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All proximity analysis tools are based on a measure of distance between two locations. This may seen as a simplistic geometric measurement, but the nature of geographic phenomena and geographic activity requires several candidate methods to measure and express distance and distance-related measures.
219:, a set of algorithms and tools for solving a number of distance routing problems when travel is constrained to a network of one-dimensional lines, such as roads and utility networks. For example, the common task of finding the shortest route from point A to point B, which is typically solved using
203:, an array containing the distances (Euclidean or otherwise) between any two points in a set. This is frequently used as the independent variable in statistical tests of whether the strength of a relationship is correlated with distance, such as the volume of trade between cities.
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193:, a set of (usually heuristic) algorithms for finding the optimal locations of a limited set of points (e.g., store locations) that minimize the aggregate distance to another set of points (e.g., customer locations). A commonly used example is
173:, also known as Thiessen polygons, an algorithm for partitioning continuous space into a set of regions based on a set of point locations, such that each region consists of locations that are closer to one of the points than any others.
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because it generally serves as an undesirable quantity to be minimized. Travel time is the most common cost measurement, but other costs include carbon emissions, fuel consumption, environmental impacts, and construction
78:, the distance between two locations in a cartesian (planar) coordinate system along a path that only follows the x and y axes (thus appearing similar to a path through a grid street network such as that of
132:, a measurement along a route (in any of the above spaces) in which geometric distance is replaced by some other quantity that accumulates along the route (and is thus proportional to distance), called a
42:, which are incorporated into analytical tools. Proximity methods are thus used in a variety of applications, especially those that involve movement and interaction.
64:, the straight-line geometric distance measured on a planar surface. In geographic information systems, this can be easily calculated from locations in a cartesian
126:. Although these are not inherently geographic, projecting them into an abstract space allows geographic tools such as proximity analysis to be used to study them.
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Abstract distance, a measurement of distance in a space that is only indirectly related to geographic space, or only metaphorically spatial. Examples include
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There are a variety of tools, models, and algorithms that incorporate geographic distance, due to the variety of relevant problems and tasks.
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as a central principle. Distance is fundamental to geographic inquiry and spatial analysis, due to principles such as the
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Network distance, a measurement between two locations along a route within a constrained linear space, such as a
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Geospatial
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Illustration of
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de Smith, Michael J.; Goodchild, Michael F.; Longley, Paul A. (2018).
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Self-organizing maps: Applications in geographic information science
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of related concepts, and the hypertext network of the
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Blinn, Charles R., Lloyd P. Queen, and Les W. Maki,
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242:"Geographic Information Systems: A Glossary."
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26:tools and algorithms that employ geographic
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291:Agarwal, Pragya; Skupin, André (2008).
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36:Tobler's first law of geography
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118:of interpersonal connections,
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367:"25.1.18.81 Voronoi polygons"
266:"FC-42 - Distance Operations"
270:GIS&T Body of Knowledge
66:Projected coordinate system
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217:Transport network analysis
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393:"Network Analyst solvers"
347:"4.4 Distance Operations"
397:ArcGIS Pro Documentation
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102:spherical law of cosines
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371:QGIS 3.22 Documentation
100:, the formula uses the
40:Spatial autocorrelation
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165:Cost distance analysis
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111:or utility network.
70:Pythagorean theorem
247:2010-03-22 at the
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181:Inverse square law
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120:information spaces
76:Manhattan distance
62:Euclidean distance
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227:References
142:Techniques
68:using the
403:5 January
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295:. Wiley.
276:5 January
80:Manhattan
445:Category
424:in Esri
245:Archived
52:Distance
28:distance
435:PostGIS
373:. OSGEO
272:. UCGIS
159:Buffers
96:. On a
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399:. Esri
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