1720:
2326:
2145:
2288:
2305:
2270:
812:. There are a great number of variations between the extremes of free and decurrent, collectively called attached gills. Finer distinctions are often made to distinguish the types of attached gills: adnate gills, which adjoin squarely to the stalk; notched gills, which are notched where they join the top of the stalk; adnexed gills, which curve upward to meet the stalk, and so on. These distinctions between attached gills are sometimes difficult to interpret, since gill attachment may change as the mushroom matures, or with different environmental conditions.
1876:; although some resemble certain edible species, consuming them could be fatal. Eating mushrooms gathered in the wild is risky and should only be undertaken by individuals knowledgeable in mushroom identification. Common best practice is for wild mushroom pickers to focus on collecting a small number of visually distinctive, edible mushroom species that cannot be easily confused with poisonous varieties. Common mushroom hunting advice is that if a mushroom cannot be positively identified, it should be considered poisonous and not eaten.
1998:
1825:
638:
360:
1916:, several others can cause particularly severe and unpleasant symptoms. Toxicity likely plays a role in protecting the function of the basidiocarp: the mycelium has expended considerable energy and protoplasmic material to develop a structure to efficiently distribute its spores. One defense against consumption and premature destruction is the evolution of chemicals that render the mushroom inedible, either causing the consumer to vomit the meal (see
2038:, showed psychedelic mushrooms could provide people an experience with substantial personal meaning and spiritual significance. In the study, one third of the subjects reported ingestion of psychedelic mushrooms was the single most spiritually significant event of their lives. Over two-thirds reported it among their five most meaningful and spiritually significant events. On the other hand, one-third of the subjects reported extreme
1891:
263:
1937:
271:
651:
5832:
4687:
205:
1707:
2205:
333:, however, requires more effort. A mushroom develops from a button stage into a mature structure, and only the latter can provide certain characteristics needed for the identification of the species. However, over-mature specimens lose features and cease producing spores. Many novices have mistaken humid water marks on paper for white spore prints, or discolored paper from oozing liquids on
575:
1016:
923:
51:
4711:
5842:
4699:
821:
2287:
59:
310:, combined with microscopic examination. The presence of juices upon breaking, bruising-reactions, odors, tastes, shades of color, habitat, habit, and season are all considered by both amateur and professional mycologists. Tasting and smelling mushrooms carries its own hazards because of poisons and
1832:
Separating edible from poisonous species requires meticulous attention to detail; there is no single trait by which all toxic mushrooms can be identified, nor one by which all edible mushrooms can be identified. People who collect mushrooms for consumption are known as mycophagists, and the act of
4099:
943:
including "to mushroom" or "mushrooming" (expanding rapidly in size or scope) and "to pop up like a mushroom" (to appear unexpectedly and quickly). In reality, all species of mushrooms take several days to form primordial mushroom fruit bodies, though they do expand rapidly by the absorption of
294:
and then fall between the gills in the dead air space. As a result, for most mushrooms, if the cap is cut off and placed gill-side-down overnight, a powdery impression reflecting the shape of the gills (or pores, or spines, etc.) is formed (when the fruit body is sporulating). The color of the
2325:
1949:
Mushrooms with psychoactive properties have long played a role in various native medicine traditions in cultures all around the world. They have been used as sacrament in rituals aimed at mental and physical healing, and to facilitate visionary states. One such ritual is the
3062:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
4095:
1051:
is estimated to be 2,400 years old, possibly older, and spans an estimated 2,200 acres (8.9 km). Most of the fungus is underground and in decaying wood or dying tree roots in the form of white mycelia combined with black shoelace-like
959:, referred to as the pin stage because of their small size. Slightly expanded, they are called buttons, once again because of the relative size and shape. Once such stages are formed, the mushroom can rapidly pull in water from its
2184:, but clinical evidence for efficacy and safety of these extracts in humans has not been confirmed. Although some mushroom species or their extracts may be consumed for therapeutic effects, some regulatory agencies, such as the US
60:
1668:
market. In a comprehensive safety assessment of producing vitamin D in fresh mushrooms, researchers showed that artificial UV light technologies were equally effective for vitamin D production as in mushrooms exposed to natural
66:
65:
62:
61:
67:
1816:
is a major edible mushroom producer. The country produces about half of all cultivated mushrooms, and around 2.7 kilograms (6.0 lb) of mushrooms are consumed per person per year by 1.4 billion people. In 2014,
1810:. In recent years, increasing affluence in developing countries has led to a considerable growth in interest in mushroom cultivation, which is now seen as a potentially important economic activity for small farmers.
64:
2304:
2257:
There is an ongoing research in the field of genetic engineering aimed towards creation of the enhanced qualities of mushrooms for such domains as nutritional value enhancement, as well as medical use.
299:, is useful in both classifying and identifying mushrooms. Spore print colors include white (most common), brown, black, purple-brown, pink, yellow, and creamy, but almost never blue, green, or red.
3414:
688:
that make up the fungus. The primordium enlarges into a roundish structure of interwoven hyphae roughly resembling an egg, called a "button". The button has a cottony roll of mycelium, the
1549:
903:
often occur within the hymenium of the
Basidiomycota. Many types of cystidia exist, and assessing their presence, shape, and size is often used to verify the identification of a mushroom.
581:
Other mushrooms are not gilled, so the term "mushroom" is loosely used, and giving a full account of their classifications is difficult. Some have pores underneath (and are usually called
143:) on the underside of the cap. "Mushroom" also describes a variety of other gilled fungi, with or without stems; therefore the term is used to describe the fleshy fruiting bodies of some
302:
While modern identification of mushrooms is quickly becoming molecular, the standard methods for identification are still used by most and have developed into a fine art harking back to
2269:
3899:
Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R (2006). "Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance".
2042:. However the anxiety went away after a short period of time. Psilocybin mushrooms have also shown to be successful in treating addiction, specifically with alcohol and cigarettes.
700:, or as warts or volval patches on the cap. Many mushrooms lack a universal veil, therefore they do not have either a volva or volval patches. Often, a second layer of tissue, the
4749:
910:
often can be the crux of an identification. A spore often has a protrusion at one end, called an apiculus, which is the point of attachment to the basidium, termed the apical
221:
The terms "mushroom" and "toadstool" go back centuries and were never precisely defined, nor was there consensus on application. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the terms
3041:
3581:
407:, not all members of the order Agaricales produce mushroom fruit bodies, and many other gilled fungi, collectively called mushrooms, occur in other orders of the class
987:), that grow rapidly overnight and may disappear by late afternoon on a hot day after rainfall. The primordia form at ground level in lawns in humid spaces under the
844:
and polypores, or covers the teeth of spine fungi and the branches of corals. In the
Ascomycota, spores develop within microscopic elongated, sac-like cells called
1719:
3458:
840:
is a layer of microscopic spore-bearing cells that covers the surface of gills. In the nongilled mushrooms, the hymenium lines the inner surfaces of the tubes of
4273:. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada.
2232:
are organic compounds and produce strong and vivid colors, and all colors of the spectrum can be achieved with mushroom dyes. Before the invention of synthetic
1990:
in those countries which have outlawed their sale. Psilocybin mushrooms have been reported to facilitate profound and life-changing insights often described as
3117:
4356:
4340:
3817:
906:
The most important microscopic feature for identification of mushrooms is the spores. Their color, shape, size, attachment, ornamentation, and reaction to
63:
998:
Not all mushrooms expand overnight; some grow very slowly and add tissue to their fruiting bodies by growing from the edges of the colony or by inserting
4013:
290:, are produced on the gills and fall in a fine rain of powder from under the caps as a result. At the microscopic level, the basidiospores are shot off
939:
Many species of mushrooms seemingly appear overnight, growing or expanding rapidly. This phenomenon is the source of several common expressions in the
907:
4742:
3643:
3422:
2144:
2298:
mushroom is a cultivated edible mushroom for foods and has many names such as "champignon", " button mushroom", "white mushroom", and " portobello"
737:
The stalk (also called the stipe, or stem) may be central and support the cap in the middle, or it may be off-center or lateral, as in species of
4316:
4297:
4278:
4134:
3751:
3495:
3074:
2988:
2634:
2560:
2509:
2440:
3245:
Simon, R. R.; Borzelleca, J. F.; Deluca, H. F.; Weaver, C. M. (2013). "Safety assessment of the post-harvest treatment of button mushrooms (
3769:"Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later"
2848:
5846:
728:, or merely the faint remnants of a cortina (a partial veil composed of filaments resembling a spiderweb), which is typical of the genus
5888:
5835:
4735:
2361:
2777:
A Complete
Mushroom Cultivation Guide on How to Grow Gourmet Mushrooms and Identify Wild Common Mushrooms and Other Fungi for Beginners
242:). Delineation between edible and poisonous fungi is not clear-cut, so a "mushroom" may be edible, poisonous, or unpalatable. The word
4545:
4510:
716:, around the middle of the stalk or as fragments hanging from the margin of the cap. The ring may be skirt-like as in some species of
3069:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
2023:
213:, the most easily recognised "toadstool", is frequently depicted in fairy stories and on greeting cards. It is often associated with
2784:
2709:
3542:
3033:
1821:
was the world's largest mushroom exporter, reporting an estimated 194,000 tonnes (191,000 long tons; 214,000 short tons) annually.
