832:
strains. Race 1 strains have a broad host range including tobacco and bananas, and are usually found in tropical and subtropical environments, as they have trouble surviving cooler temperatures, and are endemic to the southeastern United States. Race 2 strains have a more limited host range than race 1, and are mostly restricted to tropical environments. Race 3 strains are more cold tolerant than the other two and are found in tropical highlands and temperate areas. The host range for race 3 biovar 2 includes potatoes, tomatoes, and geraniums. Race 3 biovar 2 is very common throughout the world, but is not generally reported in North
America, so is the focus of many sanitation and quarantine management practices to prevent the introduction or spread of the pathogen.
880:
consisting of bacterial cells and their extracellular polysaccharide, is usually noticeable in freshly cut-sections of infected tubers. Control of R. solanacearum is difficult because it is a soil borne pathogen, has wide host range, long survival in the soil, and has wide biological variation. No single control method has been found to be 100% effective, although in locations where the pathogen is established, some level of bacterial wilt control has been possible through use of a combination of diverse methods. These methods include phytosanitation and cultural practices, chemical control, biological control, and host resistance. General sanitation practices are recommended to prevent spread of the disease, as chemical control is ineffective.
194:
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be spread by contaminated flood water, irrigation, contaminated tools, or infected seeds. In northern Europe, the pathogen has become established in solanaceous weeds which grow in slow-moving rivers. When such contaminated water is used to irrigate potatoes, the pathogen enters the potato production system. The race 3 biovar 2 strain can survive in perennial nightshades which act as secondary hosts, and can also cause bacterial wilt of tomato. Some EU states and Middle
Eastern countries have not yet been able to eradicate this pathogen.
902:
44:
66:
408:
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pathogen-free planting materials is a necessity. Planting resistant cultivars minimizes the ill effects of the pathogen, although no completely immune cultivars are now available. Finally, a good rotation system that follows susceptible crops with resistant or nonhost crops can assist in diminishing the pathogen. The pathogen is listed as a
699:
systemic toxin also causes loss of stomatal control, but no evidence shows excessive transpiration as its consequence. The primary factor contributing to wilting is probably blocking of pit membranes in the petioles and leaves by the high molecular weight EPS1. High bacterial densities are byproducts
2310:
In response to pathogen attack, plants have evolved specific resistance ‘guard’ proteins able to recognize the presence or the action of some T3Es historically called ‘avirulence factors’. This specific recognition leads to the T3E-triggered immunity which mainly results in the HR (reviewed in ). To
925:
is classified as one of the world's most important phytopathogenic bacteria due to its lethality, persistence, wide host range, and broad geographic distribution. Although the pathogen causes major yield losses in the tropics and subtropics, it is currently a continuing threat in temperate climates.
964:
race 3 biovar 2 is among the most serious disease of potato worldwide, and is responsible for an estimated $ 950 million in losses each year. Race 3 biovar 2 is cold tolerant and classified as a quarantine pathogen. In addition, this race/biovar has been listed as a select agent in the
Agricultural
879:
Wilting and yellowing of the leaves, as well as overall stunting of the plant, are typical symptoms. The leaves may also take on a bronze cast along with stems becoming streaked and tuber eyes becoming discolored. Tubers also start to rot if left in the ground. A milky-white sticky exudate or ooze,
635:
can shed from roots of symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plants. Besides that, bacterial ooze (which is usually used as a sign for detection) on plant surfaces) can enter the surrounding soil or water, contaminating farming equipment or may be acquired by insect vectors. In addition, this pathogen can
940:
is of economic importance because it infects over 250 plant species in over 50 families. As of 2007, this pathogen has affected over 450 host species representing 54 plant families due to its broad host range around the world. The disease is known as southern wilt, bacterial wilt, and brown rot of
913:
that went extinct in the 1890s. Typically, yellowing and wilting of older leaves occurs, as well as reduced fruit size and eventual rotting of the fruit. In addition, flowers can become blackened and shriveled, and the vascular tissue discolored. Exclusion of the disease where it is not present is
932:
is a high-profile alien plant pathogen of A2 quarantine status affecting a very wide range of crops. This means that it is present in parts of Europe, but is under statutory control. Worldwide, the most important crops affected are: potato, tomato, tobacco, banana, and geranium. In the UK and the
892:
Younger leaves of the plant will become flaccid, and adventitious roots may appear on the stem of the plant. The vascular system exhibits a progressively darker brown color as the disease progresses, in addition to possible lesions on the stem. Management practices are similar to those of potato.
