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or, those deemed particularly dangerous, to special ones, run directly by the MVD. The treatment included various forms of restraint, electric shocks, a range of drugs (such as
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180:, a special form of the illness that supposedly affects only the person's social behavior, with no trace on other traits: "most frequently, ideas about a
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235:) that cause long-lasting side effects, and sometimes involved beatings. Nekipelov describes inhumane uses of medical procedures such as
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from the rest of society, discredit their ideas, and break them physically and mentally. As such, psikhushkas were considered a form of
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130:. In Russia, the word entered everyday vocabulary. This word has been occasionally used in English, since the
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as "no better than the criminal doctors who performed inhuman experiments on the prisoners in
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a plan for the creation of a network of specialized "psychiatric hospitals" run by the KGB.
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The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia - Past, Present, and Future.
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movement and diaspora community in the West used the term. In the Soviet Union,
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354:(in Russian) (13). Moscow: ΠΠ·Π΄-Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° . Archived from
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382:(in Russian) (8). Moscow: ΠΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ : 23β25
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The official Soviet psychiatric science came up with the definition of
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425:
146:. The official explanation was that no sane person would be against
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psychiatric hospitals were often used by the authorities as prisons
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Abandoned to the state: cruelty and neglect in
Russian orphanages
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350:[Are defenders of human rights needed in psychiatry?].
374:[Are defenders of human rights needed in psychiatry?]
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162:
29:
153:
Psikhushkas were already in use by the end of the 1940s (see
410:
Soviet
Psychiatric Abuse: The Shadow over World Psychiatry
473:; trade paperback, Bantam Dell, 11 May 2004, 736 pages,
242:
Notable political prisoners of psikhushkas include poet
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period of the 1960s. On April 29, 1969, the head of the
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528:
16:Russian ironic diminutive for psychiatric hospital
606:Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
465:, Doubleday, April, 2003, hardcover, 677 pages,
196:'s archives). Some of them had high rank in the
437:Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick.
616:Persecution of dissidents in the Soviet Union
8:
457:
455:
215:The sane individuals who were diagnosed as
18:
611:Political repression in the Soviet Union
352:Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°
372:"ΠΡΠΆΠ½Ρ Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ?"
348:"ΠΡΠΆΠ½Ρ Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ?"
307:
169:submitted to the Central Committee of
76:Bekhterev Psychoneurological Institute
117:
7:
368:The same article in another source:
184:are formed by personalities with a
81:Independent Psychiatric Association
506:Droit d'asiles en Union SoviΓ©tique
51:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse
14:
22:Psychiatry in Russia and the USSR
66:Struggle against political abuse
621:Psychiatric hospitals in Russia
219:were sent either to a regular
182:struggle for truth and justice
32:(managing organ of psychiatry)
1:
188:structure," according to the
370:ΠΠΌΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (2010).
346:ΠΠΌΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (1999).
412:. Victor Gollancz, London.,
204:, who was characterized by
46:Political abuse in the USSR
657:
626:Imprisonment and detention
504:AntΓ©bi, Elizabeth (1977).
421:A statement attributed to
192:professors (a quote from
573:Fireside, Harvey (1979).
113:
41:Political abuse in Russia
527:Applebaum, Anne (2003).
210:Nazi concentration camps
190:Moscow Serbsky Institute
61:Cases of political abuse
315:Hunt, Kathleen (1998).
260:Alexander Esenin-Volpin
200:, such as the infamous
157:), continuing into the
155:Alexander Esenin-Volpin
36:Mental health in Russia
276:Valeriya Novodvorskaya
178:sluggish schizophrenia
138:, in order to isolate
126:ironic diminutive for
86:Sluggish schizophrenia
554:Boulet, Marc (2001).
294:, and whistle blower
256:Natalya Gorbanevskaya
221:psychiatric hospitals
119:[pΚ²sΚ²ΙͺΛxuΚkΙ]
577:Soviet Psychoprisons
128:psychiatric hospital
556:Dans la peau d'un..
482:Introduction online
380:ΠΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ°
140:political prisoners
636:Soviet phraseology
487:2007-10-13 at the
358:on 19 January 2013
323:Human Rights Watch
56:Working Commission
631:Torture in Russia
565:978-2-02-038072-0
546:978-0-7679-0056-0
423:Nikita Khrushchev
332:978-1-56432-191-6
252:Vladimir Bukovsky
194:Vladimir Bukovsky
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641:Pejorative terms
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558:. Paris: Seuil.
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531:Gulag: A History
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463:Gulag: A History
461:Anne Applebaum,
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288:Anatoly Koryagin
284:Andrei Sinyavsky
272:Viktor Nekipelov
264:Pyotr Grigorenko
237:lumbar punctures
206:Viktor Nekipelov
132:Soviet dissident
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268:Zhores Medvedev
248:Leonid Plyushch
159:Khrushchev Thaw
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535:. New York:
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498:Bibliography
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402:Sidney Bloch
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384:. Retrieved
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360:. Retrieved
356:the original
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217:mentally ill
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202:Daniil Luntz
181:
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105:
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95:
362:18 February
296:Larisa Arap
600:Categories
581:. Norton.
302:References
106:Psikhushka
96:Psikhushka
91:Sulfozinum
537:Doubleday
508:. Paris:
225:narcotics
148:socialism
114:ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΡΜΡΠΊΠ°
510:Julliard
485:Archived
408:(1984).
186:paranoid
386:12 July
233:insulin
144:torture
124:Russian
122:) is a
110:Russian
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477:
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445:
441:1994.
329:
286:, and
231:, and
400:See:
376:(PDF)
583:ISBN
560:ISBN
541:ISBN
514:ISBN
475:ISBN
467:ISBN
443:ISBN
404:and
388:2013
364:2013
327:ISBN
171:CPSU
212:".
198:MVD
163:KGB
30:KGB
602::
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