: 231: 221: 207: 134: 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3898:, was elected as the head of the church province. 3399:began to form in the province on the lines of the 2741:broke out in the Bochum region, which grew into a 2684:Dortmund District Association for Mining Interests 2620:The rapid expansion of mining and industry in the 699:The province was formed from several territories: 672:General government between the Weser and the Rhine 4900:Landeshauptmänner for the Province of Westphalia 3524:of 200,000 workers showed how fragile peace was. 2570:(now on the edge of the mining area), as well as 5882:Nordrhein-Westfalen. Landesgeschichte im Lexikon 5794:In: Westfälische Zeitschrift 133/1983, pp. 37ff. 5618:Nordrhein-Westfalen. Landesgeschichte im Lexikon 4203:Control Commission for Germany – British Element 3509:. The other issues had a "medallion character". 3463:Normality was shortlived in the Ruhr, since the 2844:was one of the founding documents of the party. 1724:(ca. 1850), a pre-industrial factory, producing 973:Constitutional debate and the Restoration Period 4328:Oberpräsidenten for the Province of Westphalia 3810:in cities of the provinces, including Münster. 3071:Minden-Ravensberg remained a stronghold of the 1090:Provinziallandtag of the Province of Westphalia 5939:Aschendorff-Verlag, Münster 2011, pp. 209–287. 5799:Kriegsendphase und „Heimatfront“ in Westfalen. 5304:Die Revolution 1848/49 in Westfalen und Lippe. 5118: 5088: 5024: 3145:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany 6455:States and territories disestablished in 1946 5985: 5699:Article of Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe 5204:. University of Michigan Press. p. 141. 4873:, and became subject to the authority of the 4302:The Prussian central government appointed an 4213:in August 1945. In July 1945, they appointed 1070:The establishment of provincial parliaments ( 870:Reaction to the establishment of the province 8: 5777:appointed by the British military government 4874: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4830: 4311: 4303: 4241: 4235: 4218: 4178:was also the border between the British and 2612:expansion of higher education in the 1960s. 2521: 2262: 2041: 1846: 1583: 1557: 1471: 1356: 1207: 1197: 1191: 1071: 1026:. Other participants in the debate included 993: 962: 932: 910: 859: 832: 820: 137: 3951:, Jewish citizens were murdered. Events in 2965:Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany 2878:and had his political base in Münsterland. 2516:housing was insufficient and, in the Ruhr, 2277:completed a west-east branch line from the 1438:. Some of the buildings of the stewards of 6450:States and territories established in 1815 5992: 5978: 5970: 5889:Die westfälische NSDAP im „Dritten Reich“. 5866:pp. 45–165, Alfred Hartlieb von Wallthor: 5162: 4976: 4942: 4798: 4768: 4740: 4578: 4544: 4481: 4418: 4362: 3656:(1931–1945, also Oberpräsident from 1938) 3626:system largely superseded it in practice. 2404: 1854:In southern Westphalia, there was a major 1806:from east Westphalia and the neighbouring 1503:Johann Friedrich Sommer, and the democrat 856:General State Laws for the Prussian States 190: 131: 5894:Wilfried Reinighaus, Horst Conrad (ed.): 5324:Wilfried Reinighaus, Horst Conrad (ed.): 4682: 2902:People's Association for Catholic Germany 2503:workers established their own societies, 2145:Mechanische Werkstätten Harkort & Co. 957:, and the liberation of the economy from 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 5352:Westfalen im Zeitalter der Restauration. 5243:Westfalen im Zeitalter der Restauration. 5228:Mannheim 1839, p. 202, cited in Conrad, 4896: 4324: 4298:Map of the Province of Westphalia (1905) 4293: 3748:from the roofs of their town halls. The 3628: 3454: 2170:. Further ironworks were established in 1643:intersected with religious affiliation. 1586:Allgemeine Deutsche Arbeiterverbrüderung 5190: 4881:Regional Federation of Westphalia-Lippe 4250:30, the KPD 20, the Centre 10, and the 3787:(Centre Party) was also replaced, with 1470:, who promoted his views in his famous 1411:in various parts of Germany, including 1381:superintendent and later member of the 909:called the Rhenanians and Westphalians 248: 238: 230: 220: 5853:. Düsseldorf 1994, ISBN 3-491-34231-7. 3960:in his role as state secretary in the 3918:meant that the group revolving around 3478:("emergency money") with portraits of 3459:50 million mark coin, Westphalia, 1923 1841:, household production developed into 881:, first Oberpräsident of the province. 245:20,215 km (7,805 sq mi) 5922:. Paderborn 1991, ISBN 3-506-79575-9. 5868:Die landschaftliche Selbstverwaltung. 5839:. Paderborn 1998, ISBN 3-89710-050-9. 4182:, while the Westphalian districts of 3170:and supported the establishment of a 3093:, who held Hagen-Schwelm until 1906. 1698:Sculpture depicting a Hollandgänger, 1403:After news reached Westphalia of the 1328:Revolution of 1848-1849 in Westphalia 602:, the province was combined with the 318: 314: 300: 290: 286: 274: 260: 256: 213: 7: 4894:, which was disestablished in 1947. 4567:Eberhard von der Recke von der Horst 2407:Population growth in Westphalia 1931:. In the southern part of the Ruhr, 1858:extraction and processing region in 1369:supported the introduction of a new 961:. The educated bourgeois class (the 866:(civil law code) on 1 January 1900. 58:adding citations to reliable sources 5539:Scriba, Arnulf (1 September 2014). 5271:Paderborn 1991, ISBN 3-506-79575-9. 