3142:
Kalaras, M. D.; Beelman, R. B.; Elias, R. J. (2012). "Effects of postharvest pulsed UV light treatment of white button mushrooms (
2604:
2405:
4413:
3689:
Turhan, Şeref; Köse, Abdullah; Varinlioğlu, Ahmet (2007). "Radioactivity levels in some wild edible mushroom species in Turkey".
2371:
3664:
1994:. Recent scientific work has supported these claims, as well as the long-lasting effects of such induced spiritual experiences.
852:, which contain the cup, sponge, brain, and some club-like fungi, develop an exposed layer of asci, as on the inner surfaces of
2088:
3186:
2901:
1786:
are grown commercially, including whites, crimini, and portobello. Other cultivated species available at many grocers include
5259:
1782:, is considered safe for most people to eat because it is grown in controlled, sterilized environments. Several varieties of
1724:
4715:
3950:
3991:
3088:
2529:
772:
The way the gills attach to the top of the stalk is an important feature of mushroom morphology. Mushrooms in the genera
5883:
3614:
3029:
2185:
1643:
692:, that surrounds the developing fruit body. As the egg expands, the universal veil ruptures and may remain as a cup, or
3462:
3008:
2366:
2254:
to spur plant growth) and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water).
3397:
1924:, including those that are radioactive, as late as 2008, European mushrooms may have included toxicity from the 1986
5646:
3110:
44:
4758:
4672:
830:
37:
3832:
2250:
Mushrooms and other fungi play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques (e.g., using
1021:
404:
4021:
4386:
5868:
5366:
4914:
4468:
4381:
2181:
1952:
1921:
1044:
400:
2342:
hymenium; the interior is white when it is young, but as it matures, the interior becomes brown containing
5873:
5792:
5249:
4051:
2173:
2108:
2035:
1920:), or to learn to avoid consumption altogether. In addition, due to the propensity of mushrooms to absorb
1545:
563:
371:
3635:
5878:
5737:
5403:
5301:
4884:
4662:
4042:
Borchers AT, Krishnamurthy A, Keen CL, Meyers FJ, Gershwin ME (2008). "The immunobiology of mushrooms".
2013:
1941:
1905:
1378:
1009:
1004:
1997:
1824:
2856:
1646:
provided evidence that UV-exposed mushrooms contain substantial amounts of vitamin D. When exposed to
5473:
5331:
5306:
5101:
5096:
5091:
4864:
4657:
4406:
4213:
3698:
2813:
2726:
2472:
2157:
1991:
1913:
1430:
1391:
1035:
769:
usually do not have stalks, and a specialized mycological vocabulary exists to describe their parts.
155:
4056:
2949:
188:. By extension, the term "mushroom" can also refer to either the entire fungus when in culture, the
5116:
5086:
5076:
4667:
2331:
2139:
1987:
1971:
976:
677:
395:
72:
2022:, is being studied for its ability to help people suffering from psychological disorders, such as
637:
567:. This gives the affected mushroom an unusual shape and red color that resembles that of a boiled
5413:
5321:
5065:
4941:
4439:
4247:
4077:
3924:
3881:
3722:
3573:
2376:
2189:
2059:
2018:
1925:
1896:
1885:
1873:
1788:
1365:
1345:
1155:
927:
713:
705:
655:
626:
586:
435:
334:
140:
3415:"Production of Cultivated Edible Mushroom in China With Emphasis on Lentinula edodes - isms.biz"
2751:
1535:
1531:
749:. In other mushrooms, a stalk may be absent, as in the polypores that form shelf-like brackets.
712:. As the cap expands the veil breaks, and remnants of the partial veil may remain as a ring, or
359:
4703:
672:
A mushroom develops from a nodule, or pinhead, less than two millimeters in diameter, called a
5336:
5316:
5060:
5005:
4606:
4312:
4293:
4274:
4239:
4231:
4182:
4130:
4122:
4069:
3983:
3916:
3873:
3798:
3747:
3741:
3714:
3565:
3491:
3376:
3325:
3307:
3266:
3217:
3167:
3080:
3070:
2984:
2829:
2780:
2705:
2702:
Mushrooms: How to Grow Them - A Practical
Treatise on Mushroom Culture for Profit and Pleasure
2630:
2556:
2505:
2501:
2490:
2436:
2294:
2210:
2193:
2149:
2031:
1778:
1711:
1591:
1559:
1443:
1243:
1068:
948:
642:
501:
346:
136:
119:
99:
3856:
Sewell RA, Halpern JH, Pope HG (2006). "Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD".
3485:
2877:
5807:
5797:
5782:
5408:
5229:
5045:
5015:
4995:
4951:
4829:
4626:
4435:
4221:
4172:
4162:
4061:
3908:
3865:
3818:"A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion"
3788:
3780:
3706:
3557:
3366:
3356:
3315:
3297:
3258:
3209:
3159:
2976:
2944:
2821:
2802:"Go with the flow: mechanisms driving water transport during vegetative growth and fruiting"
2381:
2277:
2165:
2053:
2027:
1975:
1834:
1758:
1697:
1595:
1260:
940:
932:
868:, and decaying wood, as well as other fungi, produce minute, flask-shaped structures called
697:
693:
660:
546:
539:
513:
421:
365:
230:
209:
189:
132:
5747:
5668:
5433:
5345:
5185:
5027:
4946:
4399:
3401:
2497:
1909:
1890:
1750:
1693:
1662:
875:
In the basidiomycetes, usually four spores develop on the tips of thin projections called
825:
525:
494:
262:
33:
4350:
1548:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
4334:
4217:
3702:
2817:
1936:
864:, tiny dark-colored fungi that live on a wide range of substrates including soil, dung,
796:, among others, have free gills that do not extend to the top of the stalk. Others have
5812:
5778:
5651:
5610:
5378:
5281:
5106:
5050:
5010:
5000:
4990:
4963:
4904:
4791:
4766:
4691:
4565:
4483:
4177:
4150:
3869:
3793:
3768:
3371:
3344:
3320:
3285:
3284:
Cardwell, Glenn; Bornman, Janet F.; James, Anthony P.; Black, Lucinda J. (2018-10-13).
2592:
2401:
2311:
2039:
1754:
1673:, and that UV light has a long record of safe use for production of vitamin D in food.
964:
952:
884:
689:
650:
610:
500:
Within the main body of mushrooms, in the
Agaricales, are common fungi like the common
484:
416:
408:
283:
128:
2980:
2922:
17:
5862:
5787:
5568:
5543:
5488:
5244:
5213:
5040:
5035:
4936:
4879:
4560:
4453:
3668:
3541:
Schulzova, V; Hajslova, J; Peroutka, R; Hlavasek, J; Gry, J; Andersson, H.C. (2009).
2935:
2627:
Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and
Environmental Impact
2432:
2244:
2229:
2169:
2096:
2092:
1773:
1762:
1682:
1111:
1053:
1048:
988:
956:
861:
766:
315:
307:
124:
3885:
3726:
5817:
5802:
5641:
5563:
5453:
5398:
5393:
5361:
5351:
5271:
5254:
5160:
5055:
4529:
4463:
4422:
4251:
4081:
3928:
3225:
2356:
2123:
1769:
1701:
1563:
1097:
995:
conditions balloon to full size in a few hours, release spores, and then collapse.