831:
is commonly found is affected by the particular race (a genetically diverse population within a species), and the particular biovar (a strain that differs physiologically or biochemically from other strains.) Race 1, race 2 biovar 1, and race 3, biovar 2 are three of the most common and important
1277:
Salanoubat, M.; Genin, S.; Artiguenave, F.; Gouzy, J.; Mangenot, S.; Arlat, M.; Billault, A.; Brottier, P.; Camus, J. C.; Cattolico, L.; Chandler, M.; Choisne, N.; Claudel-Renard, C.; Cunnac, S.; Demange, N.; Gaspin, C.; Lavie, M.; Moisan, A.; Robert, C.; Saurin, W.; Schiex, T.; Siguier, P.;
865:
in the United States; if the pathogen is detected by a proper authority, a number of management protocols may be implemented. These can range from surveys to quarantines of infected and potentially infected plant material, which in turn may lead to larger eradication and sanitation programs.
678:
multiplies and moves systemically within the plant before bacterial wilt symptoms occur. Wilting should be considered as the most visible side effect that usually occurs after extensive colonization of the pathogen. When the pathogen gets into the xylem through natural openings or wounds,
860:
Commercial chemicals have generally proven to be ineffective in controlling the pathogen and are not recommended as a means of control. In regions where the pathogen is established, a strategy of integrated disease management is the best method to reduce any impact of the pathogen. Using
210:
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rest of the EU, the most important crops affected are potato and tomato. It would cause serious economic damage were it to become more established than it currently is. Losses are due to actual yield reduction and also due to statutory measures taken to eliminate the disease.
683:
may form to block the axial migration of bacteria within the plant. In susceptible plants, this sometimes happens slowly and infrequently to prevent pathogen migration, and may instead lead to vascular dysfunction by unspecifically obstructing uncolonized vessels.
348:. The genomes from different strains vary from 5.5 Mb up to 6 Mb, roughly being 3.5 Mb of a chromosome and 2 Mb of a megaplasmid. While the strain GMI1000 was one of the first phytopathogenic bacteria to have its genome completed, the strain UY031 was the first
607:) like tubers. The bacteria can survive for a long time in water (up to 40 years at 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) in pure water), and the bacterial population is reduced in extreme conditions (temperature, pH, salts, e.g.).
949:. Among the monocot hosts, the order Zingiberales dominates, with five of nine families being infected by this bacterium. The reason why some families are more susceptible to bacterial wilt is still unknown. Originally,
2319:
A gene product triggers HR elicitation on several tobacco species , while resistance to GMI1000 in specific
Petunia and Arabidopsis ecotypes is due to the recognition of the PopP1 or PopP2 proteins , respectively."
615:
can also survive in cool weather and enter a state of being viable but not culturable. In most cases, this stage is not an agricultural threat because the bacteria usually become avirulent after recovering.
914:
the only effective means of control. If an area does become infected, all of the infected plants must be eliminated, which is why strong sanitation practices must be used to reduce the spread of disease.
380:
is no longer used as a biological control for Kahili ginger in
Hawaiian forests because of its wide host range. The ginger-parasitizing strain will infect numerous ginger species, including edible ginger
2292:
45, "Nearly half of the GMI1000 effector repertoire (34/74) appears to be conserved within the species, and thus are deemed ancient or stably inherited along with the core genome (see Table 2)."
2551:
1951:
1868:
716:
is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by
953:
is found in tropical, subtropical, and warm, temperate climates, but is not believed to survive cold temperatures. However, this pathogen has recently been detected in geraniums (
2099:
957:
spp.) in
Wisconsin, USA and was traced back to the import of geranium cuttings to North America and Europe from the highland tropics where race 3 biovar 2 is endemic
687:
Wilting occurs at high bacterial populations in the xylem and is partially due to vascular dysfunction in which sufficient water cannot reach the leaves. At this time,
1432:
2620:
2512:
2040:
1632:
334:
is now one of the more intensively studied phytopathogenic bacteria, and bacterial wilt of tomato is a model system for investigating mechanisms of pathogenesis.
2564:
2340:
739:(T3SS or TTSS), which secretes infection-promoting effector proteins (T3Es) into host cells. Around 74 suspected or confirmed T3Es have been identified in
2130:
1982:
1899:
735:
possesses genes for all six protein secretion pathways that have been characterized in Gram-negative bacteria. Perhaps the best-studied of these is the
1226:
Guarischi-Sousa, Rodrigo; Puigvert, Marina; Coll, Núria S.; Siri, María Inés; Pianzzola, María Julia; Valls, Marc; Setubal, João C. (15 January 2016).