4857:(Provincial Director), but renamed 4270:district. Even before the official 4150:, "end-phase crimes"), such as the 3129:Deutschland, Deutschland über alles 3104:First World War and Weimar Republic 2953:General German Workers' Association 2401:Population growth and social change 2351:Hörder Bergwerks- und Hütten-Verein 2242:-based pre-industrial equivalents. 1837:, and Minden-Ravensberg, to modern 1599:General German Workers' Brotherhood 1286:Clemens August Droste zu Vischering 1246:, which was very low. The mayor of 1225:Clemens August Droste zu Vischering 6485:1940s disestablishments in Prussia 5898:. Münster 1999, ISBN 3-402-05382-9 5543:[The March Battles 1919]. 4600:Karl, Prince of Ratibor and Corvey 4318:(provincial diet), in those years 3984:Central Council of Jews in Germany 3937:Persecution of Jews and euthanasia 2969:Social Democratic Party of Germany 2963:by 1875. The ADAV merged with the 2786:and cities of Westphalia formed a 2616:Social disruption and unionisation 2297:was established in the same year. 25: 6480:1946 disestablishments in Germany 5328:Münster 1999, ISBN 3-402-05382-9. 4829:, elected their president titled 4385:Justus Wilhelm Eduard von Schaper 3576:Siedlungsverband Ruhrkohlenbezirk 2295:Royal Westphalian Railway Company 2287:Bergisch-Markisch Railway Company 780:, along with the principality of 574:in 1815, in the aftermath of the 5872:Die nationalsozialistische Zeit. 5816:Politische Geschichte Westfalens 5663:[Gau Westphalia-South]. 5400:. Köln 1995, ISBN 3-17-013320-9. 2718:Hirsch-Dunckersche Gewerkvereine 2499:and beyond. The large number of 1711:Maste-Barendorf historic factory 1063:, who was later a member of the 995:Rheinisch-Westfälischen Anzeiger 513: 488: 474: 460: 446: 432: 418: 404: 390: 376: 362: 175: 163: 34: 5768:titled land director until 1889 4790: 4760: 4732: 4702: 4650: 4625: 4036:Aside from the transition to a 3593:As in the rest of Germany, the 3164:workers' and soldiers' councils 3009:between 1921 and 1923, and the 2916:Social democrats and communists 2900:, who were both leaders of the 2603:. Although the universities of 2253:of the Zeche Prosper-Haniel in 1658:managed to win election to the 1351:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1240:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1238:, the period leading up to the 45:needs additional citations for 6475:1815 establishments in Prussia 5942:Alfred Hartlieb von Wallthor: 5851:Kleine Westfälische Geschichte 5808:Köln 1995, ISBN 3-17-013320-9. 3793:German National People's Party 3512:After the introduction of the 3039:Prussian three-class franchise 2799:Prussian three-class franchise 2591:, work-related illnesses like 2275:Cologne-Minden Railway Company 1216:Lead-up to the 1848 Revolution 979:Johann Friedrich Joseph Sommer 889:Johann Friedrich Joseph Sommer 563:and from 1918 to 1933, and of 1: 6000:Territories and provinces of 5821:Jürgen Herres, Bärbel Holtz: 5635:zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de 5545:Deutsches Historisches Museum 4504:Robert Eduard von Hagemeister 4414:Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell 3995:Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre 3863:Clemens August Graf von Galen 3823:Clemens August Graf von Galen 3814:Reconciliation and resistance 3100:during the Great Depression. 2846:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler 2818:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler 2624:region in the context of the 2154:, a mechanised ironworks, in 1546:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler 1375:French revolutionary calendar 196:Westphalia (red), within the 5302:Wilfried Reininghaus (ed.): 5147: 4995: 4961: 4926: 4685:Felix Friedrich von Merveldt 4629:Felix Friedrich von Merveldt 3854:during the trial before the 3077:1912 German federal election 3066:1881 German federal election 2910:1930 German federal election 2497:eastern provinces of Prussia 2487: 2479: 2471: 2463: 2455: 2447: 2439: 2431: 2423: 1983:Industrialization in Germany 1753:that developed first in the 1054:Dietrich Wilhelm Landfermann 977:Bourgeois Westphalians like 482:Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein 5758:British military government 5424:Geschichte und Gesellschaft 5226:Preußen und das Preußentum. 4276:Federal Republic of Germany 3480:Annette von Droste-Hülshoff 2977:Federal Republic of Germany 2305:. Instead, in many places, 2106:. In Westphalia, the first 2056:'s factory in the ruins of 1810:also migrated to work. The 468:Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg 6501: 6024:Margraviate of Brandenburg 5946:In: Peter Baumgart (ed.): 5413:Diss. Uni Bielefeld, 1994. 3081:Progressive People's Party 3052:, which combined a strong 3029:Liberals and conservatives 3023:Communist Party of Germany 2857:Westfälischer Bauernverein 2635:miners' strike in the Ruhr 2313:with its concentration on 2291:Elberfeld–Dortmund railway 2166:where they developed into 2112:Zeche Vereinigte Präsident 1980: 1821:, in which men would make 1489:Prussian National Assembly 1383:Prussian National Assembly 1348: 924:("have-to-be-Prussians"). 839:("government districts"): 559:from 1871 to 1918, of the 6414: 6265:Principality of Neuchâtel 5874:pp. 211–268, Karl Teppe: 4899: 4821:List of Landeshauptmänner 4533:Heinrich Konrad von Studt 4327: 4180:American Occupation Zones 4010:Hadamar Euthanasia Centre 3073:German Conservative Party 2824:Especially following the 2293:followed in 1849 and the 2075:production in and around 788:In 1816, the district of 341: 319: 315: 311: 287: 275: 271: 257: 214: 189: 159: 154: 146: 5870:pp. 165–210, Bernd Hey: 5714:Westfälische Forschungen 5665:verwaltungsgeschichte.de 5567:Winkler, Heinrich August 5503:Münster 2014, pp. 28–32. 