849:
758:
701:
590:
412:
287:
247:
204:
3577:
1706:
278:
Identifying what is and is not a mushroom requires a basic understanding of their
228:
The term "mushroom" and its variations may have been derived from the French word
196:) of species forming the fruiting bodies called mushrooms, or the species itself.
5693:
5583:
5578:
5553:
5536:
5526:
5517:
5383:
5234:
5129:
4869:
4570:
4458:
3979:
3942:
2525:
2225:
2204:
2080:
1846:
1647:
1639:
1579:
1081:
869:
865:
730:
622:
606:
602:
535:
479:
474:
453:
350:
326:
296:
279:
3064:
2801:
1661:, a process now used intentionally to supply fresh vitamin D mushrooms for the
270:
5663:
5658:
5615:
5598:
5588:
5558:
5548:
5498:
5388:
5276:
5165:
4985:
4931:
4894:
4849:
4844:
4834:
4808:
4784:
4591:
4550:
4537:
4226:
4201:
4167:
3912:
3710:
3561:
3262:
2825:
2251:
2111:
2009:
1983:
1866:
1655:
1651:
1607:
1587:
1583:
1417:
1277:
1226:
1015:
922:
896:
876:
802:
762:
673:
618:
517:
489:
458:
441:
384:
380:
185:
144:
117:
The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom,
80:
50:
4727:
4235:
3784:
3606:
3311:
2833:
5742:
5593:
5463:
5438:
5326:
5311:
5296:
5291:
5150:
5081:
5071:
4968:
4958:
4889:
4874:
4839:
4601:
4520:
4515:
2127:
2084:
2076:
1964:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1802:
1635:
1619:
1615:
1404:
1323:
1310:
1008:
grows slowly, and because of this combined with human collection, it is now
968:
911:
892:
853:
808:
797:
739:
614:
574:
530:
426:
311:
167:
4243:
4186:
4073:
3987:
3920:
3877:
3802:
3718:
3569:
3380:
3329:
3270:
3221:
3171:
3084:
3004:
1730:
3394:
3361:
5483:
5448:
5356:
5341:
5239:
5195:
5180:
5170:
5155:
5145:
4899:
4824:
4596:
4555:
4533:
4473:
2240:
2177:
2119:
2115:
2068:
2064:
1793:
1670:
1599:
1209:
1030:
982:
960:
900:
880:
837:
774:
754:
750:
681:
665:
598:
594:
558:
505:
463:
430:
389:
354:
303:
193:
180:
163:
4065:
1869:). However, the hydrazines are destroyed by moderate heat when cooking.
753:
lack a stalk, but may have a supporting base. Other mushrooms including
151:
which help the fungus spread across the ground or its occupant surface.
5725:
5720:
5710:
5683:
5603:
5503:
5468:
5458:
5443:
5200:
5111:
4980:
4975:
4854:
4478:
4391:
3302:
2161:
2047:
1838:
1797:
1746:
1742:
1665:
1575:
1567:
1189:
792:
786:
780:
724:
718:
568:
521:
447:
330:
291:
3213:
3163:
2902:"The Dish on Deliquescence in Coprinus Species :Cornell Mushroom Blog"
2192:, which does not have government approval or common clinical use as a
820:
5768:
5752:
5730:
5715:
5678:
5636:
5631:
5531:
5286:
5190:
4859:
4819:
4426:
3345:"Edible Mushrooms: Improving Human Health and Promoting Quality Life"
2316:
2218:
2104:
1958:
1917:
1842:
1818:
1734:
1623:
1603:
1293:
999:
841:
582:
175:
159:
103:
4377:
2243:
loosely called mushrooms, have been used as fire starters (known as
123:; hence, the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi (
5698:
5573:
5493:
5478:
5425:
5175:
5134:
4926:
4804:
4779:
4636:
4586:
4524:
4501:
3746:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 175.
3286:"A Review of Mushrooms as a Potential Source of Dietary Vitamin D"
2343:
2339:
2203:
2143:
1996:
1935:
1889:
1813:
1807:
1718:
1705:
1014:
921:
895:. Interspersed among the asci are threadlike sterile cells called
888:
857:
845:
819:
745:
709:
685:
649:
636:
629:
meaning. Approximately 14,000 species of mushrooms are described.
573:
509:
469:
358:
322:
269:
261:
214:
203:
171:
148:
95:
57:
49:
2752:"How Long Does It Take To Grow Mushrooms? All Questions Answered"
1642:
handling, in particular the unintended exposure to sunlight. The
223:
mushrom, mushrum, muscheron, mousheroms, mussheron, or musserouns
5705:
5688:
5673:
4918:
4631:
4371:
4349:
4307:
Stuntz DE, Largent DL, Thiers HD, Johnson DJ, Watling R (1978).
3543:"Agaritine content of 53 Agaricus species collected from nature"
3343:
Valverde, M. E.; Hernández-Pérez, T.; Paredes-López, O. (2015).
2492:
Mushrooms
Demystified, A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi
2221:
1611:
1456:
1029:
Though mushroom fruiting bodies are short-lived, the underlying
251:
235:
107:
4731:
4395:
4374:, a collaborative mushroom recording and identification project
4333:
1574:. In a 100 grams (3.5 ounces) amount, raw mushrooms provide 22
379:
Typical mushrooms are the fruit bodies of members of the order
5513:
5218:
4774:
3767:
Griffiths R, Richards W, Johnson M, McCann U, Jesse R (2008).
2458:
Mushrooms & Toadstools: a study of the activities of fungi
2233:
1571:
1131:
992:
4271:
Poisonous
Mushrooms of Canada: Including other Inedible Fungi
1837:, or simply "mushrooming". Even edible mushrooms may produce
4288:
Hall IR, Stephenson SL, Buchanan PK, Yun W, Cole AL (2003).
2603:. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Department of Biology.
1956:
ceremony. A practitioner of traditional mushroom use is the
1908:
that can be toxic, mind-altering, antibiotic, antiviral, or
891:, may become powdery as in the puffballs or slimy as in the
4020:. American Cancer Society. 1 November 2008. Archived from
3185:
Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Song CH, Cho KY, Pang G (2009).
3116:. Nutrient Data Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture.
3034:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2528:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper, Inc. 2021.
2001:
There are over 100 psychoactive mushroom species of genus
1900:"death cap" mushrooms, with a matchbox for size comparison
1715:, one of the most widely cultivated and consumed mushrooms
914:, from which the hypha emerges when the spore germinates.
848:, which typically contain eight spores in each ascus. The
734:. Mushrooms lacking partial veils do not form an annulus.
4151:"Mushroom as a product and their role in mycoremediation"
3404:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
3007:. US Forest Service: Pacific Northwest Research Station.
676:, which is typically found on or near the surface of the
3490:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 37.
3636:"Preventing Poisonings - Bay Area Mycological Society"
3195:
button mushrooms treated with ultraviolet irradiation"
2680:
2678:
2676:
621:. Thus, the term is more one of common application to
266:
Morphological characteristics of the caps of mushrooms
106:, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its
54:
Culinary mushrooms in a diversity of shapes and colors
4344:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 70–72.
1974:, also referred to as psychedelic mushrooms, possess
325:
can often be accomplished in the field using a local
174:", and gilled mushrooms themselves are often called "
2975:, Harvard University Press, 1995, pp. 335–343,
1765:). Humans have valued them as food since antiquity.
5761:
5624:
5512:
5424:
5209:
5125:
5026:
4913:
4800:
4765:
4650:
4619:
4579:
4499:
4492:
4446:
4360:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 1035.
4202:"Gene-edited CRISPR mushroom escapes US regulation"
3665:"Belarus exports radioactive mushrooms, April 2008"
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1480:
1455:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1343:
1322:
1309:
1292:
1276:
1259:
1242:
1225:
1208:
1187:
1152:
1128:
1110:
1094:
1080:
1075:
800:gills that extend down the stalk, as in the genera
3066:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2489:
2236:, mushrooms were the source of many textile dyes.
2063:, among others, contain the psychoactive compound
1841:reactions in susceptible individuals, from a mild
1056:that bridge colonized separated woody substrates.
1033:can itself be long-lived and massive. A colony of
254:, possibly implying an inedible poisonous fungus.
