938:
903:
362:
2192:
891:
926:
879:
175:
698:
955:
40:
266:. The mitochondria are needed in order to supply the energy for the active transport of sodium ions out of the cells to create a concentration gradient which allows more sodium ions to enter the cell from the luminal side. Water passively follows the sodium out of the cell along its concentration gradient.
2212:
295:
Based on its appearance at low magnification, the proximal tubule can be divided into two sections: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), and the proximal straight tubule (PST). Differences in cell outlines exist between these segments, and therefore presumably in function too.
902:
269:
Cuboidal epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule have extensive lateral interdigitations between neighboring cells, which lend an appearance of having no discrete cell margins when viewed with a light microscope.
133:. At this location, the glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) lining bowman’s capsule abruptly transition to proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). The proximal tubule can be further classified into the
604:
Paracellular fluid reabsorption sweeps some urea with it via solvent drag. As water leaves the lumen, the concentration of urea increases, which facilitates diffusion in the late proximal tubule.
415:. They terminate at a remarkably uniform level and it is their line of termination that establishes the boundary between the inner and outer stripes of the outer zone of the renal medulla.
471:. Paracellular transport increases transport efficiency, as determined by oxygen consumed per unit of Na reabsorbed, thus playing a part in maintaining renal oxygen homeostasis.
431:
The proximal tubule efficiently regulates the pH of the filtrate by secreting hydrogen ions (acid) into the tubule and reabsorbing approximately 80% of the filtered bicarbonate.
864:
525:
Mass movement of sodium occurs through the cells, by secondary active transport on the apical membrane, followed by active resorption across the basolateral membrane via the
280:
surrounding the tubule often leads to disturbance of the cellular morphology of the proximal tubule cells, including the ejection of cell nuclei into the tubule lumen.
1652:
251:
function as well as putative flow sensing within the lumen. The microvilli are composed of actin filament bundles that have been visualized using confocal microscopy.
937:
1583:
2115:
262:, which are largely found in the basal region within the infoldings of the basal plasma membrane. The high quantity of mitochondria gives the cells an
2110:
1326:
GarcĂa, NĂ©stor H.; Ramsey, Carla R.; Knox, Franklyn G. (February 1998). "Understanding the Role of
Paracellular Transport in the Proximal Tubule".
1591:
685:
and the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate. The alpha-ketoglutarate generated in this process is then further broken down to form two
774:(proximal type) (Fanconi syndrome) occurs when the PTECs are unable to properly reabsorb glomerular filtrate so that there is increased loss of
283:
This has led some observers to describe the lumen of proximal tubules as occluded or "dirty-looking", in contrast to the "clean" appearance of
392:
Some investigators on the basis of particular functional differences have divided the convoluted part into two segments designated S1 and S2.
1486:
1451:
1148:
1120:
1086:
1645:
1378:
632:
into the blood, the responses to PTH cancel each other out, and the serum concentration of phosphate remains approximately the same.
385:
In relation to the morphology of the kidney as a whole, the convoluted segments of the proximal tubules are confined entirely to the
214:
468:
1912:
908:
533:, in that the osmotic potential of the fluid leaving the proximal tubule is the same as that of the initial glomerular filtrate.
192:
1277:
Pei L, Solis G, Nguyen MT, Kamat N, Magenheimer L, Zhuo M, Li J, Curry J, McDonough AA, Fields TA, Welch WJ, Yu AS (July 2016).
2152:
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anions, which are pumped out of the basolateral portion of the tubule cell by co-transport with sodium ions.
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1805:
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435:
361:
2191:
681:. This takes place in two steps, each of which generates an ammonium anion: the conversion of glutamine to
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1934:
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1611:
1030:"Identification and classification of epithelial cells in nephron segments by actin cytoskeleton patterns"
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771:
755:
584:
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As a logical extension of the nomenclature described above, this segment is sometimes designated as S3.
