689:
507:
345:. This occurs in practically all cases of IIH, but not everyone experiences symptoms from this. Those who do experience symptoms typically report "transient visual obscurations", episodes of difficulty seeing that occur in both eyes but not necessarily at the same time. Long-term untreated papilledema leads to visual loss, initially in the periphery but progressively towards the center of vision.
671:
also require that the lumbar puncture is performed with the person lying sideways, as a lumbar puncture performed in the upright sitting position can lead to artificially high pressure measurements. Friedman and
Jacobson also do not insist on MR venography for every person; rather, this is only required in atypical cases (see "diagnosis" above).
626:. In a 2001 paper, Digre and Corbett amended Dandy's criteria further. They added the requirement that the person is awake and alert, as coma precludes adequate neurological assessment, and require exclusion of venous sinus thrombosis as an underlying cause. Furthermore, they added the requirement that no other cause for the raised ICP is found.
912:
857:. A pressure valve is usually included in the circuit to avoid excessive drainage when the person is erect. LP shunting provides long-term relief in about half the cases; others require revision of the shunt, often on more than one occasion, usually due to shunt obstruction. If the lumboperitoneal shunt needs repeated revisions, a
680:
or may continue chronically. There are three main treatment approaches: weight loss, different medications and surgical interventions. Remission is seen for most patients that achieve a weight loss of around 6–10%. Bariatric surgery can be an option for those patients that don't achieve weight loss with lifestyle changes and diet.
819:. Surgery would normally only be offered if medical therapy is either unsuccessful or not tolerated. The choice between these two procedures depends on the predominant problem in IIH. Neither procedure is perfect: both may cause significant complications, and both may eventually fail in controlling the symptoms. There are no
553:. A contrast-enhanced MRV (ATECO) scan has a high detection rate for abnormal transverse sinus stenoses. These stenoses can be more adequately identified and assessed with catheter cerebral venography and manometry. Buckling of the bilateral optic nerves with increased perineural fluid is also often noted on MRI imaging.
679:
The primary goal in treatment of IIH is the prevention of visual loss and blindness, as well as symptom control. IIH is treated mainly through the reduction of CSF pressure and IIH may resolve after initial treatment, may go into spontaneous remission (although it can still relapse at a later stage),
708:
The procedure can be repeated if necessary, but this is generally taken as a clue that additional treatments may be required to control the symptoms and preserve vision. Repeated lumbar punctures are regarded as unpleasant by people, and they present a danger of introducing spinal infections if done
704:
The first step in symptom control is drainage of cerebrospinal fluid by lumbar puncture. If necessary, this may be performed at the same time as a diagnostic LP (such as done in search of a CSF infection). In some cases, this is sufficient to control the symptoms, and no further treatment is needed.
670:
In a 2002 review, Friedman and
Jacobson propose an alternative set of criteria, derived from Smith's. These require the absence of symptoms that could not be explained by a diagnosis of IIH, but do not require the actual presence of any symptoms (such as headache) attributable to IIH. These criteria
474:
The second theory posits that either increased blood flow to the brain or increase in the brain tissue itself may result in the raised pressure. Little evidence has accumulated to support the suggestion that increased blood flow plays a role, but recently
Bateman et al. in phase contrast MRA studies
571:
levels. By definition, all of these are within their normal limits in IIH. Occasionally, the CSF pressure measurement may be normal despite very suggestive symptoms. This may be attributable to the fact that CSF pressure may fluctuate over the course of the normal day. If the suspicion of problems
514:
The diagnosis may be suspected on the basis of the history and examination. To confirm the diagnosis, as well as excluding alternative causes, several investigations are required; more investigations may be performed if the history is not typical or the person is more likely to have an alternative
1010:
in 1955 to distinguish it from intracranial hypertension due to life-threatening diseases (such as cancer); however, this was also felt to be misleading because any disease that can blind someone should not be thought of as benign, and the name was therefore revised in 1989 to "idiopathic (of no
837:
or the creation of an area of scar tissue that lowers the pressure. The effects on the intracranial pressure itself are more modest. Moreover, the procedure may lead to significant complications, including blindness in 1–2%. The procedure is therefore recommended mainly in those who have limited
798:
In a systematic analysis of 19 studies with 207 cases, there was an 87% improvement in overall symptom rate and 90% cure rate for treatment of papilledema. Major complications only occurred in 3/207 people (1.4%). In the largest single series of transverse sinus stenting there was an 11% rate of
1014:
Shunt surgery was introduced in 1949; initially, ventriculoperitoneal shunts were used. In 1971, good results were reported with lumboperitoneal shunting. Negative reports on shunting in the 1980s led to a brief period (1988–1993) during which optic nerve fenestration (which had initially been
939:
are thirteen times more likely to develop IIH, and this figure goes up to nineteen times in women who are more than twenty percent over their ideal body weight. In men this relationship also exists, but the increase is only five-fold in those over 20 percent above their ideal body weight.
262:
The most common symptom of IIH is severe headache, which occurs in almost all (92–94%) cases. It is characteristically worse in the morning, generalized in character and throbbing in nature. It may be associated with nausea and vomiting. The headache can be made worse by
426:
There are numerous other diseases, mostly rare conditions, that may lead to intracranial hypertension. If there is an underlying cause, the condition is termed "secondary intracranial hypertension". Common causes of secondary intracranial hypertension include
729:(low blood potassium levels), which include muscle weakness and tingling in the fingers. Acetazolamide cannot be used in pregnancy, since it has been shown to cause embryonic abnormalities in animal studies. Also, in human beings it has been shown to cause
279:, a whooshing sensation in one or both ears (64–87%); this sound is synchronous with the pulse. Various other symptoms, such as numbness of the extremities, generalized weakness, pain and/or numbness in one or both sides of the face, loss of smell, and
802:
Due to the permanence of the stent and small but definite risk of complications, most experts will recommend that person with IIH must have papilledema and have failed medical therapy or are intolerant to medication before stenting is undertaken.
