906:
898:
58:
1128:
compatible nuclei following meiosis migrate into each basidiospore, which is then dispersed as a pre-existing dikaryon. Often such species form only two spores per basidium, but that too varies. Following meiosis, mitotic divisions can occur in the basidium. Multiple numbers of basidiospores can result, including odd numbers via degeneration of nuclei, or pairing up of nuclei, or lack of migration of nuclei. For example, the chanterelle genus
356:) outside of these, among the Basidiomycota. As now classified, the subphyla join and also cut across various obsolete taxonomic groups (see below) previously commonly used to describe Basidiomycota. According to a 2008 estimate, Basidiomycota comprise three subphyla (including six unassigned classes) 16 classes, 52 orders, 177 families, 1,589 genera, and 31,515 species. Wijayawardene et al. 2020 produced an update that recognized 19 classes (
914:
1146:. can have one-, two-, three- or four-spored basidia under some circumstances. Occasionally, monokaryons of some taxa can form morphologically fully formed basidiomes and anatomically correct basidia and ballistic basidiospores in the absence of dikaryon formation, diploid nuclei, and meiosis. A rare few number of taxa have extended diploid lifecycles, but can be common species. Examples exist in the mushroom genera
1042:
31:
1054:
multiple compatibility factors. Plasmogamy between compatible individuals leads to delayed karyogamy leading to establishment of a dikaryon. The dikaryon is long lasting but ultimately gives rise to either fruitbodies with basidia or directly to basidia without fruitbodies. The paired dikaryon in the basidium fuse (i.e. karyogamy takes place). The diploid basidium begins the cycle again.
1037:
which are tapered spine-like projections on basidia, and are typically curved, like the horns of a bull. In some
Basidiomycota the spores are not ballistic, and the sterigmata may be straight, reduced to stubs, or absent. The basidiospores of these non-ballistosporic basidia may either bud off, or be
1806:
Padamsee, M.; Kumar, T. K.; Riley, R.; Binder, M.; Boyd, A.; Calvo, A. M.; Furukawa, K.; Hesse, C.; Hohmann, S.; James, T. Y.; LaButti, K.; Lapidus, A.; Lindquist, E.; Lucas, S.; Miller, K.; Shantappa, S.; Grigoriev, I. V.; Hibbett, D. S.; McLaughlin, D. J.; Spatafora, J. W.; Aime, M. C. (Mar 2012).
985:
and resultant monokaryons, have nuclei that are compatible with 50% (if bipolar) or 25% (if tetrapolar) of their sister basidiospores (and their resultant monokaryons) because the mating genes must differ for them to be compatible. However, there are sometimes more than two possible alleles for a
1053:
In summary, meiosis takes place in a diploid basidium. Each one of the four haploid nuclei migrates into its own basidiospore. The basidiospores are ballistically discharged and start new haploid mycelia called monokaryons. There are no males or females, rather there are compatible thalli with
1127:
Many variations occur: some variations are self-compatible and spontaneously form dikaryons without a separate compatible thallus being involved. These fungi are said to be homothallic, versus the normal heterothallic species with mating types. Others are secondarily homothallic, in that two
1180:, four nuclei following meiosis remain in the basidium, but continually divide mitotically, each nucleus migrating into synchronously forming nonballistic basidiospores that are then pushed upwards by another set forming below them, resulting in four parallel chains of dry "basidiospores".