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1994:
806:
740:
443:
60:
453:– 60–70% of the filtered sodium load is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule through active transport,
2157:
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126:
1586:- Comparative Organology at University of California, Davis – "Mammal, kidney cortex (LM, Medium)"
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Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) have a pivotal role in kidney disease. Two mammalian
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44:
Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply. (1st convoluted tubule labeled at center top.)
1624:
724:
365:
Proximal tubule cell showing pumps involved in acid base balance, left is the lumen of tubule
2051:
1874:
1820:
1547:
1474:
1335:
1298:
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1081:. Study smart with student consult (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 727.
1049:
1041:
994:
538:
461:
236:
1234:
Aronson PS (2002). "Ion exchangers mediating NaCl transport in the renal proximal tubule".
2213:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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2040:
1846:
1734:
1524:
1339:
244:
822:
500:
Mass movement of water and occurs both through the cells and between them, passively via
809:. In these situations, PTECs may be directly affected by protein (e.g., proteinuria in
624:
in the proximal tubules, but, because it also enhances the uptake of phosphate from the
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Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the
412:
276:
resorption of the proximal tubular contents after interruption of circulation in the
130:
1567:
1504:
1355:
1279:"Paracellular epithelial sodium transport maximizes energy efficiency in the kidney"
1263:
1014:
673:
that is excreted in the urine is formed in the proximal tubule via the breakdown of
1989:
1971:
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17:
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1478:
985:
Wang T (September 2006). "Flow-activated transport events along the nephron".
834:
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PTECs also participate in the progression of tubulointerstitial injury due to
759:
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232:
228:
55:
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566:, and some other solutes are resorbed via secondary active transport through
1999:
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occurs when PTECs are directly damaged by toxins such as antibiotics (e.g.,
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438:. This is driven by sodium transport from the lumen into the blood by the
157:
The most distinctive characteristic of the proximal tubule is its luminal
1869:
838:
798:
728:
670:
408:(Latin "straight part") is the following straight (descending) portion.
102:
2089:
1837:
1744:
1045:
841:; undergoing epithelial mesenchymal trans-differentiation; necrosis or
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273:
199: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
118:
2022:
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cells of this segment of the nephron is covered with densely packed
39:
696:
360:
72:
1604:– "The Nephron: Proximal Tubule, Pars Convoluta & Pars Recta"
829:). There are several ways in which PTECs may respond: producing
713:
629:
596:
1634:
645:
Acidosis increases absorption. Alkalosis decreases absorption.
168:
382:(Latin "convoluted part") is the initial convoluted portion.
723:
are commonly used as models of the proximal tubule: porcine
1473:. Archives of Toxicology. Vol. 18. pp. 173–83.
464:. Active transport is mainly through the sodium/hydrogen
247:
surface area of the cells, presumably facilitating their
911:
of negatively stained proximal convoluted tubule of Rat
1113:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch
2180:
1538:
Tomita Y (February 2006). "Early renal cell cancer".
1467:
Kruidering M, van de Water B, Nagelkerke JF (1996).
1369:
Lote, Christopher J. (2012). "The
Proximal Tubule".
915:
tissue at a magnification of ~55,000x and 80KV with
2088:
2039:
2021:
1980:
1893:
1845:
1836:
1753:
1678:
1669:
1077:Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L., eds. (2017).
865:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
83:
71:
66:
54:
49:
32:
1435:
1171:"Acid-Base Transport by the Renal Proximal Tubule"
884:Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney.
583:Most of the filtered potassium is resorbed by two
449:Sodium reabsorption is primarily driven by this
243:its name. The microvilli greatly increase the
987:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
943:Diagram outlining movement of ions in nephron.
1646:
1584:Anatomy photo: Urinary/mammal/cortex1/cortex6
1442:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p.
1392:
1390:
1175:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
568:co-transporters driven by the sodium gradient
508:) and between cells through tight junctions (
8:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1438:Renal pathophysiology : the essentials
235:forming a border readily visible under the
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1653:
1639:
1631:
1540:International Journal of Clinical Oncology
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1104:
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1100:
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78:tubulus proximalis, pars tubuli proximalis
38:
1302:
1202:
1053:
411:Straight segments descend into the outer
303:, it can be divided into three segments,
287:, which have quite different properties.