2566:
2551:
2536:
954:
intervention for IIH has increased markedly over the period between 1988 and 2002. This has been attributed at least in part to the rising prevalence of obesity, although some of this increase may be explained by the increased popularity of
48:
794:
across the stenosis under general anaesthesia. In general, people are discharged the next day. People require double antiplatelet therapy for a period of up to 3 months after the procedure and aspirin therapy for up to 1 year.
463:(CSF) and blood inside the bony cranial vault. Three theories therefore exist as to why the pressure might be raised in IIH: an excess of CSF production, increased volume of blood or brain tissue, or obstruction of the
253:
About 2 per 100,000 people are newly affected per year. The condition most commonly affects women aged 20–50. Women are affected about 20 times more often than men. The condition was first described in 1897.
470:
The first theory, that of increased production of cerebrospinal fluid, was proposed in early descriptions of the disease. However, there is no experimental data that supports a role for this process in IIH.
3195:
563:(CSF) to exclude alternative diagnoses. If the opening pressure is increased, CSF may be removed for transient relief (see below). The CSF is examined for abnormal cells, infections, antibody levels, the
446:
On July 1, 2022, the FDA issued an update that gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, drugs that are approved for treating precocious puberty, may be a risk factor for developing pseudotumor cerebri.
700:-based disinfectant leaving brown colouration. In this image the person is seated upright, which can make the procedure easier to perform but makes any measurement of the opening pressure unreliable.
1774:
Farb, RI; Vanek, I; Scott, JN; Mikulis, DJ; Willinsky, RA; Tomlinson, G; terBrugge, KG (May 13, 2003). "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the prevalence and morphology of sinovenous stenosis".
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of the heart or the peritoneal cavity. Given the reduced need for revisions in ventricular shunts, it is possible that this procedure will become the first-line type of shunt treatment.
486:. It is not clear whether this narrowing is the pathogenesis of the disease or a secondary phenomenon. It has been proposed that a positive biofeedback loop may exist, where raised ICP (
2744:
979:. Numerous other cases appeared in the literature subsequently; in many cases, the raised intracranial pressure may actually have resulted from underlying conditions. For instance, the
2200:
Curry WT, Butler WE, Barker FG (2005). "Rapidly rising incidence of cerebrospinal fluid shunting procedures for idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the United States, 1988-2002".
838:
headache symptoms but significant papilledema or threatened vision, and those who have undergone unsuccessful treatment with a shunt or have a contraindication for shunt surgery.
833:
in its portion behind the eye. It is not entirely clear how it protects the eye from the raised pressure, but it may be the result of either diversion of the CSF into the
2940:
2935:
420:
2737:
927:
age at diagnosis is 30. IIH occurs predominantly in women, especially in the ages 20 to 45, who are four to eight times more likely than men to be affected.
482:
The third theory suggests that restricted venous drainage from the brain may be impaired resulting in congestion. Many people with IIH have narrowing of the
1006:. Those people in whom no tumour was found were therefore diagnosed with "pseudotumor cerebri" (a disease mimicking a brain tumor). The disease was renamed
3664:
3563:
2713:
1824:
Ahmed, RM; Wilkinson, M; Parker, GD; Thurtell, MJ; Macdonald, J; McCluskey, PJ; Allan, R; Dunne, V; Hanlon, M; Owler, BK; Halmagyi, GM (Sep 2011).
479:
samples and various types of brain scans have shown an increased water content of the brain tissue. It remains unclear why this might be the case.
419:, particularly the oral contraceptive pill (OCP), are not associated with IIH. A systematic review published in 2020 suggests the use of the term "
3553:
2730:
903:. In various case series, the long-term risk of one's vision being significantly affected by IIH is reported to lie anywhere between 10 and 25%.
618:
They were modified by Smith in 1985 to become the "modified Dandy criteria". Smith included the use of more advanced imaging: Dandy had required
3533:
3206:
1015:
described in an unrelated condition in 1871) was more popular. Since then, shunting is recommended predominantly, with occasional exceptions.
3558:
3190:
3396:
2846:
2581:
3684:
3615:
3548:
3103:
231:
This condition is idiopathic, meaning there is no known cause. Risk factors include being overweight or a recent increase in weight.
3318:
3121:
767:
in the attempt to reduce the ICP is controversial. These may be used in severe papilledema, but otherwise their use is discouraged.
709:
too often. Repeated lumbar punctures are sometimes needed to control the ICP urgently if the person's vision deteriorates rapidly.
395:"Idiopathic" means of unknown cause. Therefore, IIH can only be diagnosed if there is no alternative explanation for the symptoms.
1666:"In Pseudotumor Cerebri, Hormonal Contraception is Not Associated, and the Diagnosis Remains Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension"
351:
is typically normal apart from the presence of papilledema, which is seen on examination of the eye with a small device called an
1007:
550:
748:(painkillers) may be used in controlling the headaches of intracranial hypertension. In addition to conventional agents such as
3437:
896:
It is not known what percentage of people with IIH will remit spontaneously, and what percentage will develop chronic disease.
423:" after having applied a 'strict drug-causality algorithm' in determining IIH cases likely caused by the drugs they evaluated.
845:, involves the creation of a conduit by which CSF can be drained into another body cavity. The initial procedure is usually a
2952:
2928:
2758:
1133:
475:
have quantified cerebral blood flow (CBF) in vivo and suggests that CBF is abnormally elevated in many people with IIH. Both
380:
3144:
283:, are reported more rarely; none are specific for IIH. In children, numerous nonspecific signs and symptoms may be present.