1102:
are examples of pathogenic basidiomycota. Such pathogens must be able to overcome the oxidative defenses of their respective hosts in order to produce a successful infection. The ability to undergo meiosis may provide a survival benefit for these fungi by promoting successful infection. A
628:
There are several genera classified in the
Basidiomycota that are 1) poorly known, 2) have not been subjected to DNA analysis, or 3) if analysed phylogenetically do not group with as yet named or identified families, and have not been assigned to a specific family (i.e., they are
1309:
Basidiomycota. In plant parasitic taxa, the saprotrophic phase is normally the yeast while the infectious stage is hyphal. However, there are examples of animal and human parasites where the species are dimorphic but it is the yeast-like state that is infectious. The genus
1071:
because meiosis progresses synchronously in about 10 million cells within the mushroom cap, and the meiotic prophase stage is prolonged. Burns et al. studied the expression of genes involved in the 15-hour meiotic process, and found that the pattern of gene expression of
1292:), and haploid yeast-like conidia/basidiospores sometimes called sporidia, bud off laterally from each cell. In various smuts, the yeast phase may proliferate, or they may fuse, or they may infect plant tissue and become hyphal. In other smuts, such as
1239:
in dry chains in inverted cup-shaped bodies embedded in host tissue. These aeciospores then infect the second host, known as the primary or asexual host (in macrocyclic rusts). On the primary host a repeating spore stage is formed, numbered "II", the
957:. Often, the dikaryotic mycelium is more vigorous than the individual monokaryotic mycelia, and proceeds to take over the substrate in which they are growing. The dikaryons can be long-lived, lasting years, decades, or centuries. The monokaryons are
1252:, is formed. It is thicker-walled and serves to overwinter or to survive other harsh conditions. It does not continue the infection process, rather it remains dormant for a period and then germinates to form basidia (stage "IV"), sometimes called a
1230:
such as rain carry the spermatia from spermagonium to spermagonium, cross inoculating the mating types. Neither thallus is male or female. Once crossed, the dikaryons are established and a second spore stage is formed, numbered "I" and called
1202:) at their greatest complexity, produce five different types of spores on two different host plants in two unrelated host families. Such rusts are heteroecious (requiring two hosts) and macrocyclic (producing all five spores types). Wheat
1594:
Hibbett, David S.; Binder, Manfred; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul F.; Eriksson, Ove E.; Huhndorf, Sabine; James, Timothy; Kirk, Paul M. (May 2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi".
1280:. The teliospores are initially dikaryotic but become diploid via karyogamy. Meiosis takes place at the time of germination. A promycelium is formed that consists of a short hypha (equated to a basidium). In some smuts such as
1214:, which are miniature, flask-shaped, hollow, submicroscopic bodies embedded in the host tissue (such as a leaf). This stage, numbered "0", produces single-celled spores that ooze out in a sweet liquid and that act as nonmotile
1088:. These similarities in the patterns of expression led to the conclusion that the core expression program of meiosis has been conserved in these fungi for over half a billion years of evolution since these species diverged.
1021:. In most species, the basidiospores disperse and each can start a new haploid mycelium, continuing the lifecycle. Basidia are microscopic but they are often produced on or in multicelled large fructifications called
319:
reproducers. Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually (discussed below) can typically be recognized as members of this division by gross similarity to others, by the formation of a distinctive anatomical feature (the
1302:
which are by then dikaryotic. Dikaryotic conidia may then form. Eventually the host is infected by infectious hyphae. Teliospores form in host tissue. Many variations on these general themes occur.
1875:
Burns, C.; Stajich, J. E.; Rechtsteiner, A.; Casselton, L.; Hanlon, S. E.; Wilke, S. K.; Savytskyy, O. P.; Gathman, A. C.; Lilly, W. W.; Lieb, J. D.; Zolan, M. E.; Pukkila, P. J. (September 2010).
1345:, which are the asexual stages. Some Basidiomycota are only known as anamorphs. Many are yeasts, collectively called basidiomycetous yeasts to differentiate them from ascomycetous yeasts in the
1716:
1248:. Urediospores are dikaryotic and can infect the same host that produced them. They repeatedly infect this host over the growing season. At the end of the season, a fourth spore type, the
1276:
is the thick-walled, often darkly pigmented, ornate, teliospore that serves to survive harsh conditions such as overwintering and also serves to help disperse the fungus as dry
1013:
follows shortly with the production of 4 haploid nuclei that migrate into 4 external, usually apical basidiospores. Variations occur, however. Typically the basidiospores are
564:, which includes mirror yeasts), and a mixture of odd, infrequently seen, or seldom recognized fungi, often parasitic on plants. The eight classes in the Pucciniomycotina are
519:. This sub-phyla also includes the "classic" mushrooms, polypores, corals, chanterelles, crusts, puffballs and stinkhorns. The three classes in the Agaricomycotina are the
997:
nuclear divisions. Variations are frequent and multiple. In a typical
Basidiomycota lifecycle the long lasting dikaryons periodically (seasonally or occasionally) produce
5011:
2380:
5655:
1349:. Aside from yeast anamorphs, and uredinia, aecia and pycnidia, some Basidiomycota form other distinctive anamorphs as parts of their life-cycles. Examples are
1499:
Li, Liande; Wright, Sara J.; Krystofova, Svetlana; Park, Gyungsoon; Borkovich, Katherine A. (2007). "Heterotrimeric G Protein
Signaling in Filamentous Fungi".
