380:(EDC) which would permit West German rearmament, a subject arousing fierce opposition in France at the time. Working closely with Sergei Vinogradov, the Soviet ambassador in Paris, Ogrodziński sought to maximise the traditional French sympathy for Poland to make the case that the EDC was a reckless move, endangering the peace of Europe. Ogrodziński also claimed in talks with the French officials that the United States, by forcefully supporting West German rearmament, was a danger to all of Europe. As part of his diplomacy, Ogrodziński cultivated French politicians, reminding them of the historical Franco-Polish friendship going back centuries, and in December 1953 arranged for the visit of a group of National Assembly members to Poland. The French delegation was co-headed by the former premier,
463:
Poland, which would mean that in the event of World War Three, that there would be no
American nuclear strikes to destroy them, thereby limiting the amount of nuclear fall-out in Poland. Many in the West assumed the Rapacki Plan was a Soviet diplomatic initiative, but in fact, it was a Polish diplomatic initiative, through permission still had to be asked of Moscow first. During his talks with East German officials about the Rapacki Plan, Ogrodziński rejected any joint East German-Polish diplomatic offensive, telling the East German diplomat Otto Winzer that the chances of the Rapacki plan being accepted by the West would be greater if it was seen as a purely Polish diplomatic initiative.
422:
Right from the start, Ogrodziński complained that he needed more delegates who were fluent in French and
English. Ogrodziński noted that all of the Indian delegates were fluent in English and some of the Canadian delegation were French-Canadian, and even the majority who were English-Canadian usually spoke good French. He wrote that everything the Polish delegation achieved was made possible "at the expense of simply unbelievable improvisations". A particular problem were the uniforms provided to the Polish delegation, which were not designed for the tropics and which disintegrated after being run through the washing machine a couple of times.
438:, was one of the leaders of the more liberal side of the Communist party, but most of the team he selected were people who had loyally served the Stalinist regime. Ogrodziński had loyally served the Stalinist faction prior to 1956, but after 1956 as Rapacki's right-hand man he became associated with the liberalizing faction in the Communist Party. The Polish historian Wŀodzimier Borodziej described Ogrodziński as typical of the Polish generation whose formative life experiences were the German occupation in World War Two. For many of Ogrodziński's generation, the refusal of the West German government, established in 1949, to recognize the
443:
fact that many of the officials in the West German government were men who had loyally served the Nazi regime added to the Polish concerns regarding West
Germany. Thus, for Ogrodziński and many other Poles, the perceived threat of German irredentism and revanchism caused them to look for the Soviet Union as a counterweight, all the more so as the United States and other Western powers had allied themselves with West Germany and did not criticize the West German refusal to accept the Oder-Neisse line. Ogrodziński saw the Soviet domination of Poland as a lesser evil compared to the possibility of a return to a neo-Nazi occupation.
541:
447:"socialist humanist" who spent much of World War Two in a German POW camp and who had reluctantly joined the Communist Party in 1948. Like Ogrodziński, Rapacki's World War Two experiences had convinced him that Germany was a far greater threat to Poland than the Soviet Union, and through Rapacki was known for wanting Poland to have greater independence from Moscow and for greater freedom of expression within Poland, he was convinced that Poland needed the Soviet Union to counter the perceived threat of German revanchism.
180:
165:
175:
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on NATO. Through
Eisenhower's gambit was intended to force greater defense spending in western Europe, in Warsaw the mere suggestion that the United States was going to arm West Germany with nuclear weapons provoked immense fear as the Poles were convinced that the West Germans would use nuclear weapons against them sooner or later to take back the lands east of the Oder-Neisse line. To preempt this possibility, Rapacki together with several officials at the Foreign Ministry such as Ogrodziński developed the
170:
426:
the
Communist Viet Minh to release all of their French prisoners of war (POW) swiftly, but Ogrodziński sided with the Viet Minh who stated they would release the POWs slowly. Despite the tensions with the Canadian delegation, Ogrodziński reported with some surprise to Warsaw that: "you cannot see pro-American tendencies in the Canadians (which is extremely interesting)". He also reported that relations with other delegations were good, writing: an "Idyll of unanimity continues in the Commission".