32:This article is about fungi. For use in food, see
1355:
1199:
2477:. London, S. Sonnenschein, Lowrey. pp. 6–7.
43:"Toadstool" redirects here. For other uses, see
3611:Bulletin of the Puget Sound Mycological Society
3459:"Poland: The world's largest mushroom exporter"
2950:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61597A102952148.en
2800:Herman, K.C.; Bleichrodt, R. (September 2022).
1606:(25% DV), and a moderate source (10-19% DV) of
879:, which extend from club-shaped cells called a
625:fungal fruiting bodies than one having precise
4149:Kulshreshtha S, Mathur N, Bhatnagar P (2014).
2878:"Parasola plicatilis, Pleated Inkcap mushroom"
1076:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
4743:
4407:
3978:Pdq Integrative, Alternative (17 June 2021).
8:
4269:Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA (1985).
4125:, in Thomas Bechtold and Rita Mussak (ed.),
3691:Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies
2026:. Minute amounts have been reported to stop
2012:, a naturally occurring chemical in certain
1912:. Although there are only a small number of
1064:
4290:Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World
4129:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 183–200,
3461:. Fresh Plaza. 8 April 2015. Archived from
974:Similarly, there are other mushrooms, like
646:buttons emerging from their universal veils
158:usually have more specific names, such as "
114:generally denotes one poisonous to humans.
4750:
4736:
4728:
4496:
4414:
4400:
4392:
3202:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3152:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3030:United States Food and Drug Administration
1578:and are a rich source (20% or more of the
1169:
1063:
963:and expand, mainly by inflating preformed
593:, and so on. "Mushroom" has been used for
4225:
4176:
4166:
4055:
3792:
3550:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
3370:
3360:
3319:
3301:
3005:"And the Humongous Fungus Race Continues"
2948:
2315:, also known as "cep", is an edible wild
1978:. Commonly known as "magic mushrooms" or
1532:Full Link to USDA Food Data Central entry
250:England as a reference for a "stool" for
3393:Marshall, Elaine and Nair, N. G. (2009)
3240:
3238:
2555:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 9–11.
2474:An Elementary Text-Book of British Fungi
1982:'shrooms", they are openly available in
1823:
493:, along with similar genera, are in the
393:and type species is the field mushroom,
4387:Online Edible Wild Mushroom Field Guide
4311:. Eureka, California: Mad River Press.
4098:. Cancer Research UK. 30 January 2015.
2393:
2265:
2005:native to regions all around the world.
557:mushroom that has been deformed by the
29:Spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
1986:in many parts of the world, or on the
967:that took several days to form in the
178:" in reference to their similarity to
4102:from the original on 15 November 2017
3994:from the original on 26 February 2022
3349:International Journal of Microbiology
1872:A number of species of mushrooms are
1833:collecting them for such is known as
1737:. This is an edible type of mushroom.
487:, and the little pin-mushroom genus,
7:
5841:
4698:
4309:How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus I
3816:Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J (1998).
3743:Magical Mushrooms, Mischievous Molds
3123:from the original on 1 February 2021
2071:-containing chemotaxonomic group of
722:, collar-like as in many species of
4710:
3825:Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto
3191:formation and bioavailability from
2936:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2362:List of psilocybin mushroom species
1828:Close-up cross section of mushroom.
1650:(UV) light, even after harvesting,
585:), others have spines, such as the
461:, while the tough, leathery genera
4292:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
3870:10.1212/01.wnl.0000219761.05466.43
3605:Siegered, AA, ed. (January 1998).
2629:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
1741:Mushrooms are used extensively in
1025:) at various states of development
154:Forms deviating from the standard
25:
4378:An Aid to Mushroom Identification
4123:"Dyes from lichens and mushrooms"
4044:Experimental Biology and Medicine
3395:Making Money by growing Mushrooms
3150:content and quality attributes".
2981:10.4159/harvard.9780674063426.c38
2553:VNR Color Dictionary of Mushrooms
2408:from the original on 27 June 2022
2034:. A double-blind study, done by
1638:content of a mushroom depends on
1618:(table). They have minimal or no
872:, within which the asci develop.
375:resulting in a "lobster mushroom"
337:edges for colored spored prints.
286:and gilled. Their spores, called
5840:
5831:
5830:
4709:
4697:
4686:
4685:
3667:. Freshplaza.com. Archived from
2532:from the original on 2 June 2021
2324:
2303:
2286:
2281:, commonly known as "fly agaric"
2268:
1857:, the most abundant of which is
1772:have been commercially grown on
147:. The gills produce microscopic
4096:"Mushrooms in cancer treatment"
3953:from the original on 2014-04-05
3646:from the original on 2021-05-11
3617:from the original on 2010-07-17
3587:from the original on 2021-04-27
3091:from the original on 2024-05-09
3044:from the original on 2024-03-27
3011:from the original on 2011-04-07
2971:"A Humongous Fungus Among Us",
2607:from the original on 2012-04-14
991:and after heavy rainfall or in
318:are also used for some genera.
3487:Texas Mushrooms: a Field Guide
2471:Hay, William Deslisle (1887).
2224:and other natural fibers. The
1904:Many mushroom species produce
321:In general, identification to
139:), and gills (lamellae, sing.
1:
4127:Handbook of Natural Colorants
3773:Journal of Psychopharmacology
3525:
3484:Metzler V, Metzler S (1992).
2684:
2575:
2551:Dickinson C, Lucas J (1982).
2024:obsessive–compulsive disorder
1928:and continued to be studied.
1654:in mushrooms is converted to
1019:Yellow flower pot mushrooms (
883:. The fertile portion of the
419:, false chanterelles such as
3251:Food and Chemical Toxicology
3249:) using ultraviolet light".
2704:(2nd ed.). Read Books.
2186:Food and Drug Administration
2180:, are government-registered
1776:. The most common of these,
1644:US Department of Agriculture
1544:Percentages estimated using
899:. Similar structures called
549:, which is a fruitbody of a
545:An atypical mushroom is the
274:Maitake, a polypore mushroom
4200:Waltz, Emily (2016-04-01).
2779:. Independently Published.
2750:Sayner, Adam (2022-02-23).
2664:
2649:
2625:Miles PG, Chang ST (2004).
2367:Largest fungal fruit bodies
2156:Some mushrooms are used in
2103:intoxication is similar to
2045:A few species in the genus
1945:, a hallucinogenic mushroom
1849:shock. Even the cultivated
5905:
5889:Non-timber forest products
4759:Non-timber forest products
3982:. PDQ Cancer Information.
2700:Falconer, William (2009).
2217:Mushrooms can be used for
2137:
1883:
1853:contains small amounts of
1691:
1680:
1065:Mushrooms (brown, Italian)
955:, initially form a minute
931:mushroom emerging through
680:. It is formed within the
344:
45:Toadstool (disambiguation)
42:
31:
5826:
4681:
4673:List of mycology journals
4433:
4227:10.1038/nature.2016.19754
4168:10.1186/s13568-014-0029-8
3913:10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5
3711:10.1080/10256010701562794
3562:10.1080/02652030802039903
3510:
3442:
3263:10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.009
2826:10.1016/j.fbr.2021.10.002
2727:"How Mushrooms are Grown"
2427:Harding, Patrick (2008).
2402:"Definition of TOADSTOOL"
2182:adjuvant cancer therapies
2087:, though if not properly
1543:
1528:
1524:
1476:
1468:
1339:
1335:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1148:
1144:
1124:
1120:
1090:
1086:94 kJ (22 kcal)
831:phase contrast microscopy
684:, the mass of threadlike
38:Mushroom (disambiguation)
3785:10.1177/0269881108094300
3640:www.bayareamushrooms.org
3111:"Vitamin D in mushrooms"
2847:Nelson N. (2006-08-13).
1022:Leucocoprinus birnbaumii
951:, as well as the common
295:powdery print, called a
4357:Encyclopædia Britannica
4341:Encyclopædia Britannica
4121:Riika Raisanen (2009),
2921:Venturella, G. (2016).
2597:, the lobster mushroom"
2372:Lists of fungal species
2188:, regard such use as a
2095:due to the presence of
1768:Most mushrooms sold in
1546:US recommendations
1045:Malheur National Forest
704:, covers the bladelike
5773:(Iberian agroforestry)
5011:Pacific mountain onion
2973:Dinosaur in a Haystack
2943:: e.T61597A102952148.