5198:Mitchell, Maria (2012). 4470:Friedrich von Kühlwetter 4152:Arnsberg Forest massacre 4121:Encirclement of the Ruhr 4106:breached the dam of the 4040:and the introduction of 4028:The breached dam of the 3871:Prussian church province 3867:Nazi euthanasia campaign 3176:Weimar National Assembly 3113:At the beginning of the 3109:World War and Revolution 3087:German Free-minded Party 2850:Hermann von Mallinckrodt 2801:. The Landtag elected a 2782:. On 1 August 1886, the 2016:Ravensberg Spinning Mill 1964:Ravensberg Spinning Mill 1757:and later elsewhere. In 1622:Archduke John of Austria 1487:In the elections to the 1358:Westphälisches Dampfboot 955:emancipation of the Jews 739:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg 631:Foundation and structure 69:"Province of Westphalia" 5962:Bädeker, Koblenz 1835 ( 5858:Westfälische Geschichte 5804:Detlef Briesen et al., 5396:Detlef Briesen et al., 4286:of the new federation. 4278:and the passage of the 4172:British Occupation Zone 3612:The general process of 3172:parliamentary democracy 1560:Neue Rheinische Zeitung 1544:, and the later bishop 1505:Carl Johann Ludwig Dham 1050:censorship of the press 862:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 792:was transferred to the 6460:Province of Westphalia 5716:55 (2005) pp. 361–421. 5689:53 (2000) pp. 114–121. 5525:Wilfried Reininghaus: 5426:4 (1987), pp. 508–534. 5256:Westfalen und Preußen. 4875: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4831: 4312: 4304: 4299: 4290:List of Oberpräsidents 4260:North Rhine-Westphalia 4242: 4236: 4219: 4199:French Occupation Zone 4122: 4033: 3909: 3830: 3696:Immediately after the 3465:Occupation of the Ruhr 3460: 3050:Christian Social Party 2929: 2821: 2652: 2522: 2263: 2258: 2068: 2042: 2005:The end of Napoleon's 1993:High industrial period 1991:in Germany and in the 1978: 1847: 1729: 1703: 1649:Johann Matthias Gierse 1616: 1584: 1582:, in the form of the 1558: 1484: 1472: 1373:, on the model of the 1357: 1346: 1231: 1208: 1198: 1192: 1072: 994: 963: 933: 911: 890: 882: 860: 833: 821: 705:Principality of Minden 654:, it contained mostly 620:North Rhine-Westphalia 567:from 1933 until 1945. 540: 533:Province of Westphalia 509:North Rhine-Westphalia 426:Bishopric of Paderborn 324:Political subdivisions 303:• Disestablished 138: 135:Province of Westphalia 5950:Köln 1984, pp. 227ff. 5842:Friedrich Keinemann: 5541:"Die Märzkämpfe 1919" 5230:Westfalen im Vormärz. 5060:Karl-Friedrich Kolbow 4736:Ferdinand von Lüninck 4322:by the Westphalians. 4297: 4120: 4054:prisoner of war camps 4027: 3991:euthanasia programmes 3982:(later leader of the 3904: 3879:between the pro-Nazi 3865:in opposition to the 3821: 3789:Ferdinand von Lüninck 3764:Karl-Friedrich Kolbow 3698:Nazi seizure of power 3458: 3151:increased ever more. 2959:, Bochum, Minden and 2923: 2816: 2650: 2626:Industrial Revolution 2248: 2176:Hüstener Gewerkschaft 2098:was the invention of 2052: 2025:, founded in 1854 by 1989:Industrial Revolution 1961: 1808:principality of Lippe 1709: 1697: 1690:Pre-industrial period 1611: 1571:umbrella organisation 1482: 1335: 1288:in 1837, during the " 1283:Archbishop of Cologne 1229:Archbishop of Cologne 1223: 1140:Johann Hermann Hüffer 888: 877: 690:Frederick William III 684:It was not until the 640:Kingdom of Westphalia 592:Industrial Revolution 553:Free State of Prussia 398:County of Tecklenburg 6465:Provinces of Prussia 6278:Grand Duchy of Posen 5856:Wilhelm Kohl (ed.): 5728:Geschichte Im Westen 5601:Deutsche Notmünzen … 4999:Wilhelm Hammerschmid 4827:estates of the realm 4272:abolition of Prussia 4044:, the employment of 3607:March 1933 elections 2326:mining in the region 1795:in the Netherlands. 1493:Frankfurt Parliament 1476:(Workers' Letters). 1464:black-red-gold flags 1254:wrote in 1833, "The 1155:Christian Dahlenkamp 752:Principality of Salm 750:the portions of the 707:and the counties of 412:Bishopric of Münster 54:improve this article 6348:Territorial reforms 6306:Province of Prussia 5924:Michael Epkenhans: 5862:Hans-Joachim Behr: 5790:Hans-Joachim Behr: 5661:"Gau Westfalen-Süd" 5485:171/1914 vom 28.07. 5409:Rainer Feldbrügge: 5387:Arnsberg 1888–1894. 4892:Free State of Lippe 4866:Provinzialausschuss 4654:Bernhard Wuermeling 4264:Free State of Lippe 4166:End of the province 4081:bombing of the Ruhr 3999:LWL-Klinik Marsberg 3881:"German Christians" 3836:German Labour Front 3800:concentration camps 3724:Curt Heinrich Täger 3531:and district reform 3486:, and the heraldic 3428:In March 1920, the 3192: 3156:November Revolution 3140:Burgfriedenspolitik 3123:Franco-Prussian War 3119:Austro-Prussian War 2938:Wilhelm Hasenclever 2934:Carl Wilhelm Tölcke 2926:Carl Wilhelm Tölcke 2409: 2303:deindustrialisation 1685:Economy and society 1497:Joseph von Radowitz 1440:Schloss Bruchhausen 1405:February Revolution 1387:Clamor Huchzermeyer 1209:Landgemeindeordnung 1039:Friedrich von Hövel 1013:Arnold Mallinckrodt 947:Revolutions of 1848 770:Sayn-Wittgensteiner 763:Duchy of Westphalia 648:First French Empire 614:to form the modern 612:Free State of Lippe 580:Revolutions of 1848 454:Duchy of Westphalia 293:• Established 27:Province of Prussia 6470:Westphalia culture 6430:Jülich-Cleves-Berg 6422: 6383:Posen-West Prussia 6322:Schleswig-Holstein 5907:Wilhelm Ribhegge: 5605:Medaillencharakter 5450:10.1007/BF01668991 5315:Epkenhans, p. 130. 