2486:
743:
to date, although the functions of very few are currently known. Despite being just one of several protein secretion systems, T3SS is necessary for
2219:
Milling A., Meng F., Denny T., Allen C. 2009. Interactions with hosts at cool temperatures, not cold tolerance, explain the unique epidemiology of
2538:
1913:
1519:
1162:
1958:
1875:
1622:
Angot, Aurelie; Peeters, N; Lechner, E; Vailleu, F; Baud, C; Gentzbittel, L; Sartorel, E; Genschik, P; Boucher, C; Genin, Stephane (2006).
1585:
751:, but simultaneous disruption of certain subsets of effectors (such as the set of seven GALA effectors in strain GMI1000) strongly affects
2635:
1581:"The hrpB and hrpG Regulatory Genes of Ralstonia solanacearum Are Required for Different Stages of the Tomato Root Infection Process"
1457:
1197:
688:
1787:"Repeat Domain Diversity of avrBs3-Like Genes in Ralstonia solanacearum Strains and Association with Host Preferences in the Field"
884:
with resistant crops is useful, as is altering the pH of the soil to keep it low in the summer (4-5), and higher in the fall (6.)
2232:
Ephinstone, J. G. 2005. The current bacterial wilt situation: a global overview. pp 9-28 in: Bacterial Wilt: The
Disease and the
2106:
2251:
1750:
2543:
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of plant cell wall degradation; tyloses and gums produced by the plant itself are other contributing factors to wilting.
1847:
364:, that are geographically distinct: phylotypes I-IV are found in Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Oceania, respectively.
772:, and is, in fact, very ancient. The evolutionary history of the T3SS is contested; a high degree of similarity to the
2625:
2525:
2054:
1540:"Natural transformation in the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex: number and size of DNA that can be transferred"
553:
Wilted leaves have chlorotic, wedge-shaped areas or chlorotic and/or necrotic leaf margins. No leaf spots are evident.
570:
Wilting of the leaves occurs at the end of the day with recovery at night. Plants eventually fail to recover and die.
2075:
2425:
796:
65:
2630:
2615:
1927:
1393:"Biological Control of Tomato Bacterial Wilt Disease by Endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis"
1019:
736:
713:
2569:
2640:
717:
315:
2236:
Species
Complex. C. Allen, P. Prior, and A. C. Hayward, eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
190:
783:
and likely constitute a very old and stabilized group of effectors in the core genome of the species complex.
185:
2146:"Ralstonia Solanacearum Strains from Martinique (French West Indies) Exhibiting a New Pathogenic Potential"
671:
potentially requires only one entry site to establish a systemic infection that results in bacterial wilt.
2387:
1320:
372:
695:, and midstem; EPS1 concentration is higher later on at more than 100 μg/g tissue in fully wilted plant.
2034:
2005:
1426:
1099:
792:
150:
815:
and could possibly have a similar function of activating specific genes in the host plant cells during
198:
2332:
1446:
Terblanche, J.; de
Villiers, D.A. (2013). Prior, Philippe; Allen, Caitilyn; Elphinstone, John (eds.).
2579:
2460:
2157:
1798:
1641:
303:
1278:
Thébault, P.; Whalen, M.; Wincker, P.; Levy, M.; Weissenbach, J.; Boucher, C. A. (31 January 2002).
747:
to cause disease. No single effector protein has been found to significantly alter pathogenicity of
1628:
requires F-box-like domain-containing type III effectors to promote disease on several host plants"
901:
757:
628:
608:
573:
Brown staining of vascular ring happens and pus may exude from the ring when the tuber is squeezed.
482:
383:
43:
2366:
2351:
2022:
836:
804:
795:. The origins of the remaining effectors are unknown, although some researchers hypothesize that
230:
97:
60:
1088:
species" in GNANAMANICKAM, S. S. (2006). Plant-associated bacteria. Dordrecht, Springer. pp 1-62
2517:
1100:"Ralstonia solanacearum : An Arsenal of Virulence Strategies and Prospects for Resistance"
1001:
Yabuuchi, Eiko; Kosako, Yoshimasa; Yano, Ikuya; Hotta, Hisako; Nishiuchi, Yukiko (1995-11-01).
603:
in plant debris or diseased plants, wild hosts, seeds, or vegetative propagative organs (other
2587:
2447:
2268:
2183:
2124:
1976:
1893:
1824:
1767:
1726:
1669:
1604:
1561:
1515:
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1453:
1447:
1414:
1301:
1259:
1203:
1193:
1168:
1158:
1127:
1119:
1046:
1038:
659:. The bacteria get access to the wounds partially by flagellar-mediated swimming motility and
530:
488:
395:
389:
327:
167:
2592:
2260:
2173:
2165:
2014:
1814:
1806:
1759:
1716:
1706:
1659:
1649:
1594:
1551:
1505:
1476:
1404:
1371:
1340:
1291:
1249:
1239:
1111:
1028:
344:, with similarity in most aspects, except that it does not produce fluorescent pigment like
283:
117:
1763:
206:
576:
Pale ooze may exude from eyes and heel end of potato. Soil will adhere to the oozing eyes.