2806:Fungal Biology Reviews
2595:Hypomyces lactifluorum
2456:Ramsbottom J. (1954).
2275:Psychotropic mushroom
2214:
2174:polysaccharide peptide
2160:. In a few countries,
2153:
2083:, and as such are not
2036:Johns Hopkins Hospital
2006:
1976:psychedelic properties
1946:
1932:Psychoactive mushrooms
1901:
1829:
1738:
1716:
1550:the National Academies
1517:Vitamin D (UV exposed)
1026:
936:
856:or within the pits of
833:
669:
647:
578:
564:Hypomyces lactifluorum
376:
372:Hypomyces lactifluorum
275:
267:
218:
83:
55:
36:. For other uses, see
18:Psychoactive mushrooms
5793:Indian forest produce
5264:Hydnocarpus wightiana
4663:List of fungal orders
3980:"Medicinal mushrooms"
3831:: 207. Archived from
3109:Haytowitz DB (2009).
2925:Pleurotus nebrodensis
2488:Arora, David (1986).
2239:Some fungi, types of
2207:
2147:
2091:will be non-lethally
2014:psychedelic mushrooms
2000:
1942:Psilocybe zapotecorum
1939:
1906:secondary metabolites
1893:
1827:
1722:
1709:
1681:Further information:
1174:Vitamins and minerals
1018:
1010:critically endangered
1005:Pleurotus nebrodensis
925:
823:
696:, at the base of the
653:
640:
577:
536:paddy straw mushrooms
363:A mushroom (probably
362:
273:
265:
207:
70:
53:
5036:Bare-toothed russula
4658:Glossary of mycology
4382:Simon's Rock College
3465:on 24 September 2016
2882:www.first-nature.com
2775:Gordon, Tom (2021).
2725:DLong (2019-08-29).
2107:in that it includes
2051:, most recognizably
1992:mystical experiences
1972:Psilocybin mushrooms
1800:(hen-of-the-woods),
1036:Armillaria solidipes
816:Microscopic features
399:. However in modern
329:. Identification to
282:structure. Most are
131:) that have a stem (
5884:Fungus common names
5647:musical instruments
4905:Woodland strawberry
4668:List of mycologists
4218:2016Natur.532..293W
4066:10.3181/0708-MR-227
4016:Coriolus Versicolor
3740:Hudler GW. (2000).
3703:2007IEHS...43..249T
3607:"Spore Prints #338"
3362:10.1155/2015/376387
2851:Parasola plicatilis
2818:2022FunBR..41...10H
2731:Canadian Food Focus
2601:Fungus of the Month
2429:Mushroom Miscellany
2336:Lycoperdon perlatum
2140:Medicinal mushrooms
1845:response to severe
1536:exposed to UV light
1261:Pantothenic acid (B
1072:
1039:(formerly known as
977:Parasola plicatilis
949:cultivated mushroom
502:fairy-ring mushroom
396:Agaricus campestris
77:Pleurotus ostreatus
4440:Outline of lichens
3901:Psychopharmacology
3400:2022-11-28 at the
3303:10.3390/nu10101498
2460:. London: Collins.
2377:Mushroom poisoning
2215:
2190:dietary supplement
2154:
2122:effects, but also
2032:migraine headaches
2019:Psilocybe cubensis
2007:
1947:
1926:Chernobyl disaster
1902:
1897:Amanita phalloides
1886:Mushroom poisoning
1830:
1789:Hericium erinaceus
1739:
1717:
1562:are 92% water, 4%
1482:Other constituents
1041:Armillaria ostoyae
1027:
937:
928:Agaricus bitorquis
834:
670:
648:
579:
377:
276:
268:
246:appeared first in
219:
84:
56:
5856:
5855:
4725:
4724:
4615:
4614:
4511:teleomorph/sexual
4372:Mushroom Observer
4351:"Toadstool"
4318:978-0-916422-00-4
4299:978-0-88192-586-9
4280:978-0-88902-977-4
4136:978-0-470-74496-3
3943:"Clinical Sunday"
3753:978-0-691-07016-2
3497:978-0-292-75125-5
3247:Agaricus bisporus
3214:10.1021/jf803908q
3193:Agaricus bisporus
3164:10.1021/jf203825e
3144:Agaricus bisporus
3076:978-0-309-48834-1
2990:978-0-674-06342-6
2636:978-0-8493-1043-0
2562:978-0-442-21998-7
2511:978-0-89815-169-5
2442:978-0-00-728464-1
2295:Agaricus bisporus
2211:Fomes fomentarius
2208:A tinder fungus,
2194:prescription drug
2150:Ganoderma lingzhi
1968:(priest-healer).
1779:Agaricus bisporus
1712:Agaricus bisporus
1570:and less than 1%
1556:
1555:
1472:
1471:
829:asci viewed with
643:Amanita jacksonii
587:hedgehog mushroom
369:) parasitized by
347:Sporocarp (fungi)
120:Agaricus bisporus
68:
16:(Redirected from
5896:
5844:
5843:
5834:
5833:
5808:Resin extraction
5798:Mushroom hunting
5774:
5520: / etc.
5374:
5267:
5102:Saffron milk cap
5092:Parasol mushroom
4932:Fiddlehead ferns
4752:
4745:
4738:
4729:
4713:
4712:
4701:
4700:
4689:
4688:
4546:anamorph/asexual
4497:
4436:Outline of fungi
4416:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4335:"Mushroom"
4322:
4303:
4284:
4263:Literature cited
4256:
4255:
4229:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4170:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4059:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3975:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3822:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3547:
3538:
3532:
3523:
3517:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3455:
3449:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3421:. Archived from
3411:
3405:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3364:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3305:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3224:. Archived from
3199:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2855:. Archived from
2844:
2838:
2837:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2691:
2682:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2591:Volk T. (2001).
2588:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2495:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2382:Mushrooms in art
2328:
2307:
2290:
2278:Amanita muscaria
2272:
2166:polysaccharide-K
1981:
1851:A. bisporus
1835:mushroom hunting
1784:A. bisporus
1698:Mushroom hunting
1688:Edible mushrooms
1596:pantothenic acid
1359:
1297:
1281:
1264:
1247:
1230:
1213:
1203:
1170:
1073:
941:English language
933:asphalt concrete
661:Lactarius indigo
547:lobster mushroom
528:like species of
514:oyster mushrooms
445:) and russulas (
366:Russula brevipes
234:in reference to
210:Amanita muscaria
73:oyster mushrooms
69:
21:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5822:
5772:
5757:
5748:Vegetable ivory
5620:
5508:
5420:
5368:
5261:
5223:
5205:
5139:
5121:
5087:Oyster mushroom
5077:Meadow mushroom
5022:
5006:Twincrest onion
4909:
4813:
4796:
4767:Animal products
4761:
4756:
4726:
4721:
4677:
4646:
4627:Dimorphic fungi
4620:Growth patterns
4611:
4575:
4488:
4469:Medicinal fungi
4442:
4429:
4420:
4368:
4348:
4332:
4329:
4319:
4306:
4300:
4287:
4281:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4057:10.1.1.546.3528
4041:
4040:
4036:
4027:
4025:
4024:on 25 June 2010
4012:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3977:
3976:
3965:
3956:
3954:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3864:(12): 1920–22.
3855:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3649:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3524:
3520:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3441:
3437:
3428:
3426:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3402:Wayback Machine
3392:
3388:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2683:
2674:
2663:
2659:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2498:Ten Speed Press
2487:
2486:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2435:. p. 149.
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2353:
2346:
2332:Common puffball
2329:
2320:
2319:found in Europe
2308:
2299:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2202:
2142:
2136:
2130:in high doses.