899:
IIH does not normally affect life expectancy. The major complications from IIH arise from untreated or treatment-resistant
741:
is sometimes used for a treatment if acetazolamide is not tolerated, but this drug sometimes has little effect on the ICP.
3631:
3516:
3432:
3374:
2923:
534:(MRI), is used to exclude any mass lesions. In IIH these scans typically appear to be normal, although small or slit-like
250:
may also be used along with the above measures. A small percentage of people may require surgery to relieve the pressure.
3600:
2974:
432:
635:
1 Symptoms of raised intracranial pressure (headache, nausea, vomiting, transient visual obscurations, or papilledema)
3110:
1826:"Transverse sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a review of 52 patients and of model predictions"
1002:
The terms "benign" and "pseudotumor" derive from the fact that increased intracranial pressure may be associated with
820:
734:
302:
therefore experience horizontal double vision which is worse when looking towards the affected side. More rarely, the
826:
3588:
3138:
2810:
688:
531:
506:
3480:
549:
An MR venogram is also performed in most cases to exclude the possibility of venous sinus stenosis/obstruction or
3538:
3506:
3458:
3307:
2886:
619:
3605:
3379:
2793:
2592:
2262:
Nonne M (1904). "Ueber Falle vom
Symptomkomplex "Tumor Cerebri" mit Ausgang in Heilung (Pseudotumor Cerebri)".
1163:
412:
383:) perimetry is recommended as other methods of testing may be less accurate. Longstanding papilledema leads to
348:
3610:
235:
may also trigger the condition. The diagnosis is based on symptoms and a high opening pressure found during a
775:
Venous sinus stenoses leading to venous hypertension appear to play a significant part in relation to raised
3543:
3299:
3117:
2969:
2959:
2803:
1721:"Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Critical Assessment of Drug-Induced Causes"
846:
428:
416:
88:
2682:
2447:
Corbett JJ, Thompson HS (October 1989). "The rational management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension".
3475:
3467:
3422:
3098:
3070:
2918:
2028:
Digre KB, Corbett JJ (2001). "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): A reappraisal".
1608:
1514:
885:
572:
remains high, it may be necessary to perform more long-term monitoring of the ICP by a pressure catheter.
436:
367:(third, fourth, or sixth nerve palsy) or as facial nerve palsy. If the papilledema has been longstanding,
323:
311:
138:
456:
440:
3679:
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3182:
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776:
495:
487:
396:
213:
2671:
3427:
3244:
3133:
2545:
980:
943:
Despite several reports of IIH in families, there is no known genetic cause for IIH. People from all
870:
539:
1519:
1284:
Binder DK, Horton JC, Lawton MT, McDermott MW (March 2004). "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension".
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3003:
2858:
2798:
2570:
992:
784:
623:
560:
527:
460:
221:
923:
On average, IIH occurs in about one per 100,000 people, and can occur in children and adults. The
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3200:
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2900:
2788:
2279:
2225:
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1926:
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Tan, Marcus G.; Worley, Brandon; Kim, Whan B.; ten Hove, Martin; Beecker, Jennifer (April 2020).
1701:
1456:
1431:
Friedman DI, Jacobson DM (2002). "Diagnostic criteria for idiopathic intracranial hypertension".
1309:
1217:
866:
730:
722:
535:
491:
483:
315:
298:(sixth nerve) is involved. This nerve supplies the muscle that pulls the eye outward. Those with
72:
2722:
829:
is an operation that involves the making of an incision in the connective tissue lining of the
55:
For the diagnosis, brain scans (such as MRI) should be done to rule out other potential causes.
3289:
3255:
3227:
3218:
3150:
3126:
2993:
2841:
2643:
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2499:
2464:
2429:
2394:
2325:
2217:
2182:
2141:
2084:
2076:
2007:
1980:
1918:
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1791:
1740:
1693:
1685:
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1628:
1589:
1571:
1532:
1448:
1398:
1336:
1301:
1209:
1078:
972:
936:
881:
854:
376:
299:
264:
121:
60:
2412:
Foley J (1955). "Benign forms of intracranial hypertension; toxic and otitic hydrocephalus".
1901:
Tan YJ, Choo C (2020). "Idiopathic
Intracranial Hypertension – Characteristic MRI Features".
1665:
999:; Dandy also introduced subtemporal decompressive surgery in the treatment of the condition.
947:
may develop IIH. In children, there is no difference in incidence between males and females.
3412:
3283:
3278:
3063:
3058:
2491:
2456:
2421:
2384:
2376:
2352:
2315:
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2131:
2123:
2068:
2037:
1970:
1962:
1910:
1847:
1837:
1783:
1732:
1677:
1636:
1620:
1579:
1563:
1524:
1440:
1388:
1380:
1293:
1201:
1068:
1060:
968:
791:
780:
303:
3334:
3025:
2703:
2112:"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. A Systematic Analysis of Transverse Sinus Stenting"
984:
834:
693:
556:
543:
494:, resulting in venous hypertension (raised venous pressure), decreased CSF resorption via
360:
307:
236:
127:
2460:
2056:
3391:
3340:
3168:
2877:
2754:
2389:
2364:
2213:
2136:
2111:
1975:
1950:
1852:
1825:
1787:
1641:
1584:
1551:
1444:
1393:
1368:
1297:
1073:
1048:
956:
816:
764:
464:
352:
295:
2575:
1720:
1192:
Wakerley, BR; Tan, MH; Ting, EY (March 2015). "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension".
3658:
3417:
3369:
3239:
3008:
2964:
2815:
2698:
2110:
Teleb, MS; Cziep, ME; Lazzaro, MA; Gheith, A; Asif, K; Remler, B; Zaidat, OO (2013).