353:
107:
2161:
1802:
1645:
1115:
761:, hinting that T3E diversity may play a role in determining the broad host range of the
222:
202:
17:
2178:
2145:
1819:
1786:
1721:
1688:
1664:
1623:
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1227:
1150:
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1002:
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of flowers, genesis of lateral roots) and unnatural ones (by agricultural practices or
407:
291:
87:
2556:
2609:
1556:
1539:
1538:
Coupat B, Chaumeille-Dole F, Fall S, Prior P, Simonet P, Nesme X, Bertolla F (2008).
881:
664:
287:
214:
2026:
218:
2452:
1697:
1687:
Remenant, Benoit; Coupat-Goutaland, B.; Guidot, A.; Cellier, G.; Prior, P. (2010).
965:
Bioterrorism Act of 2002, and is considered to have potential to be developed as a
862:
808:
470:
330:
proved to be caused by a bacterial pathogen. Because of its devastating lethality,
1391:
Farahat, M.G.; Abdel Rahman, Tahany, M.; Hussein, R.A.; Zaghlol, Gihan M. (2016).
1510:
2499:
2419:
2018:
978:
812:
493:
476:
456:
340:
178:
2410:
2346:
1599:
1580:
2264:
1376:
1359:
1244:
1228:"Complete genome sequence of the potato pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum UY031"
724:
is able to exchange large DNA fragments ranging from 30 to 90 thousand bases.
660:
648:
600:
370:
was once considered as a possible biological control agent for Kahili ginger (
1711:
1418:
1172:
1123:
1042:
550:
Wilting begins with lower leaves and petioles and works its way up the plant.
2473:
1744:
Genin, S.; Boucher, C. (2004). "Lessons learned from the genome analysis of
1654:
1409:
1392:
1207:
966:
773:
752:
692:
604:
361:
360:
species complex, the four major monophyletic clusters of strains are termed
127:
2530:
2272:
2187:
1828:
1771:
1730:
1673:
1608:
1565:
1452:(1st ed.). Paris: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 326.
1344:
1305:
1263:
1131:
415:
wilt symptoms, Clemson
University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series
1050:
787: Among the other half showing variation among different strains of
322:. Bacterial wilts of tomato, pepper, eggplant, and Irish potato caused by
2404:
2169:
1810:
1187:
1154:
946:
910:
652:
461:
77:
611:
sometimes cannot be used again for susceptible crops for several years.
2491:
2434:
776:
has sparked debate over the relationship between these two structures.
680:
579:
Cross-section of a stem placed in water will exude milky white strands.
319:
311:
2504:
2439:
2343:. Lists general information and resources for Southern Bacterial Wilt.
1785:
Heuer, H.; Yin, Y. -N.; Xue, Q. -Y.; Smalla, K.; Guo, J. -H. (2007).
1325:
as a Potential Biological Control Agent for the Alien Kahili Ginger (
942:
447:
439:
299:
2381:
1296:
1279:
582:
Unlike the fungal wilts, the leaves remains green in bacterial wilt.
2478:
755:
of the pathogen. For example, GALA 7 is necessary for virulence on
900:
501:
406:
307:
2315:
T3Es recognized as ‘avirulence’ proteins were characterized: the
2003:
Race 3 Biovar 2 Causes Tropical Losses and Temperate Anxieties".
1360:"Ralstonia solanacearum Race 4:Risk Assessment for Edible Ginger"
1358:
Paret, M.L.; de Silva, A.S.; Criley, R.A.; Alvarez, A.M. (2008).
1192:(5th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 622.
1579:
Vasse, J; Genin, S.; Pascal, F.; Boucher, C.; Brito, B. (2000).
844:
647:
usually enters the plant by a wound. Natural wounds (created by
631:/g tissue) and disperses in several routes. The large number of
509:
2465:
2385:
1914:"UOG watches for moth, bacteria that attack nightshade plants"
1280:"Genome sequence of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum"
314:
in a very wide range of potential host plants. It is known as
909:
Commonly known as Moko disease, after a banana variety from
1693:
species complex reveal significant evolutionary divergence"
799:
may play a significant role in shaping virulence genes in
2245:
Poueymiro, M.; Genin, S. (2009). "Secreted proteins from
1842:
1840:
1838:
1477:"Bacterial Wilt- Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2"
1449:
Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and Ecological Aspects
655:
and xylem-feeding insects) could become entry sites for
2203:
Hudelson B. 2005. University of Wisconsin Pest Alert -
691:(EPS1) content is about 10 μg/g tissue in the taproot,
1848:"R. solanacearum/Bacterial wilt - Brown rot of potato"
996:
994:
556:
Eventually, the entire plant collapses on the medium.