1979:
1934:
1888:
1882:
1880:Toxic mushrooms
1704:
1694:Edible mushroom
1692:Main articles:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1663:functional food
1659:
1632:
1560:brown mushrooms
1539:
1529:
1463:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1372:
1360:
1330:
1317:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1237:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1204:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1140:
1135:
1106:
1101:
1066:
1062:
1002:. For example,
920:
826:Morchella elata
818:
635:
526:magic mushrooms
495:Hymenochaetales
411:. For example,
405:classifications
357:
345:Main articles:
343:
260:
202:
184:or their order
94:is the fleshy,
79:) growing on a
58:
48:
41:
34:Edible mushroom
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5902:
5900:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5869:Mushroom types
5861:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5838:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5813:Rubber tapping
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:Forest farming
5776:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5634:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5415:Vateria indica
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:Shorea robusta
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:Honey mushroom
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4944:
4942:Mahuwa flowers
4939:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4695:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4541:
4540:
4527:
4518:
4506:
4504:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4484:Mycotoxicology
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4375:
4367:
4366:Identification
4364:
4363:
4362:
4346:
4328:
4327:External links
4325:
4324:
4323:
4317:
4304:
4298:
4285:
4279:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4192:
4141:
4135:
4113:
4087:
4034:
4005:
3963:
3934:
3891:
3848:
3808:
3759:
3752:
3732:
3697:(3): 249–256.
3681:
3656:
3627:
3597:
3533:
3518:
3503:
3496:
3476:
3450:
3435:
3406:
3386:
3335:
3276:
3234:
3231:on 2011-07-22.
3188:
3177:
3147:
3146:) on vitamin D
3134:
3101:
3075:
3054:
3021:
2995:
2989:
2963:
2913:
2893:
2869:
2839:
2792:
2785:
2767:
2742:
2717:
2710:
2692:
2672:
2657:
2642:
2635:
2617:
2583:
2568:
2561:
2543:
2517:
2510:
2480:
2463:
2448:
2441:
2419:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2312:Boletus edulis
2309:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2201:
2198:
2138:Main article:
2135:
2132:
1933:
1930:
1914:deadly species
1910:bioluminescent
1884:Main article:
1881:
1878:
1774:mushroom farms
1689:
1686:
1678:
1675:
1657:
1631:
1628:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1061:
1058:
953:field mushroom
919:
916:
908:chemical tests
885:Gasteromycetes
817:
814:
690:universal veil
634:
631:
485:Gloeophyllales
473:are among the
451:), as well as
417:Cantharellales
409:Agaricomycetes
342:
341:Classification
339:
306:times and the
284:basidiomycetes
259:
258:Identification
256:
201:
198:
129:Agaricomycetes
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5901:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5874:Basidiomycota
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5849:
5848:
5839:
5837:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Honey hunting
5786:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Coconut sugar
5542:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5118:
5117:Yellow knight
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:Slippery jack
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Heart of palm
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4915:Edible plants
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Juniper berry
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4753:
4748:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4718:
4717:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:Chlamydospore
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4500:Reproduction/
4498:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Ethnomycology
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4212:(7599): 293.
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4114:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4050:(3): 259–76.
4049:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4009:
4006:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3907:(3): 268–83.
3906:
3902:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3838:on 2010-06-26
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3779:(6): 621–32.
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3671:on 2013-05-10
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3531:., pp. 81–83.
3530:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3516:., pp. 22–24.
3515:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3477:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3425:on 2017-02-02
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:(8): 3351–5.
3207:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3058:
3055:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2914:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2859:on 2013-01-02
2858:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2786:9798702942391
2782:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2711:9781444678925
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2690:., pp. 25–34.
2689:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2670:., pp. 28–29.
2669:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2655:., pp. 12–13.
2654:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2584:
2581:., pp. 40–41.
2580:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2433:HarperCollins
2430:
2423:
2420:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:mushroom dyes
2227:
2223:
2220:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:schizophyllan
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:folk medicine
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2134:Folk medicine
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:ibotenic acid
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2060:A. pantherina
2056:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1683:Ethnomycology
1676:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:(37% DV) and
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:carbohydrates
1561:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1227:Riboflavin (B
1224:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:Dietary fiber
1109:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:Carbohydrates
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1049:United States
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
984:
979:
978:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:fruiting body
954:
950:
945:
942:
934:
930:
929:
924:
917:
915:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
862:Pyrenomycetes
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
828:
827:
822:
815:
813:
811:
810:
805:
804:
799:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
782:
777:
776:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:
735:
733:
732:
727:
726:
721:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
663:
662:
657:
652:
645:
644:
639:
632:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:bracket fungi
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
572:
570:
566:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
491:
486:
482:
481:
476:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
457:, are in the
456:
455:
450:
449:
444:
443:
438:
437:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
392:
391:
386:
382:
374:
373:
368:
367:
361:
356:
352:
348:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
308:Victorian era
305:
300:
298:
293:
289:
288:basidiospores
285:
281:
272:
264:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
226:
224:
216:
212:
211:
206:
199:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:Basidiomycota
122:
121:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:fruiting body
97:
93:
89:
82:
78:
74:
71:Timelapse of
52:
46:
39:
35:
27:
19:
5879:Edible fungi
5845:
5818:Wildcrafting
5803:Naval stores
5781: /
5769:
5738:Tendu leaves
5694:Natural dyes
5564:Gutta-percha
5516: /
5454:Frankincense
5414:
5370:
5327:Mango butter
5272:Cocoa butter
5263:
5260:Chaulmoogra
5230:Allanblackia
5161:Black pepper
5046:Birch bolete
4996:Canada onion
4981:Wild ginseng
4976:Saw palmetto
4917: /
4807: /
4714:
4702:
4690:
4641:
4544:
4530:Basidiospore
4509:
4464:Marine fungi
4423:Microbiology
4355:
4339:
4308:
4289:
4270:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4126:
4116:
4104:. Retrieved
4090:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4026:. Retrieved
4022:the original
4015:
4008:
3996:. Retrieved
3955:. Retrieved
3946:
3937:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3840:. Retrieved
3833:the original
3828:
3824:
3811:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3742:
3735:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3673:. Retrieved
3669:the original
3659:
3648:. Retrieved
3639:
3630:
3619:. Retrieved
3610:
3600:
3589:. Retrieved
3556:(1): 82–93.
3553:
3549:
3536:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3506:
3486:
3479:
3469:23 September
3467:. Retrieved
3463:the original
3453:
3445:
3438:
3427:. Retrieved
3423:the original
3418:
3409:
3389:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3296:(10): 1498.
3293:
3289:
3279:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3226:the original
3205:
3201:
3192:
3180:
3158:(1): 220–5.
3155:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3104:
3093:. Retrieved
3065:
3057:
3046:. Retrieved
3037:
3024:
3013:. Retrieved
3003:Dodge, S.R.
2998:
2972:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2940:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2905:. Retrieved
2896:
2885:. Retrieved
2881:
2872:
2861:. Retrieved
2857:the original
2850:
2842:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2776:
2770:
2759:. Retrieved
2755:
2745:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:
2720:
2701:
2695:
2687:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2645:
2626:
2620:
2609:. Retrieved
2600:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2571:
2552:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2520:
2491:
2483:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2428:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2396:
2357:Fungiculture
2335:
2310:
2293:
2276:
2256:
2249:
2245:tinder fungi
2238:
2226:chromophores
2216:
2209:
2155:
2148:
2124:dissociation
2100:
2081:phallotoxins
2075:contains no
2072:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2017:
2008:
2002:
1988:black market
1970:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1940:
1922:heavy metals
1903:
1895:
1871:
1850:
1847:anaphylactic
1831:
1812:
1801:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1770:supermarkets
1767:
1740:
1723:
1710:
1702:Fungiculture
1633:
1557:
1486:
1481:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1154:
1130:
1096:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1003:
997:
981:
975:
973:
946:
938:
926:
905:
874:
850:Discomycetes
835:
824:
807:
801:
791:
785:
779:
773:
771:
767:bird's nests
744:
738:
736:
729:
723:
717:
702:partial veil
671:
659:
641:
580:
562:
554:
550:
544:
540:shaggy manes
529:
499:
488:
478:
468:
462:
452:
446:
440:
434:
420:
413:chanterelles
394:
388:
378:
370:
364:
320:
301:
277:
248:14th century
243:
239:
229:
227:
222:
220:
208:
179:
153:
118:
116:
111:
91:
87:
85:
76:
26:
5753:Willow bark
5584:Maple syrup
5579:Maple sugar
5554:Fruit syrup
5537:chewing gum
5527:Birch syrup
5384:Shea butter
5056:Chanterelle
5001:Crow garlic
4991:Bear garlic
4986:Wild onions
4964:filé powder
4885:Lingonberry
4870:Huckleberry
4716:WikiProject
4571:Pycniospore
4459:Lichenology
4155:AMB Express
4106:15 November
2956:18 November
2929:nebrodensis
2526:"Toadstool"
2500:. pp.