499:, the Canadian high commissioner in New Delhi, as proposals were made to have a conference chaired by the ICC powers. Ogrodziński advised Warsaw to "express our consent", as rejecting the proposal would "strengthen Rightist tendencies" in the Indian government, while accepting it "could be played out to show that the rigidity of the Canadians makes it impossible to come to an understanding".
410:
consult much with Moscow, Beijing or Warsaw before making a decision. Ogrodziński was informed "that the
Indians must not be antagonized" as India's socialist neutralism was felt to make the Indians favorable to the Soviet bloc, but he was told to expect the worse from the Canadians whom it was believed were serving "agencies of the US".
442:
as Poland's western frontier, whilst maintaining a territorial claim to various territories now part of Poland, looked alarmingly similar to the refusal of successive German governments, in the interwar period, to recognize the eastern frontiers of
Germany established by the Treaty of Versailles. The
454:
complained the United States was bearing a disproportionate amount of the costs associated with the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and publicity suggested perhaps the United States should transfer nuclear weapons to West Germany as a way to force the western European states to spend more
425:
One of the
Canadian diplomats called Ogrodziński "a formidable opponent" and "the Polish version of Machiavelli". Another Canadian diplomat recalled: "He impressed us as able and forceful, and he also has charm, a dangerous combination". The acting Canadian Commissioner, R.M. Macdonnell, pressed for
421:
On 18 August 1954, the ICC began its work in
Vietnam. Ogrodziński reported to Warsaw that the authorities in both Vietnams did not provide the ICC delegations with offices to work in with meetings being held in the hotel rooms of the delegates, which he reported as having "improved the atmosphere".
392:
at the time, Ogrodziński felt that Soustelle's visit to Poland was a sign that the Gaullists were sympathetic to the anti-EDC forces. In July 1954, the French National Assembly rejected the EDC treaty with the general feeling in France being that it was too dangerous to allow West Germany to have a
286:
that sought to hide Jews outside the ghetto and smuggle food to those still inside the ghetto. Working closely with the local chairwoman of Żegota, Władysława Choms, later known as the "Angel of Lvov", Ogrodziński worked to obtain the money that bought the extra food for the ghetto and which bought
417:
was reluctant to have Canada involved in the ICC and only agreed under heavy American pressure. As a consequence, the Canadians wanted to keep their delegation as small as possible. The Poles also wanted to keep their delegation small owning largely to a shortage of diplomats and soldiers with the
507:
In 1968, in the aftermath of the "March Events", Ogrodziński refused to join the "anti-Zionist" campaign that saw a number of Polish Jews sacked from their jobs. Rapacki was sacked in 1968, and Ogrodziński's career went into decline with his sacking. In another demotion, Ogrodziński was appointed
409:
in Vietnam and comprised three delegations, from: Poland, Canada and India, with the Indian Commissioner serving as the Chief Commissioner of the ICC. Ogrodziński was given much leeway to operate in the manner that he felt best on the ICC, and contrary to expectations held in the West, he did not
303:
death camp, where almost all of them were exterminated immediately on arrival. A few thousand "work Jews" (skilled laborers) were retained at a camp on Janowska street until October 1943, when they were killed in turn. Żegota's work was limited to helping the few hundred Jews who had escaped from
446:
Ogrodziński as a director-general at the Foreign Ministry was very close to Rapacki, serving as one as his principle advisers. The background of Ogrodziński as a socialist turned communist from Galicia was exactly the same as Rapacki, who saw him as a kindred spirit. Rapacki was a self-described
462:
Under the Rapacki plan, no nuclear weapons nor missiles capable of firing nuclear weapons would be allowed in both Germanies, Poland and Czechoslovakia. From the Polish perspective, the Rapacki plan had the additional advantage of keeping the Soviet Union from stationing nuclear weapons in
471:
In a demotion, Ogrodziński was appointed the Polish ambassador to India. Despite his removal to New Delhi, Ogrodziński still retained influence as one of the favorite advisers to Rapacki. Because an Indian diplomat always served as the Chief Commissioner of the ICC, the Polish Foreign Ministry
312:
During this time, Ogrodziński married a fellow Żegota worker, Halina Jacuńska-Ogrodzińska. She later recalled: "Żegota had its headquarters in Warsaw, under the auspices of the underground government which represented several political groupings. In Lvov there was a parallel union of political
294:
would establish an independent Ukrainian state after its expected "final victory" and the city became a dangerous place in which to operate. The Polish historian Teresa Prekerowa wrote the sheer number of Ukrainian collaborators in the city made Lemberg a particularly dangerous city for
472:
attached much importance to relations with India in the 1960s, and Ogrodziński was appointed ambassador in New Delhi largely because Rapacki wanted an able diplomat whom he could trust as the ambassador to India. On 24 September 1962, Ogrodziński presented his credentials to President
376:, serving as the de facto head of the Polish embassy until the spring of 1954, as the Polish ambassador to France was absent. In Paris, Ogrodziński was keen to capitalise on the weakening relations between France and the United States. His opportunity came with the proposed
352:
had served as part of the British 8th Army in Italy, and Ogrodziński's main duty in Rome was to persuade members of the 2nd Corps to return to Poland instead of staying in exile in the West. In 1948, he returned to Poland to take part in the congress that united the
261:
In June 1941, Germany invaded the USSR and captured the Soviet half of Poland on the way. The Germans restored the Galician capital's Austrian name: Lemberg. Under the German occupation, Ogrodziński became involved in resistance activities, as a member of the
308:
to support one Jew in hiding per month. Despite the difficulties, it is estimated that Ogrodziński as the treasurer of the Lwów branch of Żegota was able to extend financial assistance to between 100–200 Jews living in hiding in the city.
274:). Under the German occupation, the entire Jewish population of the city was forced to live in a ghetto, in dismal conditions. In August 1941, Ogrodziński assisted with the publication of an underground newspaper in the ghetto:
313:
parties. Przemek acted on behalf of the PPS. The PPS played an important role because, among other things, it had a lot of Jewish members...we sent as many people as possible away from Lvov. We needed documents for this."
917:
263:
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On 27 July 1944, Lemberg was recaptured by the Red Army and its name reverted to Lvov; the region was incorporated into the Soviet Union. In October 1944, Ogrodziński became a member of OMTUR (
316:
At considerable risk to her life, Halina Jacuńska-Ogrodzińska hid two Jewish women, Maria Glass and Olga Lilien, for she which was recognized by the Yad Vashem Institute in Jerusalem as one of
418:
necessary knowledge of French and English. Thus, for different reasons, at the first meeting of the ICC, both the Poles and Canadians found themselves in agreement about the size of the ICC.
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From 1956 to 1962 Ogrodziński was the Director-General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, making him the number three man in the Foreign Ministry. The new Polish Foreign Minister,
1528:
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1518:
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calling for Central Europe to be a nuclear weapons free zone. Ogrodziński was described by the Polish historian Piotr Wandycz as one of the "fathers of the Rapacki plan".
1478:
755:
Słowiak, Jarema (2014). "Working with the Enemy: Polish Perception of the Canadian Delegation in the International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam".
1533:
1468:
848:
728:
242:(Union of Independent Socialist Youth). As an young socialist activist in Lwów, Ogrodziński had many Jewish friends who were active in the Socialist movement.
1071:
562:
Anderson, Sheldon (2010). "The German Question and Polish-East German Relations, 1945-1962". In Tobias Hochscherf; Christoph Laucht; Andrew Plowman (eds.).
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The first conference of the ICC in New Delhi on 1–6 August 1954 did not bring about the expected Canadian-Polish clash. The government of Prime Minister
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work. On 3 June 1943, the Germans liquidated the Lemberg ghetto, sending in Ukrainian police units to round up most of the Jews. They were sent to the
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365:, which was the official name of the Communist Party. In 1951, he was awarded 2nd Class Knight's Officer in the Order of the Banner of Labour.