779:
About half of T3SS proteins are highly conserved in
2394:
2094:
2092:
1098:Vailleau, Fabienne; Genin, Stéphane (2023-09-05).
2347:List of Plant Pathogens subject to Export Control
1946:
1944:
1221:
1219:
1217:
835:Although it is not there yet, researchers at the
2339:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
2307:Type III effectors that trigger plant resistance
1633:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
768:The type III secretion system is not unique to
1689:"Genomes of three tomato pathogens within the
1994:
1992:
1321:"An Evaluation of the Wilt-Causing Bacterium
663:attraction toward root exudates. Unlike many
8:
1431:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
905:Ralstonia solanacearum on an Overripe banana
627:causes wilting at high populations (10 – 10
2341:United States National Agricultural Library
2333:Species Profile - Southern Bacterial Wilt (
2199:
2197:
2039:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
870:Specific host plant symptoms and management
839:are concerned about the possible spread of
807:to Transcription Activator-like effectors (
2382:
1471:
1469:
712:are competent for genetic transformation.
559:White runny material oozes from cut stems.
42:
31:
2177:
1818:
1720:
1710:
1663:
1653:
1598:
1555:
1533:
1531:
1509:
1408:
1375:
1319:Andersona, R. C.; Gardner, D. E. (1999).
1295:
1253:
1243:
1032:
27:Disease bacteria of tomato family, others
2215:
2213:
1500:(2020). "Bacterial Diseases of Potato".
1080:
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1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
990:
376:), a highly invasive species. However,
2621:Bacterial plant pathogens and diseases
2360:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
2150:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2129:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2122:
2032:
1981:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1974:
1898:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1891:
1791:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1764:10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.011204.104301
1424:
803:. Some of these effector proteins are
2249:: a hundred tricks to kill a plant".
7:
2580:1d8363db-a895-4dd5-bff7-86d176c9cbb3
1850:. Plantpath.ifas.ufl.edu. 2008-09-12
1586:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
1116:10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-104551
674:After invading a susceptible host,
326:were among the first diseases that
1157:Academic Press. pp. 647–649.
1034:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03275.x
25:
338:was until recently classified as
242:(Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al. 1993
2055:"Tomato bacterial wilt symptoms"
1999:Champoisea et al. 2009 (2009). "
1557:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00552.x
945:suffer from the disease than do
791:, only a third show evidence of
411:Photograph of tomato plant with
64:
2365:Moorman, Gary W. (April 2011).
2252:Current Opinion in Microbiology
2144:Wicker, Emmanuel (2007-08-24).
1751:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1104:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2076:"Banana Moko disease symptoms"
960:Brown rot of potato caused by
714:Natural genetic transformation
704:Natural genetic transformation
1:
1232:Standards in Genomic Sciences
1511:10.1007/978-3-030-28683-5_10
1084:Denny T., "Plant Pathogenic
689:extracellular polysaccharide
393:), and pink and red ginger (
2019:10.1094/PHP-2009-0313-01-RV
1928:"Potato brown rot symptoms"
1020:Microbiology and Immunology
2657:
2636:Bacteria described in 1896
1600:10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.3.259
1397:Egyptian Journal of Botany
1186:Agrios, George N. (2005).
797:gene-for-gene interactions
2265:10.1016/j.mib.2008.11.008
1479:. Massnrc.org. 2008-02-25
1377:10.21273/HORTTECH.18.1.90
1245:10.1186/s40793-016-0131-4
936:Bacterial wilt caused by
827:The environment in which
737:Type III secretion system
239:Burkholderia solanacearum
236:
229:
184:
177:
156:
149:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
34:
1712:10.1186/1471-2164-11-379
718:homologous recombination
665:phytopathogenic bacteria
253:Pseudomonas solanacearum
18:Pseudomonas solanacearum
1655:10.1073/pnas.0509393103
1410:10.21608/ejbo.2017.1150
1145:Agrios, George (2005).