1103:
characteristic central feature of meiosis is recombination between homologous chromosomes. This process is associated with repair of DNA damage, particularly
5538:
2203:
2217:
2072:"Morphological and Genomic Characterization of Filobasidiella depauperata: A Homothallic Sibling Species of the Pathogenic Cryptococcus Species Complex"
1877:"Analysis of the Basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea reveals conservation of the core meiotic expression program over half a billion years of evolution"
5603:
1705:
1260:
after meiosis, with each of the 4 cells bearing one basidiospore each. The basidiospores disperse and start the infection process on host 1 again.
1162:. Occasionally, basidiospores are not formed and parts of the "basidia" act as the dispersal agents, e.g. the peculiar mycoparasitic jelly fungus,
5629:
4717:
2178:
5775:
1662:
Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil
Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020).
3427:
2277:
905:
2373:
2302:
1286:
the nuclei migrate into the promycelium that becomes septate (i.e., divided into cellular compartments separated by cell walls called
2131:"Light microscopy of basidia, basidiospores, and nuclei in spores and hyphae of Filobasidiella neoformans (Cryptococcus neoformans)"
1987:
1449:
Moore, R. T. (1980). "Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts".
1809:"The genome of the xerotolerant mold Wallemia sebi reveals adaptations to osmotic stress and suggests cryptic sexual reproduction"
5765:
5727:
3461:
2421:
1183:
Other variations occur: some as standard lifecycles (that themselves have variations within variations) within specific orders.
5780:
3456:
2416:
1425:
1115:
to undergo meiosis may contribute to their virulence by repairing the oxidative DNA damage caused by their host's release of
5634:
986:
given locus, and in such species, depending on the specifics, over 90% of monokaryons could be compatible with each other.
3540:
3530:
3513:
2500:
2490:
2473:
2366:
1501:
1298:, the elongated haploid basidiospores form apically, often in compatible pairs that fuse centrally resulting in H-shaped
1755:"Genome and transcriptome sequencing of the halophilic fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga: haloadaptations present and absent"
57:
1932:; Heitman, J. (April 2005). "Sexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus neoformans".
4710:
1813:
921:
Unlike animals and plants which have readily recognizable male and female counterparts, Basidiomycota (except for the
2252:
1510:
348:
recognized three subphyla (Pucciniomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina, Agaricomycotina) and two other class level taxa (
5660:
4854:
1084:
1367:
1264:
rusts complete their life-cycles on one host instead of two, and microcyclic rusts cut out one or more stages.
1210:. Typically, basidiospores infect host one, also known as the alternate or sexual host, and the mycelium forms
1078:
989:
The maintenance of the dikaryotic status in dikaryons in many
Basidiomycota is facilitated by the formation of
1045:
Scheme of a typical basidiocarp, the dipoid reproductive structure of a basidiomycete, showing fruiting body,
3073:
2348:
2224:
4939:
3545:
3420:
3280:
2930:
2888:
2847:
2505:
1361:
1328:
1116:
1092:
993:
that physically appear to help coordinate and re-establish pairs of compatible nuclei following synchronous
577:
377:
2070:
Rodriguez-Carres, Marianela; Findley, Keisha; Sun, Sheng; Dietrich, Fred S.; Heitman, Joseph (2010-03-10).
511:(another obsolete class that included species mostly lacking hymenia and mostly forming spores in enclosed
5755:
5491:
4703:
3146:
2880:
2664:
1606:
1306:
3078:
3048:
2940:
2706:
1985:
Michod, R. E.; Bernstein, H.; Nedelcu, A. M. (May 2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens".
5760:
5691:
5167:
4817:
3508:
3025:
2935:
2687:
2674:
2656:
2468:
2397:
2358:
1322:
1227:
1176:
661:
473:
280:
44:
3166:
2717:
945:
and then the compatible nuclei migrate into each other's mycelia and pair up with the resident nuclei.