258:
was again renamed, now as Lvov. Under Soviet rule, Ogrodziński together with his father were imprisoned under charges of falsifying documents.
1008:
191:(4 May 1918 – 11 May 1980), also known by his pseudonyms 'Stanisław', 'Dyplomata', and 'Agapit' was a Polish diplomat and activist.
72:
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684:
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215:, a region that spanned modern southeastern Poland and western Ukraine. Galicia was populated by a mixture of Poles, Ukrainians, and
402:
212:
46:
552:, who also became a diplomat and who served as the Polish ambassador to Canada, 2004–2009. Przemysław Ogrodziński died in 1980.
581:
Borodziej, Wŀodzimier (2007). "1956 As a turning point in Poland's foreign policy". In Jan Rowiński; Tytus Jaskułowski (eds.).
362:
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Wandycz, Piotr (1994). "Adam Rapacki and the Search for European Security". In Gordon A. Craig; Francis L. Loewenheim (eds.).
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During his dangerous work for Żegota, Ogrodziński adopted the alias 'Stanisław'. Many Ukrainians in Lemberg believed the
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87:
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332:-Youth Organization of the Workers' University Society). On 31 December 1944, Ogrodziński became a member of the
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495:, an attempt in 1966 to end the Vietnam war. During the Marigold talks, Ogrodziński was in regular contact with
354:
508:
ambassador to Norway. On 10 June 1969, Ogrodziński presented his credentials as Poland's ambassador to King
231:
675:
Pasztor, Marie (2007). "France and the Polish October of 1956". In Jan Rowiński; Tytus Jaskułowski (eds.).
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In 1945, Ogrodziński joined the Polish diplomatic corps and served as a counselor in the Polish embassy in
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Związek Parlamentarny Polskich Socjalistów w działalności prawodawczej Krajowej Rady Narodowej
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532:. He served as the Polish ambassador to Norway and Iceland until his retirement in May 1975.
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50:
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484:. From February–June 1963, he also served as the Polish ambassador to Ceylon (modern
373:
223:. Shortly after Ogrodziński's birth, Galicia became part of the newly re-established
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Polska Partia Socjalistyczna w latach wojny i okupacji 1939-1945: księga wspomnień
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Przemysław "Przemek" Ogrodziński was born to a Polish family in Lemberg (modern
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From 1954 to 1956, Ogrodziński served as the first Polish Commissioner to the
336:. He served as a member of the National Council's Foreign Affairs Committee.
282:, the Council to Aid Jews. He served as the treasurer to the local branch of
696:
Dance with Death: A Holistic View of Saving Polish Jews during the Holocaust
485:
481:
283:
279:
235:
238:, before returning to his hometown of Lwów, where he became active in the
773:
Sulmicka, Małgorzata (2002). "Problem ubóstwa w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej".
278:,. In May 1943, Ogrodziński was a founding member of the Lwów branch of
517:
216:
204:
42:
91:
68:
679:. Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych. pp. 263–276.
585:. Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych. pp. 327–346.
788:
Stosunki dyplomatyczne Polski. Informator. Tom I. Europa 1918-2006
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materials to make the false papers for Jews to escape the ghetto.
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Divided, But Not Disconnected: German Experiences of the Cold War
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Righteous among Nations: How Poles helped the Jews, 1939-1945
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either the ghetto or the Janowska street camp. It cost about
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Oganizacja Mlodziezowa Towarzystwa Uniwersytetu Robotniczego
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799:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 289–318.
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Polski ruch socjalistyczny na obczyźnie w latach 1939-1945
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1009:"Medical assistance for Jews hiding in Warsaw, 1942–1944"
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and as the editor of the underground socialist newspaper
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738:
In the Interests of Peace: Canada and Vietnam, 1954-1973
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Czarnecki, Wacław; Durko, Janusz; Hałoń, Edward (1994).
264:
Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence
786:
Szczepanik, A.; Herman-Łukasik, B; Janicka, B. (2007).