452:Lycopersicum esculentum
256:(Smith 1896) Smith 1914
2557:ralstonia-solanacearum
2426:Ralstonia solanacearum
2396:Ralstonia solanacearum
2354:Ralstonia solanacearum
2335:Ralstonia solanacearum
2247:Ralstonia solanacearum
2234:Ralstonia solanacearum
2221:Ralstonia solanacearum
2001:Ralstonia solanacearum
1746:Ralstonia solanacearum
1691:Ralstonia solanacearum
1626:Ralstonia solanacearum
1345:10.1006/bcon.1999.0705
1329:) in Hawaiian Forests"
1327:Hedychium gardnerianum
1323:Ralstonia solanacearum
930:Ralstonia solanacearum
923:Ralstonia solanacearum
906:
733:Ralstonia solanacearum
645:Ralstonia solanacearum
625:Ralstonia solanacearum
597:Ralstonia solanacearum
416:
373:Hedychium gardnerianum
368:Ralstonia solanacearum
279:Ralstonia solanacearum
269:(Archibald) Robbs 1954
160:Ralstonia solanacearum
53:Ralstonia solanacearum
36:Ralstonia solanacearum
2006:Plant Health Progress
904:
793:lateral gene transfer
410:
356:reported. Within the
246:Bacillus solanacearum
2369:Ralston solanacearum
2170:10.1128/AEM.00841-07
1811:10.1128/AEM.00367-07
1544:FEMS Microbiol. Ecol
1504:. pp. 351–388.
728:Virulence mechanisms
310:, causing bacterial
304:polar flagellar tuft
142:R. solanacearum
2375:PennState Extension
2162:2007ApEnM..73.6790W
1803:2007ApEnM..73.4379H
1646:2006PNAS..10314620A
1640:(39): 14620–14625.
758:Medicago truncatula
483:Zingiber officinale
387:), shampoo ginger (
384:Zingiber officinale
306:. It colonises the
286:non-spore-forming,
262:Cheng and Faan 1962
259:Pseudomonas batatae
172:Yabuuchi et al 1995
2626:Vegetable diseases
2367:"Bacterial Wilt -
1916:. 12 October 2020.
1333:Biological Control
941:potato. Many more
907:
856:General management
837:University of Guam
528:Woody nightshade (
417:
403:Hosts and symptoms
318:when it occurs in
298:is soil-borne and
266:Pseudomonas ricini
98:Betaproteobacteria
2603:
2602:
2588:Open Tree of Life
2388:Taxon identifiers
2156:(21): 6790–6801.
1797:(13): 4379–4384.
1521:978-3-030-28682-8
1290:(6871): 497–502.
1164:978-0-08-047378-9
1003:"Transfer of Two
765:species complex.
531:Solanum dulcamara
489:Nicotiana tabacum
466:Solanum melongena
444:Solanum tuberosum
428:infects include:
424:Plant hosts that
396:Alpinia purpurata
328:Erwin Frink Smith
275:
274:
270:
263:
257:
250:
243:
51:Damage caused by
16:(Redirected from
2648:
2631:Soybean diseases
2616:Burkholderiaceae
2596:
2595:
2583:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2383:
2378:
2320:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2105:. Archived from
2104:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2030:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1957:. Archived from
1956:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1874:. Archived from
1873:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1513:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1422:
1412:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1223:
1212:
1211:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1055:
1054:
1036:
998:
786:
784:
708:Most strains of
474:spp); geranium (
292:plant pathogenic
268:
261:
255:
248:
241:
162:
118:Burkholderiaceae
69:
68:
46:
32:
21:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2641:Banana diseases
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2390:
2364:
2352:Type strain of
2329:
2324:
2323:
2313:R. solanacearum
2309:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2223:race 3 biovar 2
2218:
2211:
2202:
2195:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2100:"Archived copy"
2098:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2078:. Cals.ncsu.edu
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2057:. Cals.ncsu.edu
2053:
2052:
2048:
2031:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:"Archived copy"
1950:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1930:. Cals.ncsu.edu
1926:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1869:"Archived copy"
1867:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1502:The Potato Crop
1498:Charkowski, Amy
1496:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1423:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1297:10.1038/415497a
1276:
1275:
1271:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1200:
1189:Plant pathology
1185:
1184:
1180:
1165:
1147:Plant pathology
1144:
1143:
1139:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1058:
1027:(11): 897–904.