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
1373:(5th ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
473:
308:
125:which begins from the renal pole of the
2187:
1164:
1162:
1160:
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874:
1520:
1510:
1143:. Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 702.
1028:Kumaran GK, Hanukoglu I (March 2020).
959:This article incorporates text in the
747:, arises from the convoluted tubules.
100:
29:
1340:10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.1.38
1283:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
660:are secreted in the proximal tubule.
7:
1397:Boron WF, Boulpaep EL, eds. (2005).
1134:
1132:
1111:Boron WF, Boulpaep EL, eds. (2005).
258:of the cells is densely packed with
197:adding citations to reliable sources
1470:Methods for studying renal toxicity
1169:Boron, Walter F. (September 2006).
1115:. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 743.
999:10.1097/01.mnh.0000242180.46362.c4
25:
1413:Hypocitraturia~overview#aw2aab6b5
2190:
1236:Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
953:
936:
924:
901:
889:
877:
766:) and sepsis (e.g., mediated by
173:
770:from gram-negative bacteria).
184:needs additional citations for
2005:Extraglomerular mesangial cell
1885:Intraglomerular mesangial cell
1596:Essentials of Human Physiology
1371:Principles of renal physiology
1:
27:Segment of nephron in kidneys
1865:Glomerular basement membrane
702:Immunohistochemical staining
664:Drugs secreted in the kidney
370:Proximal convoluted tubule (
1434:Rose BD, Rennke HG (1994).
967:of the 20th edition of
529:. The solutes are absorbed
227:The luminal surface of the
2234:
1903:Proximal convoluted tubule
1592:"Section 7/7ch03/7ch03p14"
1141:Histology A TEXT AND ATLAS
1139:Wojciech, Pawlina (2016).
743:, the most common form of
396:Proximal straight tubule (
135:proximal convoluted tubule
2098:Internal urethral orifice
2075:Median umbilical ligament
1982:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1552:10.1007/s10147-005-0551-4
1479:10.1007/978-3-642-61105-6
446:of the epithelial cells.
346:
342:
339:
328:
325:
95:
37:
1930:Distal convoluted tubule
620:reduces reabsorption of
522:approximately two-thirds
497:approximately two-thirds
483:% of filtrate reabsorbed
318:Ultrastructure divisions
143:proximal straight tubule
1806:Peritubular capillaries
821:), or cytokines (e.g.,
805:, vascular injury, and
506:transcellular transport
436:peritubular capillaries
335:Higher cell complexity
2031:Ureteropelvic junction
1935:Collecting duct system
1718:medullary interstitium
1248:10.1385/CBB:36:2-3:147
1187:10.1681/ASN.2006060620
827:tumor necrosis factors
803:interstitial nephritis
772:Renal tubular acidosis
756:Acute tubular necrosis
716:
591:and simple diffusion.
366:
355:Lower cell complexity
264:acidophilic appearance
117:is the segment of the
97:Anatomical terminology
1995:Juxtaglomerular cells
700:
693:Clinical significance
364:
1625:turinary/urinhaute02
807:diabetic nephropathy
741:renal cell carcinoma
727:cells and marsupial
570:out of the nephron.
444:basolateral membrane
193:improve this article
129:to the beginning of
61:Metanephric blastema
2158:Lacunae of Morgagni
2103:Urethral sphincters
1401:(Updated ed.).
762:), pigments (e.g.,
679:alpha-ketoglutarate
618:Parathyroid hormone
541:solutes (primarily
1399:Medical Physiology
1079:Medical physiology
1046:10.1111/febs.15088
811:glomerulonephritis
795:glomerulonephritis
768:lipopolysaccharide
717:
706:convoluted tubules
367:
2178:
2177:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
1940:Connecting tubule
1590:Nosek, Thomas M.