2096:
2041:
1966:
1930:
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951:
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408:
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247:
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147:
131:
114:
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strongly predispose a person to IIH: women who are more than ten percent over their
2913:
2783:
2766:
996:
988:
874:
850:
842:
725:, and it reduces CSF production by six to 57 percent. It can cause the symptoms of
581:
523:
459:
states that the intracranial pressure is determined by the amount of brain tissue,
404:
368:
319:
240:
232:
17:
1313:
322:(seventh cranial nerve) is affected occasionally – the result is total or partial
246:
Treatment includes a healthy diet, salt restriction, and exercise. The medication
2597:
2072:
2872:
2833:
2775:
2660:
2638:
2495:
1003:
916:
900:
830:
749:
726:
338:
330:
225:
143:
108:
93:
2303:
1736:
1567:
1509:
Acheson JF (2006). "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and visual function".
2983:
2853:
2666:
2657:
2608:
2560:
1875:
1681:
1607:
Holst, Anders Vedel; Danielsen, Patricia Louise; Romner, Bertil (2011-01-31).
1141:
1064:
928:
757:
738:
364:
334:
291:
216:(pressure around the brain) without a detectable cause. The main symptoms are
166:
151:
2080:
1744:
1689:
1632:
1575:
1205:
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3044:
3032:
3015:
2947:
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2320:
2177:
2160:
1758:
976:
944:
745:
400:
342:
178:
65:
2503:
2433:
2425:
2398:
2329:
2221:
2186:
2145:
2088:
1984:
1922:
1861:
1795:
1697:
1650:
1593:
1536:
1452:
1305:
1213:
1082:
911:
2468:
2380:
2011:
1402:
1340:
975:. The term "pseudotumor cerebri" was introduced in 1904 by his compatriot
915:
The number of new cases per year of IIH is strongly determined by sex and
787:
resorption, decreased ICP, cure of papilledema and other symptoms of IIH.
546:
due to increased pressure) and enlargement of Meckel's caves may be seen.
3273:
3265:
3231:
3085:
2988:
2677:
1528:
790:
A self-expanding metal stent is permanently deployed within the dominant
640:
2 No localizing signs with the exception of abducens (sixth) nerve palsy
612:
4 Normal to small (slit) ventricles on imaging with no intracranial mass
276:
217:
81:
77:
1384:
950:
From national hospital admission databases it appears that the need for
275:. The pain may also be experienced in the neck and shoulders. Many have
2275:
1914:
1842:
1624:
932:
568:
564:
2528:
2127:
515:
problem: children, men, the elderly, or women who are not overweight.
47:
3312:
3053:
3020:
2717:
2555:
2540:
1951:"Intracranial pressure without brain tumor - diagnosis and treatment"
924:
697:
476:
387:, in which the disc looks pale and visual loss tends to be advanced.
318:, respectively) are affected; both play a role in eye movements. The
280:
272:
1327:
Sismanis A (July 1998). "Pulsatile tinnitus. A 15-year experience".
717:
The best-studied medical treatment for intracranial hypertension is
359:. If there are cranial nerve abnormalities, these may be noticed on
3568:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
559:
is performed to measure the opening pressure, as well as to obtain
1367:
Soler D, Cox T, Bullock P, Calver DM, Robinson RO (January 1998).
919:. The figures in females are in women between 20 and 45 years old.
910:
687:
505:
268:
2619:
1664:
Lee, Brendon W. H.; Lau, Fiona S.; Francis, Ian C. (2019-07-01).
1609:"A severe case of tetracycline-induced intracranial hypertension"
1552:"Intracranial hypertension associated with topical tretinoin use"
602:
2 No localizing signs with the exception of abducens nerve palsy
593:
1 Signs & symptoms of increased ICP – CSF pressure >25 cmH
41:
Benign intracranial hypertension (BIH), pseudotumor cerebri (PTC)
2586:
811:
Two main surgical procedures are used for the treatment of IIH:
286:
The increased pressure leads to compression and traction of the
2726:
2159:
Yadav, YadR; Parihar, Vijay; Sinha, Mallika (1 January 2010).
1369:"Diagnosis and management of benign intracranial hypertension"
696:
in progress. A large area on the back has been washed with an
265:
any activity that further increases the intracranial pressure
1550:
Gasparian, Suzie; Geng, Xianzhang; Hawy, Eman (2021-09-01).
991:. Diagnostic criteria for IIH were developed in 1937 by the
664:
6 No other explanation for the raised intracranial pressure
659:
O and normal biochemical and cytological composition of CSF
865:
may be considered. These shunts are inserted in one of the
538:, dilatation and buckling of the optic nerve sheaths and "
987:
may have resulted from venous sinus thrombosis caused by
799:
recurrence after one stent, requiring further stenting.
650:
4 Normal CT/MRI findings without evidence of thrombosis
2304:"The historical development of the pseudotumor concept"
888:) can lead to resolution of the condition in over 95%.
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
399:
may be increased due to medications such as high-dose
823:
to guide the decision as to which procedure is best.
783:
may resolve venous hypertension, leading to improved
2518:
967:
The first report of IIH was by the German physician
760:
have shown some additional benefit for pain relief.
3489:
3466:
3457:
3450:
3405:
3355:
3327:
3298:
3264:
3226:
3215:
3181:
3159:
3084:
2894:
2885:
2871:
2831:
2774:
2765:
2629:
2522:
187:
177:
165:
157:
137:
120:
107:
99:
87:
71:
59:
37:
32:
1194:Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache
813:optic nerve sheath decompression and fenestration
294:and supply the face and neck. Most commonly, the
161:Healthy diet, salt restriction, exercise, surgery
1998:Smith JL (1985). "Whence pseudotumor cerebri?".
1049:"Update on Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension"
1011:identifiable cause) intracranial hypertension".