5280:Epkenhans, p. 129. 4916:Party affiliation 4843:independent cities 4706:Johannes Gronowski 4441:Franz von Duesberg 4344:Party affiliation 4300: 4211:Potsdam Conference 4174:. The border with 4148:Endphaseverbrechen 4123: 4104:Operation Chastise 4034: 3966:miscegenation laws 3958:Wannsee Conference 3910: 3906:Mahnmal Bittermark 3831: 3778:Johannes Gronowski 3461: 3190: 2949:Ferdinand Lassalle 2930: 2868:Georg von Hertling 2822: 2803:head of government 2748:three-union strike 2653: 2405: 2259: 2125:, opened in 1841. 2089:mining in the Ruhr 2069: 2036:, was the largest 2007:Continental System 1979: 1772:Sauerland peddlers 1730: 1704: 1664:Landtag of Prussia 1617: 1567:pietistic Lutheran 1485: 1347: 1244:German unification 1232: 1120:Franz Anton Bracht 943:period before 1848 939:peasant liberation 891: 883: 772:principalities of 747:, acquired in 1808 735:Kingdom of Hanover 686:Congress of Vienna 636:Napoleon Bonaparte 572:Congress of Vienna 549:Kingdom of Prussia 198:Kingdom of Prussia 6437: 6436: 6418:Province of Posen 6268:(1814–1848) 6156:Western Pomerania 6148:Minden-Ravensberg 6049:Farther Pomerania 5916:Michael Epkenhans 5756:appointed by the 5483:Centralvolksblatt 5337:Michael Kosidis: 5182: 5181: 5151:Bernhard Salzmann 4848:Provinzialverband 4818: 4817: 4358:Ludwig von Vincke 4314:Provinziallandtag 4014:Bethel Foundation 3927:Edelweiss pirates 3885:Confessing Church 3827:Bishop of Münster 3686: 3685: 3568:Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis 3518:Ruhr iron dispute 3392: 3391: 2788:Provinzialverband 2772:social democratic 2765:Political culture 2698:Aachen coalfields 2680:Kaiser Wilhelm II 2492: 2491: 2340:Aplerbecker Hütte 2130:Friedrich Harkort 2054:Friedrich Harkort 1954:Industrialisation 1887:eastern Sauerland 1793:travelled to work 1743:Industrialisation 1668:Iserlohn Uprising 1603:Pius Associations 1468:Friedrich Harkort 1459:industrialisation 1407:in Paris and the 1318:structural crisis 1272:Cologne Cathedral 1268:Minden-Ravensberg 1164:and the mayor of 1136:Friedrich Harkort 1101:Münster City Hall 965:Bildungsbürgertum 929:mediatised houses 895:Minden-Ravensberg 879:Ludwig von Vincke 835:Regierungsbezirke 829:Ludwig von Vincke 756:Duchy of Arenberg 745:County of Limburg 724:Prince-Bishoprics 694:Kingdom of Saxony 541:Provinz Westfalen 529: 528: 525: 524: 521: 520: 501: 500: 440:County of Limburg 370:Minden-Ravensberg 139:Provinz Westfalen 130: 129: 122: 104: 18:Provinz Westfalen 16:(Redirected from 6492: 6423: 6407: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6338: 6318: 6310: 6302: 6269: 6252: 6251: 6242:Post-Congress of 6232: 6220:New East Prussia 6216: 6204: 6188: 6180: 6164: 6152: 6144: 6132: 6089: 6081: 6065: 6045: 6019:Duchy of Prussia 5994: 5987: 5980: 5971: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5745:Ordinance No. 46 5742: 5736: 5735: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5696: 5690: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5627: 5621: 5614: 5608: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5536: 5530: 5523: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5335: 5329: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5307: 5300: 5294: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5195: 5166: 5159: 5130: 5100: 5068: 5036: 5007: 4980: 4973: 4946: 4938: 4919:Start of Tenure 4897: 4889: 4878: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4836: 4802: 4794:Rudolf Amelunxen 4772: 4744: 4714: 4662: 4608: 4582: 4575: 4548: 4541: 4512: 4485: 4478: 4449: 4422: 4393: 4366: 4347:Start of Tenure 4325: 4320:directly elected 4317: 4309: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4222: 4215:Rudolf Amelunxen 4209:until after the 4192: 4100:"The Dambusters" 4050:forced labourers 4046:prisoners of war 4007: 3976:Hans Frankenthal 3897: 3860:Münster's bishop 3786: 3772: 3761: 3743: 3732: 3721: 3710: 3662:Westphalia-South 3646:Westphalia-North 3629: 3584: 3570:and the city of 3565: 3504: 3438:council republic 3424: 3409: 3401:general commando 3387: 3372: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3308: 3299: 3293: 3270: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3193: 3121:in 1866 and the 3011:Great Depression 2993: 2945:social democracy 2899: 2883:Christian unions 2865: 2796: 2756: 2740: 2726: 2706: 2692: 2670:on 24 April and 2665: 2643: 2601:higher education 2534: 2532: 2410: 2396: 2385: 2370: 2359: 2348: 2334: 2323: 2268: 2237: 2226: 2211: 2184: 2153: 2142: 2120: 2097: 2066: 2045: 2035: 2024: 2001: 1972: 1945: 1937:Zeche Alte Haase 1926: 1912:, Iserlohn, and 1895: 1884: 1851:(transporters). 1850: 1843:proto-industrial 1820: 1805: 1791: 1780: 1751:brewing industry 1719: 1676: 1657: 1613:Benedikt Waldeck 1596: 1594: 1563: 1543: 1531:Georg von Vincke 1528: 1516:Benedikt Waldeck 1513: 1499:, the liberal / 1475: 1448: 1433: 1409:March Revolution 1395: 1360: 1310: 1298: 1290:Cologne troubles 1256:Hambach Festival 1211: 1201: 1195: 1181:Georg von Vincke 1178: 1163: 1148: 1128: 1117: 1098: 1084: 1082: 1062: 1047: 1036: 1021: 1010: 997: 990:Benedikt Waldeck 987: 968: 936: 923: 921: 865: 838: 826: 817:Prussian reforms 680: 604:northern portion 517: 516: 505: 504: 492: 491: 478: 477: 464: 463: 450: 449: 436: 435: 422: 421: 408: 407: 394: 393: 380: 379: 366: 365: 359: 358: 343: 342: 194: 179: 167: 141: 132: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6421: 6410: 6405: 6391:Halle-Merseburg 6385: 6377: 6365: 6352: 6349: 6341: 6332: 6316: 6308: 6300: 6267: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6235: 6226: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6158: 6150: 6138: 6130: 6114: 6087: 6075: 6069:Lauenburg–Bütow 6059: 6039: 6005: 5998: 5923: 5899: 5861: 5846:. Münster 1987. 