1488:978-3-642-64696-6
1453:978-0-683-07354-6
1150:978-1-4698-8931-3
1122:978-1-4160-2328-9
1088:978-0-323-42796-8
871:Additional images
819:diabetes mellitus
662:Further reading:
649:
648:
614:approximately 80%
601:approximately 50%
580:approximately 65%
359:
358:
241:brush border cell
225:
224:
217:
165:Brush border cell
111:
110:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2225:
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2052:Vesical arteries
1875:Filtration slits
1860:Bowman's capsule
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1608:Swiss embryology
1603:
1598:. Archived from
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1181:(9): 2368–2382.
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1040:(6): 1176–1194.
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462:electrodiffusion
326:Proximal tubule
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237:light microscope
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127:Bowman's capsule
103:edit on Wikidata
42:
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18:Proximal tubular
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1923:Thick ascending
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1847:Renal corpuscle
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1735:Cortical lobule
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1661:Anatomy of the
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315:Gross divisions
305:S1, S2, and S3.
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115:proximal tubule
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33:Proximal tubule
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1605:
1602:on 2016-03-24.
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1578:External links
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2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Vesical veins
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Renal papilla
1955:
1953:
1952:Tubular fluid
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:Loop of Henle
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Medullary ray
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
966:
962:
961:public domain
948:
939:
934:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
904:
899:
892:
887:
880:
875:
870:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
748:
746:
745:kidney cancer
742:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
666:
665:
659:
651:
644:
642:70%–90%
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
590:
587:mechanisms –
586:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
551:
548:
544:
540:
537:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
493:
492:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
472:
470:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
451:P-type ATPase
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
426:
421:
419:
416:
414:
409:
407:
399:
395:
393:
390:
388:
383:
381:
373:
369:
363:
354:
351:
350:
345:
338:
334:
331:
324:
320:
317:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
302:
297:
290:
288:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
219:
216:
208:
205:February 2021
198:
194:
188:
187:
182:This section
180:
176:
171:
170:
164:
162:
160:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:loop of Henle
128:
124:
120:
116:
104:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
65:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2143:intermediate
2048:Circulation
1990:Macula densa
1972:Renal pelvis
1895:Renal tubule
1786:interlobular
1766:Renal artery
1623:
1600:the original
1595:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1469:
1462:
1437:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1370:
1364:
1334:(1): 38–43.
1331:
1327:
1321:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1178:
1174:
1140:
1112:
1078:
1072:
1037:
1033:
1023:
993:(5): 530–6.
990:
986:
980:
972:
958:
952:
860:Brush border
855:Urinary pole
823:interferon-Îł
792:
754:
738:
718:
705:
669:Most of the
668:
661:
655:
589:solvent drag
585:paracellular
562:, inorganic
531:isotonically
510:paracellular
487:
482:
477:
459:paracellular
455:solvent drag
448:
433:
430:
417:
410:
405:
403:
397:
391:
387:renal cortex
384:
379:
377:
371:
321:Description
304:
298:
294:
282:
272:
268:
260:mitochondria
253:
249:reabsorptive
226:
211:
202:
191:Please help
186:verification
183:
159:brush border
156:
146:
142:
138:
134:
114:
112:
77:
1967:Major calyx
1962:Minor calyx
1755:Circulation
1546:(1): 22–7.
896:Glomerulus.