580:The original criteria for IIH were described by
2482:Bandyopadhyay S (2001). "Pseudotumor cerebri".
2023:
2021:
1168:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
849:, which connects the subarachnoid space in the
224:, and shoulder pain. Complications may include
1556:American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports
721:(Diamox), which acts by inhibiting the enzyme
2738:
421:drug-induced intracranial hypertension (DIIH)
8:
1944:
1942:
1940:
324:weakness of the muscles of facial expression
212:, is a condition characterized by increased
2343:Symonds CP (1931). "Otitic hydrocephalus".
2297:
2295:
2293:
735:disruptions in the blood electrolyte levels
3463:
3454:
3223:
2891:
2882:
2771:
2745:
2731:
2723:
2519:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
971:, who described it in 1893 under the name
628:
586:
349:Physical examination of the nervous system
46:
29:
2388:
2319:
2176:
2135:
2061:CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology
1974:
1851:
1841:
1759:https://www.fda.gov/media/159663/download
1640:
1583:
1518:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1392:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1187:
1185:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1072:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
510:Ultrasound of the optic nerve showing IIH
2707:) is being considered for deletion. See
2264:Deutsche Zeitschrift fĂĽr Nervenheilkunde
2243:Quincke HI (1893). "Meningitis serosa".
1830:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1725:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
880:It has been shown that in obese people,
290:, a group of nerves that arise from the
1769:
1767:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1024:
3534:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
3207:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
2057:"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension"
2000:Journal of Clinical Neuroophthalmology
1164:"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension"
1134:"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension"
959:over optic nerve sheath fenestration.
431:(a sleep-related breathing disorder),
82:ringing in the ears with the heartbeat
2055:Thurtell, Matthew J. (October 2019).
465:veins that drain blood from the brain
7:
3385:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2714:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2672:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2461:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520460025008
841:Shunt surgery, usually performed by
415:(for a variety of skin conditions).
198:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
33:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
983:reported by London neurologist Sir
873:, and then connected either to the
752:, a low dose of the antidepressant
655:5 LP opening pressure of >25 cmH
455:The cause of IIH is not known. The
3616:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
2214:10.1227/01.NEU.0000163094.23923.E5
1876:"UOTW #5 - Ultrasound of the Week"
1788:10.1212/01.wnl.0000066683.34093.e2
1445:10.1212/01.wnl.0000029570.69134.1b
1298:10.1227/01.NEU.0000109042.87246.3C
326:on one or both sides of the face.
239:with no specific cause found on a
25:
3319:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
3122:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
2711:to help reach a consensus. ›
1670:American Journal of Ophthalmology
645:3 The patient is awake and alert
490:) causes venous narrowing in the
3665:Central nervous system disorders
3339:For more detailed coverage, see
3317:For more detailed coverage, see
3288:For more detailed coverage, see
3254:For more detailed coverage, see
3205:For more detailed coverage, see
2208:(1): 97–108, discussion 97–108.
2042:10.1097/00127893-200107010-00002
1967:10.1097/00000658-193710000-00002
1373:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1008:benign intracranial hypertension
737:of newborn babies. The diuretic
551:cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
329:The increased pressure leads to
210:benign intracranial hypertension
1292:(3): 538–51, discussion 551–2.
827:Optic nerve sheath fenestration
662:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
622:, but Smith replaced this with
610:
605:
600:
591:
1:
3632:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3517:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
3375:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
113:Hypervitaminosis A, obesity,
3601:Progressive muscular atrophy
2245:Sammlung Klinischer Vorträge
2073:10.1212/CON.0000000000000770
1140:. April 2014. Archived from
821:randomized controlled trials
433:systemic lupus erythematosus
3111:Primary progressive aphasia
2496:10.1001/archneur.58.10.1699
2363:Symonds CP (January 1932).
1329:American Journal of Otology
333:, which is swelling of the
3701:
3433:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
3139:Posterior cortical atrophy
2960:Striatonigral degeneration
2811:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1737:10.1007/s40257-019-00485-z
1568:10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101130
863:ventriculoperitoneal shunt
847:lumboperitoneal (LP) shunt
532:magnetic resonance imaging
3685:Ailments of unknown cause
3539:Spinal muscular atrophies
3507:Primary lateral sclerosis
3365:Intracranial hypertension
3145:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2161:"Lumbar peritoneal shunt"
1949:Dandy WE (October 1937).
1682:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.019
1065:10.1016/j.ncl.2016.08.004
1047:Wall, M (February 2017).
869:of the brain, usually by
607:3 Normal CSF composition
498:and further rise in ICP.
355:or in more detail with a
54:
45:
3606:Progressive bulbar palsy
3397:Intracranial hypotension
3380:Choroid plexus papilloma
2794:Herpesviral encephalitis
2709:templates for discussion
2116:Interventional Neurology
1511:British Medical Bulletin
1206:10.1177/0333102414534329
630:Modified Dandy criteria
413:tetracycline antibiotics
3118:Frontotemporal dementia
2804:Encephalitis lethargica
2321:10.3171/foc.2001.11.2.3
2178:10.4103/0028-3886.63778
429:obstructive sleep apnea
417:Hormonal contraceptives
371:may be constricted and
204:), previously known as
3423:Hepatic encephalopathy
2365:"Otitic hydrocephalus"
1880:Ultrasound of the Week
1138:National Eye Institute
920:
886:gastric bypass surgery
756:or the anticonvulsant
701:
511:
437:chronic kidney disease
191:2 per 100,000 per year
139:Differential diagnosis
3481:Ataxia–telangiectasia
3438:Static encephalopathy
3161:Mitochondrial disease
2999:Spasmodic torticollis
2909:Basal ganglia disease
2484:Archives of Neurology
2449:Archives of Neurology
2381:10.1136/bmj.1.3705.53
2357:10.1093/brain/54.1.55
1513:. 79–80 (1): 233–44.