5787: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5611: 5603:(1982) p. 484: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5524: 5520: 5516:Stuttgart 1991. 5512:Anne Roerkohl: 5511: 5507: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5417: 5408: 5404: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5345: 5336: 5332: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5301: 5297: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5249: 5240: 5236: 5224:Jacob Venedey: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5153: 5124: 5094: 5062: 5030: 5028:Franz Dieckmann 5001: 4967: 4932: 4883: 4860:Landeshauptmann 4833:Landeshauptmann 4823: 4708: 4656: 4602: 4569: 4535: 4506: 4472: 4443: 4387: 4292: 4262:. In 1947, the 4227: 4186: 4168: 4108:Möhne Reservoir 4060:(326 Senne) in 4030:Möhne Reservoir 4022: 4001: 3939: 3891: 3852:Roland Freisler 3816: 3780: 3766: 3755: 3753:Franz Dieckmann 3750:Landeshauptmann 3737: 3726: 3715: 3704: 3694: 3690:Gleichschaltung 3680:Albert Hoffmann 3678: 3673: 3615:Gleichschaltung 3591: 3578: 3574:. In 1920, the 3559: 3541:Raums Westfalen 3533: 3498: 3484:Baron vom Stein 3418: 3416:Staatskommissar 3403: 3385: 3370: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3306: 3297: 3291: 3268: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3188: 3186:Weimar Republic 3180:Adolph Hoffmann 3168:Friedrich Ebert 3160:High Seas Fleet 3115:First World War 3111: 3106: 3062:Social Democrat 3056:programme with 3054:Christian-right 3031: 2987: 2918: 2893: 2872:Franz von Papen 2859: 2842:Soest Programme 2811: 2790: 2767: 2750: 2734: 2720: 2700: 2686: 2659: 2637: 2618: 2580: 2537:labour movement 2526: 2501:Polish-speaking 2403: 2390: 2388:Schalker Verein 2379: 2364: 2353: 2342: 2328: 2317: 2315:sock production 2231: 2229:Bochumer Verein 2220: 2205: 2195:Westfalia Hütte 2178: 2147: 2136: 2114: 2100:longwall mining 2091: 2060: 2029: 2018: 1995: 1985: 1966: 1956: 1939: 1920: 1900:at places like 1889: 1878: 1864:Bergisches Land 1814: 1799: 1785: 1774: 1739:Bergisches Land 1713: 1692: 1687: 1670: 1651: 1641:German question 1588: 1580:labour movement 1537: 1522: 1507: 1473:Arbeiterbriefen 1442: 1427: 1389: 1365:, published in 1353: 1330: 1304: 1292: 1276:Hermannsdenkmal 1218: 1212:) was similar. 1172: 1157: 1142: 1122: 1111: 1105:Baron vom Stein 1092: 1076: 1056: 1041: 1030: 1015: 1004: 981: 975: 915: 872: 674: 668:Sixth Coalition 633: 628: 576:Napoleonic Wars 561:Weimar Republic 514: 489: 475: 461: 447: 433: 419: 405: 391: 377: 363: 334: 330: 304: 294: 264: 242: 195: 185: 184: 183: 180: 172: 171: 168: 142: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6498: 6496: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6442: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6388: 6380: 6375:Greater Berlin 6372: 6355: 6353: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6319: 6311: 6303: 6298:Rhine Province 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6217: 6205: 6189: 6181: 6165: 6153: 6145: 6133: 6124: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6090: 6082: 6066: 6046: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5951: 5940: 5931:Veit Veltzke: 5929: 5912: 5905: 5892: 5887:Armin Nolzen: 5885: 5879: 5854: 5849:Wilhelm Kohl: 5847: 5840: 5830: 5819: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5749: 5737: 5718: 5705: 5691: 5678: 5652: 5641:on 26 May 2017 5622: 5609: 5599:Peter Menzel: 5592: 5585: 5558: 5531: 5518: 5505: 5487: 5475: 5463: 5438:Jewish History 5428: 5415: 5402: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5356: 5343: 5330: 5317: 5308: 5295: 5282: 5273: 5260: 5247: 5234: 5217: 5211:978-0472118410 5210: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5160: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5122:Hans von Helms 5119: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5092:Theodor Fründt 5089: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4974: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4940: 4930:August Overweg 4927: 4924: 4923: 4922:End of Tenure 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4871:Hermann Göring 4854:Landesdirektor 4839:rural counties 4822: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4576: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4542: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4479: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4350:End of Tenure 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4291: 4288: 4207:Bad Oeynhausen 4167: 4164: 4021: 4018: 3938: 3935: 3856:People's Court 3815: 3812: 3733:in Herne, and 3693: 3692:(Nazification) 3687: 3684: 3683: 3667: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3590: 3587: 3532: 3526: 3470:hyperinflation 3390: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3187: 3184: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3046:Adolf Stoecker 3030: 3027: 3007:hyperinflation 2996:Fritz Husemann 2917: 2914: 2810: 2807: 2766: 2763: 2743:general strike 2732:another strike 2707:, and even in 2676:eight-hour day 2657:a major strike 2617: 2614: 2579: 2576: 2548:Recklinghausen 2490: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2402: 2399: 2027:Hermann Delius 1981:Main article: 1955: 1952: 1918:sewing needles 1902:Wendener Hütte 1726:sewing needles 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1627:Reichsverweser 1501:ultramontanist 1349:Main article: 1341:, possibly by 1329: 1326: 1302:Weserdampfboot 1260:Burschenschaft 1217: 1214: 1138:and publisher 1052:became clear. 