2252:mycorrhizae
2057:, but also
2054:A. muscaria
1984:smart shops
1648:ultraviolet
1640:postharvest
1580:Daily Value
1210:Thiamine (B
1054:rhizomorphs
887:, called a
866:leaf litter
731:Cortinarius
623:macroscopic
607:coral fungi
603:jelly fungi
591:tooth fungi
518:fly agarics
480:Neolentinus
475:Polyporales
454:Lentinellus
433:mushrooms (
425:are in the
415:are in the
401:molecularly
351:Basidiocarp
327:field guide
314:. Chemical
297:spore print
280:macroscopic
225:were used.
5863:Categories
5664:Birch beer
5659:Birch bark
5616:Spruce gum
5599:akpeteshie
5589:Palm sugar
5559:Gum arabic
5549:Date sugar
5499:Turpentine
5379:Sandalwood
5282:Eucalyptus
5277:Eucalyptol
5166:Brazil nut
5041:Bay bolete
4895:Strawberry
4850:Cocoa bean
4845:Breadfruit
4835:Blackberry
4809:tree fruit
4592:Haustorium
4551:Sporangium
4538:Teliospore
4028:2011-03-01
3957:2014-03-20
3842:2017-09-17
3675:2014-01-24
3650:2021-05-11
3621:2010-07-04
3591:2019-06-29
3429:2017-01-25
3355:: 376387.
3257:: 278–89.
3187:"Vitamin D
3095:2024-06-21
3048:2024-03-28
3015:2011-02-28
2907:2024-06-26
2887:2024-06-26
2863:2008-10-13
2761:2023-06-19
2736:2023-06-19
2611:2008-10-13
2388:References
2200:Other uses
2164:, such as
2112:depressant
2093:neurotoxic
2010:Psilocybin
1867:carcinogen
1855:hydrazines
1745:, in many
1652:ergosterol
1608:phosphorus
1588:riboflavin
1586:, such as
1584:B vitamins
1418:Phosphorus
980:(formerly
897:paraphyses
893:stinkhorns
877:sterigmata
870:perithecia
803:Omphalotus
763:earthstars
708:that bear
674:primordium
633:Morphology
615:stinkhorns
589:and other
520:and other
490:Rickenella
483:is in the
459:Russulales
442:Lactifluus
385:type genus
381:Agaricales
186:Agaricales
156:morphology
145:Ascomycota
135:), a cap (
81:Petri dish
5783:gardening
5743:Thatching
5594:Palm wine
5439:Birch tar
5367:Sal-seed
5292:Japan wax
5245:Candlenut
5186:Malva nut
5151:Areca nut
5072:Matsutake
5028:Mushrooms
4969:root beer
4959:Sassafras
4947:Sago palm
4890:Raspberry
4875:Jackfruit
4840:Blueberry
4792:Wild game
4607:Sporocarp
4602:Cell wall
4521:Ascospore
4516:Zygospore
4493:Structure
4236:1476-4687
4052:CiteSeerX
3858:Neurology
3448:., p. 25.
3312:2072-6643
3290:Nutrients
2834:1749-4613
2812:: 10–23.
2241:polypores
2085:hepatoxic
2077:amatoxins
2003:Psilocybe
1965:curandera
1874:poisonous
1863:mycotoxin
1859:agaritine
1843:asthmatic
1803:Pleurotus
1749:(notably
1677:Human use
1656:vitamin D
1636:vitamin D
1630:Vitamin D
1626:content.
1620:vitamin C
1616:potassium
1582:, DV) of
1431:Potassium
1405:Manganese
1392:Magnesium
1324:Vitamin D
1311:Vitamin C
1294:Folate (B
1278:Vitamin B
1244:Niacin (B
1060:Nutrition
985:plicatlis
969:primordia
935:in summer
912:germ pore
854:cup fungi
809:Pleurotus
798:decurrent
751:Puffballs
740:Pleurotus
678:substrate
654:The blue
627:taxonomic
619:cup fungi
599:puffballs
595:polypores
559:parasitic
555:Lactarius
531:Psilocybe
436:Lactarius
427:Gomphales
312:allergens
244:toadstool
231:mousseron
200:Etymology
168:stinkhorn
112:Toadstool
98:-bearing
92:toadstool
5836:Category
5652:textiles
5484:Pine tar
5449:Creosote
5399:Tea-tree
5394:Tea-seed
5362:Pongamia
5352:Phulwara
5337:Nagkesar
5332:Murumuru
5307:Kpangnan
5255:Carnauba
5196:Pine nut
5181:Hazelnut
5171:Cinnamon
5156:Bay leaf
5146:Allspice
5068:(reishi)
4900:Tamarind
4865:Gambooge
4825:Bilberry
4692:Category
4642:Mushroom
4597:Mycelium
4556:Conidium
4534:Basidium
4474:Mycology
4244:27111611
4187:24949264
4100:Archived
4074:18296732
3992:Archived
3988:28267306
3951:Archived
3947:maps.org
3921:16826400
3886:31220680
3878:16801660
3803:18593735
3727:22133708
3719:17786670
3644:Archived
3615:Archived
3582:Archived
3570:19680875
3526:Ammirati
3419:isms.biz
3398:Archived
3381:25685150
3330:30322118
3271:23485617
3222:19281276
3172:22132934
3127:16 April
3118:Archived
3089:Archived
3085:30844154
3042:Archived
3032:(2024).
3009:Archived
2756:GroCycle
2685:Ammirati
2605:Archived
2576:Ammirati
2530:Archived
2406:Archived
2351:See also
2338:) has a
2178:lentinan
2162:extracts
2128:delirium
2120:hypnotic
2116:sedative
2073:Amanitas
2069:muscimol
2065:muscimol
2016:such as
1839:allergic
1794:shiitake
1763:Japanese
1759:European
1747:cuisines
1727:mushroom
1671:sunlight
1600:selenium
1576:calories
1501:Selenium
1487:Quantity
1412:0.142 mg
1352:Quantity
1346:Minerals
1196:Quantity
1190:Vitamins
1031:mycelium
983:Coprinus
961:mycelium
944:fluids.
901:cystidia
838:hymenium
775:Agaricus
755:truffles
682:mycelium
668:mushroom
666:milk-cap
522:Amanitas
506:shiitake
464:Lentinus
431:milk-cap
403:defined
390:Agaricus
383:, whose
355:Ascocarp
304:medieval
194:mycelium
192:(called
181:Agaricus
170:", and "
164:puffball
110:source.
88:mushroom
5847:Commons
5762:Related
5726:Tanbark
5721:Shellac
5711:Quinine
5684:Gambier
5604:ogogoro
5504:Varnish
5469:Lacquer
5459:Gamboge
5444:Camphor
5434:Benzoin
5344: (
5250:Capuacu
5235:Babassu
5201:Vanilla
5112:Truffle
5097:Red cap
5066:Lingzhi
4855:Coconut
4830:Binukaw
4805:Berries
4704:Commons
4479:Mycosis
4252:4447141
4214:Bibcode
4178:4052754
4082:5643894
3929:7845214
3794:3050654
3699:Bibcode
3372:4320875
3321:6213178
2814:Bibcode
2412:26 June
2262:Gallery
2105:Z-drugs
2101:Amanita
2048:Amanita
2040:anxiety
2028:cluster
1918:emetics
1798:maitake
1751:Chinese
1743:cooking
1666:grocery
1568:protein
1520:1276 IU
1366:Calcium
1288:0.11 mg
1156:Protein
1069:Crimini
1047:in the
881:basidia
842:boletes
793:Pluteus
787:Lepiota
781:Amanita
759:jellies
725:Lepiota
719:Amanita
714:annulus
583:boletes
569:lobster
561:fungus
551:Russula
542:, etc.