1000:
999:
992:
987:
975:
962:R. solanacearum
951:R. solanacearum
938:R. solanacearum
920:
899:
890:
877:
872:
858:
853:
841:R. solanacearum
829:R. solanacearum
825:
817:R. solanacearum
801:R. solanacearum
789:R. solanacearum
781:R. solanacearum
770:R. solanacearum
763:R. solanacearum
749:R. solanacearum
745:R. solanacearum
741:R. solanacearum
730:
722:R. solanacearum
710:R. solanacearum
706:
676:R. solanacearum
669:R. solanacearum
657:R. solanacearum
642:
633:R. solanacearum
622:
613:R. solanacearum
594:
589:
541:
496:/sweet pepper (
480:spp.); ginger (
426:R. solanacearum
422:
405:
378:R. solanacearum
358:R. solanacearum
350:R. solanacearum
332:R. solanacearum
324:R. solanacearum
296:R. solanacearum
264:
251:
244:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
173:
171:
164:
158:
145:
108:Burkholderiales
63:
55:on tomato stem
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2584:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2416:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2362:
2349:
2344:
2328:
2327:External links
2325:
2322:
2321:
2294:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2239:
2238:
2225:
2209:
2193:
2136:
2088:
2067:
2046:
1988:
1940:
1919:
1905:
1860:
1834:
1777:
1736:
1679:
1614:
1593:(3): 259–267.
1571:
1527:
1520:
1489:
1465:
1458:
1438:
1403:(2): 543–558.
1383:
1364:HortTechnology
1350:
1311:
1269:
1213:
1198:
1178:
1163:
1151:Burlington, MA
1137:
1090:
1056:
989:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
974:
971:
919:
916:
898:
895:
889:
886:
876:
873:
871:
868:
857:
854:
852:
849:
824:
821:
819:pathogenesis.
729:
726:
705:
702:
641:
638:
621:
618:
593:
590:
588:
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584:
583:
580:
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536:
535:
525:
524:
522:
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436:
435:
433:
421:
418:
404:
401:
316:Granville wilt
273:
272:
234:
233:
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226:
182:
181:
175:
174:
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154:
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146:
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133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
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105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
88:Pseudomonadota
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2653:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
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2627:
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2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2112:on 2012-03-14
2108:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1964:on 2010-10-09
1960:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1881:on 2010-10-07
1877:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:9783662035924
1455:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:0-12-044565-4
1195:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
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1094:
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1087:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
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1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
997:
995:
991:
984:
980:
977:
976:
972:
970:
968:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
934:
931:
927:
924:
917:
915:
912:
903:
896:
894:
887:
885:
883:
882:Crop rotation
874:
869:
867:
864:
855:
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
833:
830:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
809:TAL effectors
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
782:
777:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
703:
701:
698:
694:
690:
685:
682:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
637:
634:
630:
626:
619:
617:
614:
610:
609:Infected land
606:
602:
598:
591:
587:Disease cycle
586:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
568:
567:
565:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:
547:
545:
538:
533:
532:
527:
526:
523:
520:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
478:
473:
472:
467:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
437:
434:
431:
430:
429:
427:
419:
414:
409:
402:
400:
398:
397:
392:
391:
386:
385:
379:
375:
374:
369:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Gram-negative
285:
281:
280:
271:
267:
260:
254:
247:
240:
235:
232:
228:
225:
224:
220:
216:
215:NCAIM B.01459
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
180:
176:
169:
163:
161:
155:
152:
151:Binomial name
148:
144:
143:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2395:
2374:
2368:
2357:
2353:
2334:
2316:
2312:
2311:date, three
2306:
2297:
2284:
2259:(1): 44–52.
2256:
2250:
2246:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2204:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2114:. Retrieved
2107:the original
2080:. Retrieved
2070:
2059:. Retrieved
2049:
2035:cite journal
2010:
2004:
2000:
1966:. Retrieved
1959:the original
1932:. Retrieved
1922:
1908:
1883:. Retrieved
1876:the original
1863:
1852:. Retrieved
1794:
1790:
1780:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1702:
1698:BMC Genomics
1696:
1690:
1682:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1550:(1): 14–24.
1547:
1543:
1501:
1492:
1481:. Retrieved
1448:
1441:
1427:cite journal
1400:
1396:
1386:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1339:(2): 89–96.
1336:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1287:
1283:
1272:
1235:
1231:
1188:
1181:
1146:
1140:
1110:(1): 25–47.
1107:
1103:
1093:
1085:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1005:Burkholderia
1004:
961:
959:
954:
950:
937:
935:
929:
928:
922:
921:
908:
891:
878:
863:select agent
859:
840:
834:
828:
826:
816:
800:
788:
780:
778:
769:
767:
762:
756:
748:
744:
740:
732:
731:
721:
709:
707:
696:
686:
675:
673:
668:
656:
644:
643:
632:
624:
623:
612:
596:
595:
563:
562:
543:
542:
529:
513:
506:Olea europea
505:
497:
487:
486:); tobacco (
481:
475:
469:
468:); banana, (
465:
464:/aubergine (
455:
454:); soybean (
451:
443:
425:
423:
412:
394:
388:
382:
377:
371:
367:
366:
357:
352:to have its
349:
345:
339:
335:
331:
323:
295:
278:
277:
276:
265:
258:
252:
245:
238:
237:
189:
159:
157:
141:
140:
128:
52:
35:
29:
2500:iNaturalist
2420:Wikispecies
1758:: 107–134.