974: 971: 899:County of Mark 871: 868: 794:Rhine Province 786: 785: 766: 759: 748: 741: 720: 632: 629: 627: 624: 608:Rhine Province 527: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 511: 502: 499: 498: 493: 485: 484: 479: 471: 470: 465: 457: 456: 451: 443: 442: 437: 429: 428: 423: 415: 414: 409: 401: 400: 395: 387: 386: 381: 373: 372: 367: 355: 354: 349: 339: 338: 325: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 302: 299: 298: 295: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 281: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 243: 240: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 212: 211: 205: 204: 187: 186: 181: 174: 173: 169: 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 152: 151: 144: 143: 136: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6497: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6413: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6384: 6381: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6363:Upper Silesia 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6315: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6208:South Prussia 6206: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6154: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6134: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5983: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5956:Münster 2015. 5955: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5833:Harm Klueting 5831: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5700: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5588: 5586:3-406-37646-0 5582: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5532: 5529:Münster 2016. 5528: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5473:Münster 2014. 5472: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5444:(2): 93–112. 5443: 5439: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5341:Münster 1996. 5340: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5306:Münster 1999. 5305: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4876:Öberpräsident 4872: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4820: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4307: 4306:Oberpräsident 4296: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4243:Oberpräsident 4238: 4237:Provinzialrat 4231: 4226: 4221: 4220:Oberpräsident 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4197:bordered the 4196: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4139:Schmallenberg 4136: 4132: 4128: 4119: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042:ration stamps 4039: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3971:Geltungsjuden 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3944:Kristallnacht 3936: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3920:Fritz Henßler 3916: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3808:book burnings 3805: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3775:Oberpräsident 3770: 3765: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3603:1930 election 3600: 3599:1928 election 3596: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3502: 3497: 3496:billion marks 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3442:Red Ruhr Army 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430:Ruhr uprising 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3412:Carl Severing 3407: 3402: 3398: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3149:war weariness 3146: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3091:Eugen Richter 3088: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3017:and later to 3016: 3012: 3008: 3005:in 1920, the 3004: 3003:Ruhr uprising 2999: 2997: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973:Carl Severing 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957:Gelsenkirchen 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2887:August Pieper 2884: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780:conservatives 2777: 2773: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2658: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:Gelsenkirchen 2540: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2505:labour unions 2502: 2498: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2362:Henrichshütte 2357: 2352: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2335:also slowed. 2332: 2327: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2311:Schmallenberg 2308: 2304: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2204: 2203:Hermannshütte 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2135: 2134:Heinrich Kamp 2131: 2126: 2124: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2059: 2058:Wetter Castle 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2033: 2028: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1976: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929:Reidemeisters 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1888: 1882: 1877: 1874:extracted in 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1783:Hollandgänger 1778: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:lower chamber 1655: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1632:German Empire 1630:) of the new 1629: 1628: 1623: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1536: 1535:Gustav Höfken 1532: 1526: 1521: 1520:Jodocus Temme 