914:
771:Venous sinus stenting
691:
542:" (flattening of the
509:
496:arachnoid granulation
488:intracranial pressure
397:Intracranial pressure
337:, the spot where the
214:intracranial pressure
3428:Toxic encephalopathy
3134:Lewy bodies dementia
2426:10.1093/brain/78.1.1
989:middle ear infection
981:otitic hydrocephalus
871:stereotactic surgery
779:, and stenting of a
377:Visual field testing
281:loss of coordination
3476:Friedreich's ataxia
2859:Meningoencephalitis
2799:Limbic encephalitis
2308:Neurosurgical Focus
2302:Johnston I (2001).
1613:Dermatology Reports
1385:10.1136/adc.78.1.89
631:
624:computed tomography
589:
561:cerebrospinal fluid
528:computed tomography
461:cerebrospinal fluid
403:derivatives (e.g.,
222:ringing in the ears
220:, vision problems,
206:pseudotumor cerebri
126:Based on symptoms,
80:, vision problems,
18:Pseudotumor cerebri
3512:Pseudobulbar palsy
3250:Status epilepticus
3201:Multiple sclerosis
3038:Myoclonic epilepsy
2901:movement disorders
2847:Acute disseminated
2789:Viral encephalitis
2630:External resources
2276:10.1007/BF01667111
1915:10.1111/head.13931
1843:10.3174/ajnr.a2575
1625:10.4081/dr.2011.e1
1529:10.1093/bmb/ldl019
1053:Neurologic Clinics
921:
867:lateral ventricles
731:metabolic acidosis
723:carbonic anhydrase
702:
629:
587:
512:
492:transverse sinuses
484:transverse sinuses
375:may be decreased.
316:fourth nerve palsy
277:pulsatile tinnitus
258:Signs and symptoms
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3446:
3445:
3351:
3350:
3290:Template:Headache
3256:Template:Epilepsy
3177:
3176:
3151:Vascular dementia
2994:Status dystonicus
2867:
2866:
2842:Encephalomyelitis
2692:
2691:
2128:10.1159/000357503
1955:Annals of Surgery
1439:(10): 1492–1495.
973:serous meningitis
937:ideal body weight
882:bariatric surgery
855:peritoneal cavity
817:cerebral shunting
668:
667:
616:
615:
457:Monro–Kellie rule
363:in the form of a
300:sixth nerve palsy
195:
194:
122:Diagnostic method
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3692:
3464:
3455:
3413:Brain herniation
3224:
3064:Intention tremor
3059:Essential tremor
2924:Postencephalitic
2892:
2883:
2772:
2753:Diseases of the
2747:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2490:(10): 1699–701.
2479:
2473:
2472:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2361:Also printed in
2360:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2270:(3–4): 169–216.
2259:
2253:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2067:(5): 1289–1309.
2052:
2046:
2045:
2025:
2016:
2015:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1946:
1935:
1934:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1821:
1808:
1807:
1771:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1522:
1506:
1465:
1464:
1428:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1364:
1345:
1344:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1281:
1226:
1225:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1130:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1044:
969:Heinrich Quincke
884:(and especially
859:ventriculoatrial
792:transverse sinus
781:transverse sinus
632:
620:ventriculography
590:
540:empty sella sign
441:Behçet's disease
304:oculomotor nerve
50:
30:
21:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3638:
3564:Congenital DSMA
3485:
3442:
3401:
3347:
3335:Sleep disorders
3323:
3300:Cerebrovascular
3294:
3260:
3217:
3211:
3173:
3155:
3080:
3026:Choreoathetosis
2899:
2876:
2863:
2827:
2761:
2751:
2712:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2625:
2624:
2531:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2455:(10): 1049–51.
2446:
2445:
2441:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2362:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2165:Neurology India
2158:
2157:
2153:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2027:
2026:
2019:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1520:10.1.1.131.9802
1508:
1507:
1468:
1430:
1429:
1410:
1366:
1365:
1348:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1283:
1282:
1229:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1132:
1131:
1090:
1046:
1045:
1026:
1021:
985:Charles Symonds
965:
909:
894:
809:
773:
715:
694:lumbar puncture
686:
684:Lumbar puncture
677:
658:
596:
588:Dandy criteria
578:
557:Lumbar puncture
544:pituitary gland
526:, usually with
521:
504:
453:
393:
361:eye examination
308:trochlear nerve
260:
237:lumbar puncture
128:lumbar puncture
103:20–50 years old
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3536:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3392:Cerebral edema
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3341:Template:Sleep
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3169:Leigh syndrome
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2905:
2903:
2896:Extrapyramidal
2889:
2880:
2878:encephalopathy
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2755:nervous system
2752:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2674:
2663:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2600:
2589:
2578:
2563:
2548:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:Classification
2516:
2515:External links
2513:
2510:
2509:
2474:
2439:
2404:
2375:(3705): 53–4.
2335:
2289:
2254:
2235:
2192:
2151:
2122:(3): 132–143.
2102:
2047:
2017:
1990:
1961:(4): 492–513.
1936:
1893:
1882:. 17 June 2014
1867:
1836:(8): 1408–14.
1809:
1782:(9): 1418–24.
1763:
1750:
1731:(2): 163–172.