784:amino acids
776:bicarbonate
687:bicarbonate
658:medications
560:amino acids
547:amino acids
527:Na/K-ATPase
440:Na/K-ATPase
329:convoluted
278:capillaries
239:giving the
67:Identifiers
2207:Categories
1913:Descending
1855:Glomerulus
1821:interlobar
1811:Vasa recta
1801:Renal vein
1776:interlobar
1328:Physiology
949:References
835:chemokines
760:gentamicin
721:cell lines
502:aquaporins
466:antiporter
427:Absorption
406:pars recta
398:pars recta
233:microvilli
229:epithelial
141:) and the
2138:prostatic
2107:External
2000:Mesangium
1880:Mesangium
1771:segmental
1762:Arteries
1523:ignored (
1513:cite book
1418:eMedicine
1195:1046-6673
965:page 1223
843:apoptosis
831:cytokines
788:phosphate
764:myoglobin
710:glomeruli
683:glutamate
675:glutamine
652:Secretion
626:intestine
622:phosphate
610:phosphate
576:potassium
564:phosphate
478:Substance
422:Functions
347:straight
299:Based on
291:Divisions
256:cytoplasm
153:Structure
56:Precursor
2123:Internal
2064:(female)
1870:Podocyte
1826:efferent
1791:afferent
1713:pyramids
1568:28183020
1560:16508725
1505:27034550
1356:29602556
1348:11390757
1313:27214555
1264:24141102
1256:12139400
1213:21170887
1064:31605441
1015:42761720
1007:16914967
849:See also
839:collagen
799:ischemia
729:OK cells
671:ammonium
488:Comments
2197:Anatomy
2090:Urethra
2080:Trigone
2041:Bladder
2023:Ureters
1838:Nephron
1816:arcuate
1781:arcuate
1745:Nephron
1708:Medulla
1691:Capsule
1671:Kidneys
1497:8678793
1304:4922683
1221:3122791
1204:4699187
1055:7384063
815:glucose
780:glucose
725:LLC-PK1
704:of the
638:citrate
556:Glucose
543:glucose
539:organic
442:in the
413:medulla
312:Segment
245:luminal
123:kidneys
119:nephron
90:D007687
50:Details
2183:Portal
2148:spongy
2116:female
1797:Veins
1701:column
1696:Cortex
1686:Fascia
1679:Layers
1618:, and
1610:(from
1566:
1558:
1503:
1495:
1485:
1450:
1377:
1354:
1346:
1311:
1301:
1262:
1254:
1219:
1211:
1201:
1193:
1147:
1119:
1085:
1062:
1052:
1034:FEBS J
1013:
1005:
973:(1918)
913:kidney
837:, and
786:, and
735:Cancer
518:sodium
457:, and
274:Agonal
1725:Sinus
1564:S2CID
1501:S2CID
1352:S2CID
1260:S2CID
1217:S2CID
1011:S2CID
963:from
751:Other
739:Most
712:with
630:bones
494:water
101:[
73:Latin
2111:male
1730:Lobe
1556:PMID
1525:help
1493:PMID
1483:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1344:PMID
1309:PMID
1252:PMID
1209:PMID
1191:ISSN
1145:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1060:PMID
1003:PMID
825:and
817:(in
714:CD10
708:and
628:and
597:urea
552:100%
545:and
469:NHE3
404:The
378:The
254:The
113:The
85:MeSH
1548:doi
1475:doi
1444:132
1416:at
1336:doi
1299:PMC
1291:doi
1287:126
1244:doi
1199:PMC
1183:doi
1050:PMC
1042:doi
1038:287
995:doi
909:TEM
813:),
677:to
512:).
340:S2
332:S1
195:by
149:).
147:PST
139:PCT
121:in
2209::
1622:)
1620:UF
1616:UB
1614:,
1612:UL
1594:.
1562:.
1554:.
1544:11
1542:.
1517::
1515:}}
1511:{{
1499:.
1491:.
1481:.
1446:.
1424:^
1389:^
1350:.
1342:.
1332:13
1330:.
1307:.
1297:.
1285:.
1281:.
1258:.
1250:.
1240:36
1238:.
1215:.
1207:.
1197:.
1189:.
1179:17
1177:.
1173:.
1159:^
1131:^
1097:^
1058:.
1048:.
1036:.
1032:.
1009:.
1001:.
991:15
989:.
845:.
833:,
801:,
797:,
790:.
782:,
778:,
731:.
558:,
389:.
352:S3
161:.
2185::
1654:e
1647:t
1640:v
1570:.
1550::
1527:)
1507:.
1477::
1456:.
1383:.
1358:.
1338::
1315:.
1293::
1266:.
1246::
1223:.
1185::
1153:.
1125:.
1091:.
1066:.
1044::
1017:.
997::
919:.
549:)
504:(
400:)
374:)
218:)
212:(
207:)
203:(
189:.
145:(
137:(
105:]
20:)
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