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military again so soon after the end of World War Two.
254:. Polish Galicia was annexed to the Soviet Ukraine and
250:
In September 1939, the Soviet Union joined Germany in
211:. Lemberg was the capital of the Austrian province of
715:
Konspiracyjna Rada Pomocy Żydom w Warszawie 1942-1945
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The Good Fight: Marcel Cadieux and Canadian Diplomacy
642:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
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105:
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83:
57:
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661:. Lviv: Solom-Aleichem Jewish Society of Culture.
604:. Warsaw: Polska Fundacja Upowszechniania Nauki.
516:. He was also appointed the Polish ambassador to
1464:People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
1057:
1055:
1053:
323:
858:The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945
621:Marigold: The Lost Chance for Peace in Vietnam
491:As an ambassador, Ogrodziński was involved in
1514:Recipients of the Order of the Banner of Work
1386:Szczepanik, Herman-Łukasik & Janicka 2007
1093:Szczepanik, Herman-Łukasik & Janicka 2007
1044:
903:
324:The People's Republic of Poland and Diplomacy
240:Związek Niezależnej Młodzieży Socjalistycznej
8:
1529:Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
227:and Lemberg became the Polish city of Lwów.
1002:
1000:
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566:. Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 99–104.
1524:Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta
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847:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
727:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
18:
1519:Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta
1429:
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860:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
677:The Polish October 1956 in World Politics
583:The Polish October 1956 in World Politics
450:In 1957, the administration of President
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941:
740:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
524:to present his credentials to President
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888:
881:
623:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1007:Prekerowa, Teresa (19 December 2018).
840:
720:
670:. London: Earlscourt Publications Ltd.
657:Khonigsman, Iakov Samoĭlovich (1997).
1469:Members of the State National Council
1200:
1074:from the original on 26 November 2021
1019:from the original on 26 February 2020
698:. Lanthan: Rowman & Littlefield.
520:. On 15 October 1969, he traveled to
7:
1534:Burials at Powązki Military Cemetery
1479:Polish United Workers' Party members
1212:
548:Halina and Przemek had a son called
397:The International Control Commission
388:. As Soustelle was close to General
818:. Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax.
1474:Polish Socialist Party politicians
230:Ogrodziński graduated in law from
14:
1499:Ambassadors of Poland to Iceland
694:Piekałkiewicz, Jarosław (2019).
659:The Catastrophy of Jewry in Lvov
403:International Control Commission
178:
173:
168:
163:
137:Ambassador to Norway (1969–1975)
133:Saving Jews during the Holocaust
1494:Ambassadors of Poland to Norway
368:On 10 July 1952, he became the
135:Ambassador to India (1962–1967)
1504:Jagiellonian University alumni
1489:Ambassadors of Poland to India
405:(ICC). The ICC supervised the
246:Occupation and the Underground
1:
544:Ogrodziński's grave in Warsaw
189:Przemysław Antoni Ogrodziński
23:Przemysław Antoni Ogrodziński
363:Polish United Workers' Party
272:For Freedom and Independence
16:Polish diplomat and activist
736:Ross, Douglas Alan (1984).
318:Righteous Among the Nations
1550:
1013:Medical Review – Auschwitz
856:Zimmerman, Joshua (2015).
816:W lwowskiej Armii Krajowej
713:Prekerowa, Teresa (1982).
378:European Defence Community
1062:Dzięciołowska, Karolina.
922:Jestem z lwowskiego etapu
833:Urzyńska, Dorota (2000).
814:Węgierski, Jerzy (1989).
666:Lewinówna, Zofia (1969).
619:Hershberg, James (2012).
493:the Marigold negotiations
372:at the Polish embassy in
88:Powązki Military Cemetery
797:The Diplomats, 1939-1979
764:Stępień, Stefan (1998).
268:O wolność i niezależność
77:Polish People's Republic
638:Kelly, Brendan (2019).
232:Jagiellonian University
1064:"The Szymański Family"
545:
359:Polish Socialist Party
334:State National Council
916:Żygulski, Kazimierz.