1711:
1656:
1599:
1542:
1466:
1408:
1346:
1319:
1227:
1181:
1155:
1144:on 8 July 2019
1088:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
964:
961:
908:
905:
893:
890:
808:
805:
772:
769:
714:
711:
685:
682:
676:
673:
666:
665:
661:
660:
656:
652:
651:
647:
646:
642:
641:
637:
636:
614:
613:
609:
608:
604:
603:
599:
598:
594:
577:
576:Classification
574:
520:
519:Investigations
517:
503:
500:
452:
449:
392:
389:
379:by automated (
353:ophthalmoscope
296:abducens nerve
288:cranial nerves
259:
256:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
141:
135:
134:
124:
118:
117:
111:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3697:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3653:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Reye syndrome
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Hydrocephalus
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3183:Demyelinating
3180:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Restless legs
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3009:Blepharospasm
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Hemiballismus
2963:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
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2912:
2911:
2910:
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2906:
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2897:
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2857:
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2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:Brain abscess
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2617:
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2612:
2610:
2606:
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2309:
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2277:
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2269:
2266:(in German).
2265:
2258:
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2250:
2246:
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2219:
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2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2171:(2): 179–84.
2170:
2166:
2162:
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2152:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
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2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
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1859:
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1471:
1467:
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1425:
1423:
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1409:
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1400:
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1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
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1359:
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1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:(3): 248–61.
1199:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
995:neurosurgeon
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
962:
960:
958:
953:
952:neurosurgical
948:
946:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
913:
906:
904:
902:
897:
891:
889:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:neurosurgeons
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
822:
818:
814:
806:
804:
800:
796:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
761:
759:
755:
754:amitriptyline
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:acetazolamide
712:
710:
706:
699:
695:
690:
683:
681:
674:
672:
663:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
627:
625:
621:
611:
606:
601:
592:
585:
583:
575:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
516:
508:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
450:
448:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
424:
422:
418:
414:
411:), long-term
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
385:optic atrophy
382:
378:
374:
373:visual acuity
370:
369:visual fields
366:
362:
358:
357:fundus camera
354:
350:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
257:
255:
251:
249:
248:acetazolamide
244:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
173:
172:Acetazolamide
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
148:arachnoiditis
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
132:brain imaging
129:
125:
123:
119:
116:
115:tetracyclines
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
89:Complications
86:
83:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3680:Eye diseases
3675:Neurosurgery
3652:
3626:
3525:
3498:
3459:Degenerative
3384:
3196:Inflammatory
3143:
3076:Stiff-person
2914:Parkinsonism
2887:Degenerative
2784:Encephalitis
2767:Inflammation
2757:, primarily
2702:
2676:
2665:
2648:
2637:
2613:
2602:
2591:
2580:
2565:
2550:
2535:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2372:
2368:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2311:
2307:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2205:
2202:Neurosurgery
2201:
2195:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2033:
2029:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1958:
1954:
1909:(9): 267–8.
1906:
1902:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1833:
1829:
1779:
1775:
1753:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1510:
1436:
1432:
1379:(1): 89–94.
1376:
1372:
1335:(4): 472–7.
1332:
1328:
1322:
1289:
1286:Neurosurgery
1285:
1197:
1193:
1172:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1137:
1059:(1): 45–57.
1056:
1052:
1013:
1004:brain tumors
1001:
997:Walter Dandy
966:
949:
942:
922:
907:Epidemiology
898:
895:
879:
875:right atrium
862:
858:
851:lumbar spine
840:
825:
812:
810:
801:
797:
789:
774:
762:
743:
716:
707:
703:
678:
669:
617:
579:
555:
548:
530:(CT/CAT) or
524:Neuroimaging
522:
513:
481:
473:
469:
454:
445:
425:
405:isotretinoin
394:
347:
328:
320:facial nerve
285:
261:
252:
245:
233:Tetracycline
230:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
109:Risk factors
3611:Fazio–Londe
3451:Both/either
3245:Generalised
3104:Early-onset
3099:Alzheimer's
2834:spinal cord
2697:‹ The
2639:MedlinePlus
2420:(1): 1–41.
2030:Neurologist
2006:(1): 55–6.
945:ethnicities
917:body weight
901:papilledema
831:optic nerve
763:The use of
750:paracetamol
733:as well as
727:hypokalemia
567:level, and
341:enters the
339:optic nerve
331:papilledema
226:vision loss
144:Brain tumor
100:Usual onset
94:Vision loss
38:Other names
3659:Categories
3219:paroxysmal
3191:Autoimmune
2984:Dyskinesia
2854:Meningitis
2832:Brain and
2667:Patient UK
2604:DiseasesDB
2314:(2): 1–9.
1562:: 101130.
1174:8 November
1148:8 November
1019:References
929:Overweight
758:topiramate
746:analgesics
739:furosemide
713:Medication
536:ventricles
335:optic disc
292:brain stem
267:, such as
241:brain scan
167:Medication
152:meningitis
3670:Headaches
3216:Episodic/
3094:Tauopathy
3045:Akathisia
3033:Myoclonus
3016:Athetosis
2948:Tauopathy
2661:neuro/537
2655:neuro/329
2650:eMedicine
2615:SNOMED CT
2351:: 55–71.
2097:203659948
2081:1538-6899
1931:221014881
1776:Neurology
1745:1175-0561
1706:129943755
1690:0002-9394
1633:2036-7406
1619:(1): e1.
1576:2451-9936
1515:CiteSeerX
1433:Neurology
993:Baltimore
977:Max Nonne
892:Prognosis
853:with the
675:Treatment
584:in 1937.
502:Diagnosis
451:Mechanism
401:vitamin A
188:Frequency
179:Prognosis
158:Treatment
66:Neurology
61:Specialty
3582:SMALED2B
3577:SMALED2A
3274:Migraine
3266:Headache
3232:epilepsy
3228:Seizures
3086:Dementia
2989:Dystonia
2699:template
2678:Orphanet
2620:68267002
2504:11594936
2434:14378448
2399:20776602
2369:Br Med J
2330:16602675
2284:31708166
2230:38715388
2222:15987545
2187:20508332
2146:24999351
2089:31584538
2036:: 2–67.