1517: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1352: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1199:Städteordnung 1194: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1126: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1109:Landmarschall 1106: 1102: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1003: 1002: 996: 991: 985: 980: 972: 970: 967: 966: 960: 956: 950: 948: 944: 940: 935: 934:Standesherren 930: 925: 922: 919: 914: 908: 907:Jacob Venedey 904: 900: 896: 887: 880: 876: 869: 867: 864: 863: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 837: 836: 830: 825: 824: 823:Oberpräsident 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 797: 795: 791: 783: 782:Nassau-Siegen 779: 775: 771: 767: 764: 760: 757: 753: 749: 746: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 725: 721: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 701: 700: 697: 695: 691: 687: 682: 678: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 630: 626:Early history 625: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 596: 593: 589: 583: 581: 577: 573: 568: 566: 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Köln 1968. 5815: 5812:Gustav Engel 5805: 5798: 5797:Ralf Blank: 5791: 5785:Bibliography 5773: 5764: 5752: 5740: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5713: 5708: 5694: 5687:Der Archivar 5686: 5681: 5669:. Retrieved 5664: 5655: 5643:. Retrieved 5639:the original 5634: 5625: 5617: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5576: 5571: 5561: 5549:. 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In Mark, 2894: [ 2891:Franz Hitze 2860: [ 2826:Kulturkampf 2791: [ 2751: [ 2735: [ 2721: [ 2701: [ 2687: [ 2660: [ 2638: [ 2564:Lüdenscheid 2527: [ 2510:Ruhrdeutsch 2416:Population 2391: [ 2380: [ 2365: [ 2354: [ 2343: [ 2329: [ 2318: [ 2232: [ 2227:), Bochum ( 2221: [ 2206: [ 2179: [ 2148: [ 2137: [ 2115: [ 2092: [ 2073:sheet metal 2061: [ 2030: [ 2019: [ 1996: [ 1967: [ 1948:Sprockhövel 1940: [ 1921: [ 1914:Lüdenscheid 1890: [ 1879: [ 1831:Tecklenburg 1815: [ 1800: [ 1797:Brickmakers 1786: [ 1775: [ 1747:pig farming 1735:Soest Börde 1714: [ 1671: [ 1652: [ 1624:as regent ( 1589: [ 1555:'s radical 1538: [ 1523: [ 1508: [ 1443: [ 1428: [ 1390: [ 1305: [ 1293: [ 1252:Münsterland 1234:During the 1206:ordinance ( 1190:ordinance ( 1173: [ 1158: [ 1143: [ 1123: [ 1112: [ 1099:met in the 1093: [ 1077: [ 1057: [ 1042: [ 1031: [ 1028:Adam Storck 1016: [ 1005: [ 982: [ 916: [ 913:Musspreußen 717:Tecklenburg 675: [ 664:Eastphalian 347:Preceded by 241:• 1817 6444:Categories 6350:after 1918 6293:Westphalia 6120:After 1701 6108:St. Thomas 6098:Gold Coast 6037:Ravensberg 5245:pp. 59–68. 5185:References 4913:Born-Died 4341:Born-Died 4131:Winterberg 3735:Cuno Raabe 3595:Nazi party 3572:Oberhausen 3514:Rentenmark 3446:Reichswehr 3098:Nazi Party 3075:until the 2961:Oeynhausen 2630:Mining Act 2578:Urban life 2488:5,209,000 2480:4,784,000 2472:4,125,000 2464:3,137,000 2456:2,413,000 2448:2,043,000 2440:1,775,000 2432:1,489,000 2424:1,066,000 2257:(ca. 1870) 2168:Rothe Erde 2108:shaft mine 1876:Siegerland 1860:Siegerland 1768:Kiepenkerl 1636:Winterberg 1615:in prison. 1398:Philistine 1322:emigration 1088:The first 903:Siegerland 806:Protestant 774:Hohenstein 743:the small 713:Ravensberg 652:Westphalia 250:Population 80:newspapers 6424:From the 6399:Kurhessen 6395:Magdeburg 6273:Pomerania 6249:(1814–15) 6128:Neuchâtel 6085:Magdeburg 5964:Digitized 5620:, p. 307. 5551:27 August 5458:162391831 5293:Jg. 1850. 5169:1886-1959 5105:1897-1984 5073:1899-1945 5041:1874-1944 5012:1859-1924 4983:1855-1909 4949:1836-1909 4805:1888-1969 4775:1891-1945 4747:1888-1944 4719:1874-1958 4667:1854-1937 4635:1862-1926 4613:1860-1931 4551:1838-1921 4517:1827-1902 4488:1809-1882 4454:1793-1872 4425:1786-1865 4398:1792-1868 4369:1774-1844 4280:Basic Law 4160:Eversberg 4102:) during 4098:Bombers ( 4096:Lancaster 4089:Fredeburg 3889:Karl Koch 3746:Nazi flag 3702:Max König 3639:Gauleiter 3550:Oldenburg 3546:Osnabrück 3397:Freikorps 3019:communism 2784:districts 2730:In 1905, 2714:Dorstfeld 2609:Paderborn 2593:silicosis 2572:Bielefeld 2373:Hattingen 2251:headworks 2249:Historic 2128:In 1818, 2038:flax mill 2012:Bielefeld 1975:Bielefeld 1835:Osnabrück 1553:Karl Marx 1436:Paderborn 1421:Sauerland 1264:Sauerland 1107:as first 1065:Reichstag 802:Catholics 784:(in 1817) 778:Berleburg 731:Paderborn 267:4,784,000 155:1815–1946 6420:in 1848. 6136:Guelders 6093:Colonies 5671:29 March 5645:29 March 5569:(1993). 5354:S. 68ff. 4156:Warstein 4135:Medebach 4085:Meschede 3968:and the 3953:Medebach 3883:and the 3773:and the 3520:and the 2985:Otto Hue 2776:liberals 2712:Dotmund- 2560:Iserlohn 2307:forestry 2271:railways 2265:Chaussee 2240:charcoal 2187:Warstein 2164:Dortmund 2160:puddling 2081:smithies 1872:iron ore 1848:Verleger 1770:and the 1759:Dortmund 1722:Iserlohn 1575:Dortmund 1491:and the 1379:Bielfeld 1338:Germania 1188:district 1074:Landtags 1024:Dortmund 897:and the 841:Arnsberg 610:and the 551:and the 545:province 543:) was a 328:Arnsberg 6416:Became 6335:1866–68 6326:Hanover 6288:Silesia 6201:1772–73 6168:Silesia 6163:/ 1815) 6073:Draheim 6002:Prussia 5258:p. 126. 5232:, p. 5. 