448:Russula
422:Gomphus
335:lamella
331:species
292:basidia
190:thallus
176:agarics
141:lamella
5770:Dehesa
5731:tannin
5716:Rattan
5679:Forage
5642:edible
5637:Bamboo
5632:Amadou
5611:Rubber
5532:Chicle
5474:Mastic
5426:Resins
5409:Ucuuba
5404:Tucuma
5389:Tamanu
5346:kernel
5317:Mafura
5287:Illipe
5240:Bacuri
5191:Nutmeg
5135:spices
4860:Durian
4820:Banana
4566:Oidium
4447:Branch
4427:Fungus
4315:
4296:
4277:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4206:Nature
4185:
4175:
4161:: 29.
4133:
4080:
4072:
4054:
3998:2 July
3986:
3927:
3919:
3884:
3876:
3801:
3791:
3750:
3725:
3717:
3578:427230
3576:
3568:
3494:
3379:
3369:
3328:
3318:
3310:
3269:
3220:
3170:
3083:
3073:
2987:
2832:
2783:
2708:
2665:Stuntz
2650:Stuntz
2633:
2559:
2536:30 May
2508:
2439:
2344:spores
2340:glebal
2317:bolete
2219:dyeing
2099:. The
2067:. The
1959:shaman
1953:velada
1894:Young
1819:Poland
1806:, and
1761:, and
1755:Korean
1735:Turkey
1731:Bingöl
1725:Ferula
1700:, and
1624:sodium
1604:copper
1592:niacin
1512:0.5 mg
1509:Copper
1496:92.1 g
1464:1.1 mg
1444:Sodium
1438:448 mg
1425:120 mg
1386:0.4 mg
1272:1.5 mg
1255:3.8 mg
1238:0.5 mg
1221:0.1 mg
1082:Energy
1000:hyphae
989:thatch
918:Growth
860:. The
858:morels
765:, and
710:spores
686:hyphae
617:, and
477:, but
353:, and
240:mousse
215:gnomes
160:bolete
149:spores
137:pileus
104:fungus
5699:henna
5674:Ferns
5625:Other
5574:Latex
5494:Rosin
5489:Pitch
5479:Myrrh
5464:Kauri
5322:Mahua
5312:Kusum
5302:Kombo
5297:Kokum
5219:waxes
5176:Clove
5082:Morel
5016:Ramps
4952:queen
4927:Betel
4919:roots
4780:Honey
4637:Yeast
4587:Hypha
4580:Other
4525:Ascus
4502:spore
4248:S2CID
4078:S2CID
3925:S2CID
3882:S2CID
3836:(PDF)
3821:(PDF)
3723:S2CID
3585:(PDF)
3574:S2CID
3546:(PDF)
3529:et al
3514:et al
3446:et al
3229:(PDF)
3198:(PDF)
3121:(PDF)
3114:(PDF)
2927:ssp.
2688:et al
2668:et al
2653:et al
2579:et al
2176:, or
2089:cured
1814:China
1808:enoki
1566:, 2%
1504:26 ug
1493:Water
1373:18 mg
1305:25 μg
1163:2.5 g
1139:0.1 g
1116:0.6 g
1105:4.3 g
1071:(raw)
1043:) in
965:cells
889:gleba
746:Panus
706:gills
698:stalk
694:volva
656:gills
510:enoki
470:Panus
323:genus
316:tests
252:toads
172:morel
133:stipe
102:of a
96:spore
5706:Peat
5689:Moss
5669:Cork
5569:Kino
5357:Pilu
5342:Palm
5130:Nuts
4785:pine
4775:Furs
4651:List
4632:Mold
4313:ISBN
4294:ISBN
4275:ISBN
4240:PMID
4232:ISSN
4183:PMID
4131:ISBN
4108:2017
4070:PMID
4000:2021
3984:PMID
3917:PMID
3874:PMID
3799:PMID
3748:ISBN
3715:PMID
3566:PMID
3511:Hall
3492:ISBN
3471:2016
3443:Hall
3377:PMID
3353:2015
3326:PMID
3308:ISSN
3267:PMID
3218:PMID
3168:PMID
3129:2018
3081:PMID
3071:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2958:2021
2941:2016
2830:ISSN
2781:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2538:2021
2506:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2414:2022
2234:dyes
2222:wool
2126:and
2114:and
2030:and
1865:and
1634:The
1622:and
1614:and
1612:zinc
1594:and
1558:Raw
1457:Zinc
1451:6 mg
1399:9 mg
1379:Iron
1331:3 IU
1318:0 mg
993:dewy
947:The
846:asci
806:and
790:and
743:and
664:, a
467:and
236:moss
166:", "
162:", "
108:food
5518:gum
5514:Sap
5214:Oil
5051:Cep
4222:doi
4210:532
4173:PMC
4163:doi
4062:doi
4048:233
3909:doi
3905:187
3866:doi
3789:PMC
3781:doi
3707:doi
3558:doi
3367:PMC
3357:doi
3316:PMC
3298:doi
3259:doi
3210:doi
3160:doi
3038:FDA
2977:doi
2945:doi
2822:doi
2502:1–3
2247:).
2228:of
2109:CNS
2079:or
1962:or
1861:(a
1729:in
1572:fat
1534:; (
1462:10%
1436:15%
1423:10%
1357:%DV
1270:30%
1253:24%
1236:38%
1201:%DV
1132:Fat
1067:or
658:of
553:or
387:is
90:or
5865::
4438:·
4425::
4380:,
4354:.
4338:.
4246:.
4238:.
4230:.
4220:.
4208:.
4204:.
4181:.
4171:.
4157:.
4153:.
4076:.
4068:.
4060:.
4046:.
3990:.
3966:^
3949:.
3945:.
3923:.
3915:.
3903:.
3880:.
3872:.
3862:66
3860:.
3829:14
3827:.
3823:.
3797:.
3787:.
3777:22
3775:.
3771:.
3721:.
3713:.
3705:.
3695:43
3693:.
3642:.
3638:.
3613:.
3609:.
3580:.
3572:.
3564:.
3554:26
3552:.
3548:.
3417:.
3375:.
3365:.
3351:.
3347:.
3324:.
3314:.
3306:.
3294:10
3292:.
3288:.
3265:.
3255:56
3253:.
3237:^
3216:.
3206:57
3204:.
3200:.
3166:.
3156:60
3154:.
3087:.
3079:.
3040:.
3036:.
2983:,
2939:.
2933:.
2880:.
2828:.
2820:.
2810:41
2808:.
2804:.
2754:.
2729:.
2675:^
2599:.
2504:.
2496:.
2431:.
2404:.
2196:.
2172:,
2168:,
1796:,
1792:,
1757:,
1753:,
1733:,
1696:,
1610:,
1598:,
1590:,
1449:0%
1410:6%
1397:2%
1384:2%
1371:1%
1329:0%
1316:0%
1303:6%
1286:6%
1219:8%
1012:.
971:.
836:A
784:,
778:,
761:,
757:,
613:,
609:,
605:,
601:,
597:,
571:.
538:,
534:,
524:,
516:,
512:,
508:,
504:,
497:.
439:,
429:,
349:,
127:,
86:A
5373:)
5369:(
5348:)
5266:)
5262:(
4751:e
4744:t
4737:v
4548::
4536:/
4532:/
4523:/
4513::
4415:e
4408:t
4401:v
4321:.
4302:.
4283:.
4254:.
4224::
4216::
4189:.
4165::
4159:4
4110:.
4084:.
4064::
4031:.
4018:"
4014:"
4002:.
3960:.
3931:.
3911::
3888:.
3868::
3845:.
3805:.
3783::
3756:.
3729:.
3709::
3701::
3678:.
3653:.
3624:.
3594:.
3560::
3500:.
3473:.
3432:.
3383:.
3359::
3332:.
3300::
3273:.
3261::
3212::
3189:2
3174:.
3162::
3148:2
3131:.
3098:.
3051:.
3018:.
2979::
2960:.
2947::
2931:"
2923:"
2910:.
2890:.
2866:.
2853:"
2849:"
2836:.
2824::
2816::
2789:.
2764:.
2739:.
2714:.
2639:.
2614:.
2593:"
2565:.
2540:.
2514:.
2445:.
2416:.
2334:(
2118:-
1980:"
1658:2
1552:.
1538:)
1298:)
1296:9
1280:6
1265:)
1263:5
1248:)
1246:3
1231:)
1229:2
1214:)
1212:1
238:(
217:.
75:(
47:.
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