1985:17857053
1923:32757392
1903:Headache
1862:21799038
1804:34459740
1796:12743224
1698:31014540
1651:25386253
1594:34169180
1537:17242038
1461:21999073
1453:12455560
1306:15028127
1222:28592337
1214:24847166
1083:27886895
957:shunting
765:steroids
744:Various
381:Humphrey
273:sneezing
269:coughing
218:headache
183:Variable
78:Headache
73:Symptoms
3594:SMA-PME
3589:SMA-PCH
3572:SMALED1
3284:Tension
3279:Cluster
3004:Meige's
2821:Amoebic
2701:below (
2658:oph/190
2598:D011559
2469:2679506
2390:2519971
2137:4080637
2012:3156890
1976:1390605
1853:7964366
1676:: 116.
1642:4211491
1585:8207225
1403:9534686
1394:1717437
1341:9661757
1074:5125521
963:History
933:obesity
807:Surgery
569:protein
565:glucose
435:(SLE),
343:eyeball
3313:Stroke
3127:Pick's
3054:Tremor
3021:Chorea
2718:Curlie
2704:Curlie
2683:238624
2644:000351
2587:243200
2546:8D60.Y
2502:
2467:
2432:
2397:
2387:
2328:
2282:
2251:: 655.
2228:
2220:
2185:
2144:
2134:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2010:
1983:
1973:
1929:
1921:
1886:27 May
1860:
1850:
1802:
1794:
1743:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1649:
1639:
1631:
1592:
1582:
1574:
1535:
1517:
1459:
1451:
1401:
1391:
1339:
1314:297003
1312:
1304:
1220:
1212:
1170:. 2015
1081:
1071:
925:median
698:iodine
477:biopsy
439:, and
391:Causes
365:squint
3627:both:
3559:DSMA1
3554:SMAX2
3549:SMAX1
3529:only:
3502:only:
3406:Other
3328:Other
3240:Focal
2873:Brain
2776:Brain
2576:348.2
2561:G93.2
2414:Brain
2345:Brain
2280:S2CID
2226:S2CID
2093:S2CID
1927:S2CID
1800:S2CID
1702:S2CID
1457:S2CID
1310:S2CID
1218:S2CID
835:orbit
582:Dandy
312:third
3230:and
2941:PKAN
2936:NBIA
2609:1331
2593:MeSH
2582:OMIM
2571:9-CM
2500:PMID
2465:PMID
2430:PMID
2395:PMID
2326:PMID
2218:PMID
2183:PMID
2142:PMID
2085:PMID
2077:ISSN
2008:PMID
1981:PMID
1919:PMID
1888:2017
1858:PMID
1792:PMID
1757:url=
1741:ISSN
1694:PMID
1686:ISSN
1647:PMID
1629:ISSN
1590:PMID
1572:ISSN
1533:PMID
1449:PMID
1399:PMID
1337:PMID
1302:PMID
1210:PMID
1176:2017
1150:2017
1079:PMID
931:and
815:and
409:acne
407:for
314:and
306:and
271:and
208:and
3544:SMA
3527:LMN
3500:UMN
3491:MND
3357:CSF
3308:TIA
2953:PSP
2929:NMS
2898:and
2759:CNS
2716:at
2567:ICD
2552:ICD
2537:ICD
2492:doi
2457:doi
2422:doi
2385:PMC
2377:doi
2353:doi
2316:doi
2272:doi
2210:doi
2173:doi
2132:PMC
2124:doi
2069:doi
2038:doi
1971:PMC
1963:doi
1959:106
1911:doi
1848:PMC
1838:doi
1784:doi
1733:doi
1678:doi
1674:203
1637:PMC
1621:doi
1580:PMC
1564:doi
1525:doi
1441:doi
1389:PMC
1381:doi
1294:doi
1202:doi
1069:PMC
1061:doi
861:or
785:CSF
777:ICP
202:IIH
3661::
3468:SA
2975:OA
2970:HD
2919:PD
2681::
2670::
2653::
2642::
2618::
2607::
2596::
2585::
2574::
2559::
2556:10
2544::
2541:11
2498:.
2488:58
2486:.
2463:.
2453:46
2451:.
2428:.
2418:78
2416:.
2393:.
2383:.
2371:.
2367:.
2349:54
2347:.
2324:.
2312:11
2310:.
2306:.
2292:^
2278:.
2268:27
2249:67
2247:.
2224:.
2216:.
2206:57
2204:.
2181:.
2169:58
2167:.
2163:.
2140:.
2130:.
2118:.
2114:.
2091:.
2083:.
2075:.
2065:25
2063:.
2059:.
2032:.
2020:^
2002:.
1979:.
1969:.
1957:.
1953:.
1939:^
1925:.
1917:.
1907:60
1905:.
1878:.
1856:.
1846:.
1834:32
1832:.
1828:.
1812:^
1798:.
1790:.
1780:60
1778:.
1766:^
1761:]]
1739:.
1729:21
1727:.
1723:.
1700:.
1692:.
1684:.
1672:.
1668:.
1645:.
1635:.
1627:.
1615:.
1611:.
1588:.
1578:.
1570:.
1560:23
1558:.
1554:.
1531:.
1523:.
1469:^
1455:.
1447:.
1437:59
1435:.
1411:^
1397:.
1387:.
1377:78
1375:.
1371:.
1349:^
1333:19
1331:.
1308:.
1300:.
1290:54
1288:.
1230:^
1216:.
1208:.
1198:35
1196:.
1184:^
1166:.
1136:.
1091:^
1077:.
1067:.
1057:35
1055:.
1051:.
1027:^
692:A
597:O
467:.
443:.
243:.
228:.
150:,
146:,
130:,
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