775:Sprawy Międzynarodowe
543:
355:Polish Workers' Party
1459:Diplomats from Lviv
1286:, p. 337-338.
1274:, p. 336-337.
1242:, p. 118-119.
1045:Piekałkiewicz 2019
904:Piekałkiewicz 2019
556:Books and articles
546:
514:Royal Palace, Oslo
478:Rashtrapati Bhavan
73:Warsaw Voivodeship
1332:, p. 99-100.
1068:Stories of Rescue
452:Dwight Eisenhower
415:Louis St. Laurent
390:Charles de Gaulle
386:Jacques Soustelle
370:chargé d'affaires
320:on 28 June 1979.
297:Polish resistance
186:
185:
154:Piotr Ogrodziński
122:Years active
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1484:Polish diplomats
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790:. Warsaw: Askon.
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709:
690:
671:
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615:
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526:Kristján Eldjárn
510:Olav V of Norway
476:of India at the
440:Oder-Neisse line
430:Director-General
382:Édouard Daladier
276:Lwowski Tygodnik
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106:Other names
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954:Khonigsman 1997
952:
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918:"Część trzecia"
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612:
599:
593:
580:
574:
561:
558:
538:
505:
497:Roland Michener
474:Rajendra Prasad
469:
432:
399:
342:
326:
252:invading Poland
248:
209:Austrian Empire
197:
145:Halina Jacuńska
136:
134:
79:
66:
62:
53:
51:Austria-Hungary
40:
34:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:Żegota members
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1432:, p. 429.
1430:Hershberg 2012
1422:
1420:, p. 421.
1418:Hershberg 2012
1407:
1405:, p. 338.
1403:Borodziej 2007
1390:
1388:, p. 322.
1373:
1371:, p. 101.
1361:
1359:, p. 100.
1346:
1344:, p. 313.
1334:
1319:
1307:
1305:, p. 294.
1288:
1284:Borodziej 2007
1276:
1272:Borodziej 2007
1259:
1257:, p. 336.
1255:Borodziej 2007
1244:
1232:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1174:
1159:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1118:, p. 264.
1097:
1095:, p. 150.
1085:
1049:
1047:, p. 230.
1030:
994:
992:, p. iii.
990:Lewinówna 1969
982:
980:, p. 318.
978:Prekerowa 1982
970:
968:, p. 313.
966:Zimmerman 2015
958:
946:
934:
908:
906:, p. 229.
893:
880:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
867:978-1107014268
866:
853:
830:
824:
811:
805:
792:
783:
770:
761:
757:TransCanadiana
752:
746:
733:
710:
705:978-0761871675
704:
691:
686:978-8389607218
685:
672:
663:
654:
649:978-0774860024
648:
635:
630:978-0804783880
629:
616:
610:
597:
592:978-8389607218
591:
578:
573:978-1845456467
572:
557:
554:
537:
534:
504:
501:
468:
465:
431:
428:
407:Geneva Accords
398:
395:
341:
340:Rome and Paris
338:
325:
322:
247:
244:
221:Ashkenazi Jews
196:
193:
184:
183:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
131:
130:Known for
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
67:
65:(aged 62)
59:
55:
54:
41:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1546:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:Anderson 2010
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:Anderson 2010
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:Anderson 2010
1326:
1324:
1320:
1317:, p. 99.
1316:
1315:Anderson 2010
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:Sulmicka 2002
1236:
1233:
1230:, p. 57.
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:, p. 97.
1214:
1209:
1206:
1203:, p. 19.
1202:
1197:
1194:
1191:, p. 55.
1190:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:, p. 54.
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:, p. 53.
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
986:
983:
979:
974:
971:
967:
962:
959:
956:, p. 44.
955:
950:
947:
944:, p. 20.
943:
942:Urzyńska 2000
938:
935:
923:
919:
912:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
891:, p. 69.
890:
885:
882:
875:
869:
863:
859:
854:
850:
844:
836:
831:
827:
821:
817:
812:
808:
802:
798:
793:
789:
784:
781:(4): 101–122.
780:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
749:
743:
739:
734:
730:
724:
716:
711:
707:
701:
697:
692:
688:
682:
678:
673:
669:
664:
660:
655:
651:
645:
641:
636:
632:
626:
622:
617:
613:
607:
603:
598:
594:
588:
584:
579:
575:
569:
565:
560:
559:
555:
553:
551:
542:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
502:
500:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
466:
464:
460:
458:
453:
448:
444:
441:
437:
429:
427:
423:
419:
416:
411:
408:
404:
396:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
351:
348:. The Polish
347:
339:
337:
335:
331:
321:
319:
314:
310:
307:
302:
298:
293:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
192:
190:
181:
176:
171:
166:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
84:Resting place
82:
78:
74:
70:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
31:
27:
20:
1425:
1364:
1342:Wandycz 1994
1337:
1310:
1303:Wandycz 1994
1279:
1235:
1228:Słowiak 2014
1208:
1196:
1189:Słowiak 2014
1170:Słowiak 2014
1155:Słowiak 2014
1140:Słowiak 2014
1135:
1128:Słowiak 2014
1123:
1116:Pasztor 2007
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1067:
1021:. Retrieved
1012:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
925:. Retrieved
921:
911:
889:Stępień 1998
884:
857:
834:
815:
796:
787:
778:
774:
765:
756:
737:
714:
695:
676:
667:
658:
639:
620:
601:
582:
563:
547:
506:
490:
470:
461:
457:Rapacki Plan
449:
445:
436:Adam Rapacki
433:
424:
420:
412:
400:
369:
367:
343:
329:
327:
315:
311:
291:
289:
275:
271:
267:
260:
249:
239:
229:
198:
188:
187:
63:(1980-05-11)
61:May 11, 1980
1454:1980 deaths
1449:1918 births
1015:: 113–119.
759:(7): 49–61.
536:Family life
530:Bessastaðir
98:Nationality
39:May 4, 1918
1443:Categories
1201:Kelly 2019
876:References
825:8321110444
806:0691194467
747:0802056326
611:8385618155
306:500 złotys
219:-speaking
195:Early life
114:Occupation
35:1918-05-04
1213:Ross 1984
843:cite book
837:. Poznań.
768:. Lublin.
723:cite book
717:. Warsaw.
522:Reykjavík
486:Sri Lanka
482:New Delhi
361:into the
350:2nd Corps
207:) in the
125:1939–1975
1072:Archived
1017:Archived
357:and the
150:Children
117:Diplomat
528:at the
518:Iceland
512:at the
217:Yiddish
213:Galicia
205:Ukraine
160:Honours
109:Przemek
47:Galicia
43:Lemberg
1078:21 May
1023:21 May
927:21 May
864:
822:
803:
744:
702:
683:
646:
627:
608:
589:
570:
503:Norway
384:, and
301:Belzec
284:Żegota
280:Żegota
236:Kraków
225:Poland
142:Spouse
101:Polish
92:Warsaw
69:Warsaw
550:Piotr
467:India
374:Paris
292:Reich
1080:2020
1025:2020
929:2020
862:ISBN
849:link
820:ISBN
801:ISBN
742:ISBN
729:link
700:ISBN
681:ISBN
644:ISBN
625:ISBN
606:ISBN
587:ISBN
568:ISBN
346:Rome
256:Lwów
201:Lviv
58:Died
29:Born
488:).
480:in
234:in
1445::
1410:^
1393:^
1376:^
1349:^
1322:^
1291:^
1262:^
1247:^
1220:^
1177:^
1162:^
1147:^
1100:^
1070:.
1066:.
1052:^
1033:^
1011:.
997:^
920:.
896:^
845:}}
841:{{
779:59
777:.
725:}}
721:{{
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1082:.
1027:.
931:.
870:.
851:)
828:.
809:.
750:.
731:)
708:.
689:.
652:.
633:.
614:.
595:.
576:.
270:(
37:)
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