4268:Detmold 3915:Gestapo 3650:Münster 3522:lockout 3507:Notgeld 3490:, with 3475:Notgeld 2834:Zentrum 2709:Silesia 2605:Münster 2585:cholera 2518:lodgers 2281:to the 2255:Bottrop 1898:smelted 1679:America 1662:of the 1451:Olsberg 1363:Hermann 1236:Vormärz 1132:liberal 1001:Hermann 849:Münster 737:or the 727:Münster 660:Angrian 656:Hessian 646:of the 547:of the 336:Münster 280:History 226:Münster 222:Capital 149:Prussia 94:scholar 6406:(1944) 6403:Nassau 6386:(1922) 6378:(1920) 6317:(1850) 6301:(1822) 6283:Saxony 6244:Vienna 6187:(1744) 6151:(1719) 6131:(1707) 6103:Arguin 6088:(1680) 6053:Minden 6029:Cleves 5583: 5456: 5208: 5045:Centre 4910:Image 4808:Centre 4722:Centre 4671:Centre 4338:Image 4284:states 4184:Siegen 4137:, and 4112:Neheim 4074:Soviet 3804:Neheim 3666:Bochum 3482:, the 3230:Other 3021:. The 2828:, the 2668:Bochum 2566:, and 2552:Witten 2377:Hüsten 2360:, and 2285:. The 2172:Hüsten 2156:Wetter 2123:Bochum 1910:Altena 1870:. The 1700:Uelsen 1455:Dülmen 1434:, and 1423:, the 1417:Vienna 1413:Berlin 1166:Telgte 959:guilds 847:, and 845:Minden 810:Jewish 598:After 537:German 332:Minden 283: 253: 235: 209:Anthem 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 6359:Lower 6172:Glatz 5575:[ 5454:S2CID 5178:1954 5158:] 5143:1945 5129:] 5114:1944 5099:] 5084:1944 5067:] 5052:1933 5035:] 5020:1919 5006:] 4991:1905 4972:] 4957:1900 4937:] 4907:Name 4888:] 4814:1946 4786:1945 4756:1938 4728:1933 4713:] 4698:1922 4678:1922 4661:] 4646:1919 4621:1919 4607:] 4592:1911 4574:] 4559:1899 4540:] 4525:1889 4511:] 4496:1882 4477:] 4462:1871 4448:] 4433:1850 4406:1846 4392:] 4377:1844 4335:Name 4232:] 4191:] 4176:Hesse 4127:Weser 4070:Hemer 4056:were 4006:] 3949:Lünen 3896:] 3785:] 3771:] 3760:] 3742:] 3731:] 3720:] 3709:] 3583:] 3564:] 3503:] 3423:] 3408:] 3382:36.2 3376:10.3 3364:15.1 3361:28.2 3358:1933 3353:12.5 3320:22.1 3317:32.9 3314:1929 3288:10.7 3285:11.7 3282:22.8 3279:35.1 3276:1925 3244:13.0 3241:24.7 3238:35.5 3235:1921 2992:] 2898:] 2864:] 2838:Soest 2795:] 2755:] 2739:] 2725:] 2705:] 2691:] 2672:Essen 2664:] 2642:] 2568:Hagen 2531:] 2485:1939 2477:1925 2469:1910 2461:1900 2453:1890 2445:1880 2437:1871 2429:1849 2421:1816 2395:] 2384:] 2369:] 2358:] 2347:] 2333:] 2322:] 2283:Weser 2279:Rhine 2236:] 2225:] 2214:Haspe 2210:] 2199:Hörde 2191:Lünen 2183:] 2152:] 2141:] 2119:] 2104:Essen 2096:] 2065:] 2034:] 2023:] 2000:] 1971:] 1944:] 1925:] 1916:, or 1894:] 1883:] 1823:linen 1819:] 1804:] 1790:] 1779:] 1718:] 1675:] 1656:] 1593:] 1542:] 1527:] 1512:] 1447:] 1432:] 1394:] 1309:] 1297:] 1248:Rhede 1177:] 1162:] 1151:Hagen 1147:] 1127:] 1116:] 1097:] 1081:] 1061:] 1046:] 1035:] 1020:] 1009:] 986:] 920:] 790:Essen 679:] 642:as a 101:JSTOR 87:books 6428:and 6368:1919 6229:1795 6213:1793 6192:East 6177:1742 6161:1720 6141:1713 6078:1657 6062:1648 6042:1614 6033:Mark 5673:2016 5647:2016 5581:ISBN 5553:2024 5206:ISBN 5175:1945 5172:None 5140:1944 5137:Nazi 5111:1944 5108:Nazi 5081:1933 5077:Nazi 5049:1920 5017:1905 4988:1900 4954:1886 4841:and 4811:1945 4783:1938 4779:Nazi 4753:1933 4750:DNVP 4725:1922 4695:1922 4692:DNVP 4675:1919 4643:1919 4639:DNVP 4618:1911 4589:1899 4556:1889 4522:1883 4493:1871 4459:1850 4430:1846 4403:1845 4374:1816 4195:Olpe 4193:and 4158:and 4064:and 4048:and 3632:Name 3620:Gaue 3388:2.3 3373:6.8 3350:2.9 3344:2.5 3338:9.3 3332:6.3 3326:8.7 3309:2.2 3300:2.7 3294:9.3 3271:6.3 3262:4.4 3256:7.3 3250:8.8 3227:Nazi 3213:DNVP 3196:Year 2994:and 2936:and 2889:and 2876:Werl 2848:and 2778:and 2622:Ruhr 2607:and 2556:Hamm 2546:and 2520:and 2413:Year 2132:and 2110:was 2085:coal 2077:Olpe 1962:The 1933:coal 1896:was 1885:and 1866:and 1856:iron 1755:Ruhr 1518:and 1415:and 1367:Hamm 1266:and 1258:and 1186:The 1037:and 998:and 988:and 776:and 768:the 761:the 729:and 722:the 715:and 709:Mark 662:and 588:Ruhr 531:The 307:1946 297:1815 232:Area 170:Flag 73:news 5446:doi 4254:5. 4252:FDP 4248:CDU 4154:at 4093:RAF 4068:at 3986:). 3941:On 3624:Gau 3223:DDP 3218:KPD 3208:DVP 3203:SPD 3089:of 3048:'s 2951:'s 2371:in 2289:'s 2212:), 2197:), 2185:), 2121:in 1973:in 1946:in 1908:in 1449:in 1312:). 1250:in 1022:of 618:of 606:of 56:by 6446:: 6401:/ 6397:/ 6393:/ 6361:/ 6328:/ 6324:/ 6222:/ 6194:/ 6170:/ 6071:/ 6055:/ 6051:/ 6035:/ 6031:/ 5918:: 5835:: 5814:: 5730:. 5452:. 5440:. 5156:de 5127:de 5097:de 5065:de 5033:de 5004:de 4970:de 4939:, 4935:de 4886:de 4711:de 4659:de 4605:de 4572:de 4538:de 4509:de 4475:de 4446:de 4390:de 4230:de 4189:de 4133:, 4004:de 3933:. 3894:de 3838:. 3825:, 3783:de 3769:de 3758:de 3740:de 3729:de 3718:de 3707:de 3581:de 3562:de 3501:de 3421:de 3406:de 3379:– 3367:– 3303:– 3265:– 2990:de 2979:. 2912:. 2896:de 2862:de 2793:de 2753:de 2737:de 2723:de 2703:de 2689:de 2662:de 2640:de 2574:. 2562:, 2558:, 2554:, 2539:. 2529:de 2393:de 2382:de 2367:de 2356:de 2349:, 2345:de 2331:de 2320:de 2234:de 2223:de 2208:de 2189:, 2181:de 2150:de 2139:de 2117:de 2094:de 2063:de 2032:de 2021:de 1998:de 1969:de 1942:de 1923:de 1892:de 1881:de 1833:, 1817:de 1802:de 1788:de 1777:de 1720:, 1716:de 1681:. 1673:de 1654:de 1591:de 1548:. 1540:de 1533:, 1525:de 1510:de 1445:de 1430:de 1392:de 1385:, 1307:de 1295:de 1227:, 1183:. 1175:de 1168:, 1160:de 1153:, 1145:de 1125:de 1114:de 1095:de 1079:de 1059:de 1044:de 1033:de 1018:de 1007:de 984:de 918:de 843:, 827:, 812:. 796:. 711:, 696:. 681:. 677:de 658:, 622:. 539:: 6432:. 6370:) 6366:( 6337:) 6333:( 6231:) 6227:( 6215:) 6211:( 6203:) 6199:( 6179:) 6175:( 6159:( 6143:) 6139:( 6080:) 6076:( 6064:) 6060:( 6044:) 6040:( 5993:e 5986:t 5979:v 5966:) 5928:. 5732:1 5675:. 5649:. 5607:. 5589:. 5555:. 5460:. 5448:: 5442:9 5375:. 5214:. 3386:0 3371:0 3348:0 3342:0 3336:0 3330:0 3324:0 3307:0 3298:0 3292:0 3269:0 3260:0 3254:0 3248:0 2928:. 2832:( 2820:. 2508:( 2216:( 2201:( 2193:( 2174:( 2067:. 1977:. 1728:. 1702:. 1597:( 1345:. 931:( 719:) 535:( 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

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