1011:Species to
1009:Alcaligenes
979:Validamycin
955:Pelargonium
823:Environment
813:Xanthomonas
697:Ralstonia's
494:bell pepper
477:Pelargonium
457:Glycine max
390:Z. zerumbet
346:Pseudomonas
341:Pseudomonas
294:bacterium.
223:NRRL B-3212
179:Type strain
2610:Categories
2116:2010-12-08
2082:2012-09-24
2061:2012-09-24
1968:2010-12-08
1934:2012-09-24
1885:2010-12-08
1854:2012-09-24
1705:(1): 379.
1483:2012-09-24
985:References
918:Importance
851:Management
805:homologous
661:chemotaxic
649:abscission
601:overwinter
521:Wild hosts
362:phylotypes
249:Smith 1896
191:CCUG 14272
186:ATCC 11696
2205:Ralstonia
1419:2357-0350
1370:: 90–96.
1173:134821046
1124:0066-4286
1086:Ralstonia
1043:1348-0421
1015:Gen. Nov"
1013:Ralstonia
967:bioterror
774:flagellum
753:virulence
693:hypocotyl
653:nematodes
640:Infection
620:Dispersal
605:germplasm
413:Ralstonia
354:methylome
336:Ralstonia
219:NCPPB 325
207:JCM 10489
203:ICMP 5712
195:CFBP 2047
136:Species:
129:Ralstonia
2518:11202728
2411:Q2710840
2405:Wikidata
2273:19144559
2188:17720825
2125:cite web
2027:13013168
1977:cite web
1894:cite web
1829:17468277
1772:15283662
1731:20550686
1674:16983093
1609:10707351
1566:18662313
1306:11823852
1264:26779304
1238:(1): 7.
1208:55488155
1155:Elsevier
1132:37506349
973:See also
969:weapon.
947:monocots
911:Trinidad
592:Survival
544:Geranium
539:Symptoms
498:Capsicum
462:eggplant
231:Synonyms
211:LMG 2299
199:DSM 9544
114:Family:
84:Phylum:
78:Bacteria
74:Domain:
2593:1082366
2492:3219898
2435:BacDive
2179:2074947
2158:Bibcode
1820:1932761
1799:Bibcode
1722:2900269
1665:1600009
1642:Bibcode
1255:4714475
1051:8657018
1007:and An
811:) from
785:
681:tyloses
500:spp.);
320:tobacco
302:with a
284:aerobic
124:Genus:
104:Order:
94:Class:
2577:NZOR:
2544:965446
2505:384042
2479:RALSSO
2466:976758
2356:at Bac
2303:
2290:
2271:
2186:
2176:
2025:
2013:: 35.
1827:
1817:
1770:
1729:
1719:
1672:
1662:
1607:
1564:
1518:
1456:
1417:
1304:
1284:Nature
1262:
1252:
1206:
1196:
1171:
1161:
1130:
1122:
1049:
1041:
943:dicots
897:Banana
888:Tomato
875:Potato
564:Potato
448:tomato
440:Potato
300:motile
282:is an
170:1896)
2531:45009
2513:IRMNG
2453:78RBF
2305:49, "
2207:wilt.
2110:(PDF)
2103:(PDF)
2023:S2CID
1962:(PDF)
1955:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1872:(PDF)
502:olive
432:Crops
420:Hosts
308:xylem
168:Smith
2565:NCBI
2552:LPSN
2539:ITIS
2487:GBIF
2474:EPPO
2440:2083
2358:Dive
2269:PMID
2184:PMID
2131:link
2041:link
1983:link
1900:link
1825:PMID
1768:PMID
1727:PMID
1670:PMID
1605:PMID
1562:PMID
1516:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1433:link
1415:ISSN
1302:PMID
1260:PMID
1204:OCLC
1194:ISBN
1169:OCLC
1159:ISBN
1128:PMID
1120:ISSN
1047:PMID
1039:ISSN
845:Guam
599:can
514:Rosa
510:rose
471:Musa
312:wilt
2570:305
2526:ISC
2461:EoL
2448:CoL
2317:avr
2261:doi
2174:PMC
2166:doi
2015:doi
1815:PMC
1807:doi
1760:doi
1748:".
1717:PMC
1707:doi
1660:PMC
1650:doi
1638:103
1595:doi
1552:doi
1506:doi
1405:doi
1372:doi
1341:doi
1292:doi
1288:415
1250:PMC
1240:doi
1112:doi
1029:doi
843:to
629:cfu
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