3053:
1219:
731:
538:
is not yet placed in a subdivision, but recent genomic evidence suggests that it is a sister group of
5670:
5564:
4832:
4616:
3313:
3260:
2819:
2682:
2182:
2083:
1943:
1597:
1404:
1164:
821:
565:
448:
361:
316:
5732:
5595:
4621:
2536:
1611:
1341:
The dimorphic
Basidiomycota with yeast stages and the pleiomorphic rusts are examples of fungi with
691:
4323:
4107:
3290:
3265:
3063:
3015:
3005:
2806:
2745:
2740:
2024:"Phylogeny and Systematics of the Fungi with Special Reference to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota"
1334:
1170:
1104:
1063:
897:
651:
581:
413:
381:
203:
4479:
3204:
2712:
831:
811:
771:
751:
5529:
5162:
4844:
4333:
3525:
3503:
3491:
3466:
3413:
3366:
3318:
3305:
3285:
3270:
3250:
3199:
3058:
2870:
2842:
2796:
2732:
2485:
2463:
2451:
2426:
1967:
1632:
1569:
1282:
1140:
species can have two-, four-, six-, or eight-spored basidia, and the cultivated button mushroom,
1098:
801:
781:
761:
701:
641:
605:
585:
569:
561:
512:
504:
479:
421:
405:
397:
369:
365:
130:
52:
5696:
1753:
Zajc, J.; Liu, Y.; Dai, W.; Yang, Z.; Hu, J.; Gostinčar, C.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (Sep 13, 2013).
871:
791:
721:
2022:
Prillinger, Hansjörg; Lopandic, Ksenija; Schweigkofler, Wolfgang; et al. (February 2002).
851:
841:
671:
5770:
5678:
5551:
4954:
4667:
4593:
4574:
4284:
3867:
3535:
3498:
3486:
3476:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3275:
3126:
2976:
2862:
2788:
2495:
2458:
2446:
2436:
2197:
2160:
2111:
2043:
2004:
1959:
1929:
1910:
1830:
1788:
1624:
1530:
1522:
1398:
1351:
1277:
1142:
1026:
617:
613:
573:
425:
393:
389:
373:
353:
2281:
861:
681:
5683:
5230:
5109:
5001:
4944:
4884:
4879:
4807:
4792:
4639:
4585:
4339:
3785:
3450:
3395:
3242:
3189:
3131:
3040:
2997:
2968:
2852:
2814:
2722:
2410:
2150:
2142:
2101:
2091:
2035:
1996:
1951:
1934:
1900:
1890:
1822:
1778:
1768:
1685:
1675:
1616:
1561:
1514:
1458:
1420:
1294:
1001:, the specialized usually club-shaped end cells, in which a pair of compatible nuclei fuse (
990:
551:
321:
146:
125:
5706:
2306:
1518:
5403:
5308:
5270:
5225:
5157:
4914:
4874:
4859:
4752:
4512:
3687:
3371:
3361:
3343:
3295:
3209:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3068:
3030:
2906:
2829:
2697:
2613:
2583:
2578:
2352:
1430:
1159:
593:
539:
535:
528:
492:
429:
417:
409:
349:
120:
104:
4695:
2087:
1947:
953:. The hyphae are then said to be dikaryotic. Conversely, the haploid mycelia are called
5590:
5463:
5408:
5398:
5240:
5054:
5006:
4919:
4894:
4889:
4869:
4864:
4767:
4757:
4608:
4598:
4562:
4537:
4226:
4017:
3918:
3840:
3649:
3481:
3356:
3351:
3176:
3156:
3136:
3118:
3103:
3088:
2945:
2837:
2778:
2441:
2106:
2071:
1905:
1876:
1783:
1754:
1481:
1312:
1207:
631:
520:
508:
439:
357:
296:
275:
239:
5543:
2155:
2130:
5749:
5172:
5134:
5059:
4995:
4981:
4929:
4924:
4838:
4827:
4822:
4802:
4797:
4772:
4644:
4443:
4435:
4265:
4186:
4126:
4037:
4011:
3740:
3194:
3184:
3108:
2921:
2911:
2770:
2546:
1881:
1549:
1383:
1378:
1273:
1191:
1018:
922:
609:
556:
496:
460:
456:
312:
271:
263:
39:
2023:
1680:
1663:
1573:
1316:
forms basidia on hyphae but the main infectious stage is more commonly known by the
913:
5383:
5378:
5353:
5328:
5318:
5245:
5114:
4988:
4949:
4934:
4909:
4904:
4849:
4782:
4677:
4504:
4484:
4424:
4328:
4301:
4248:
4206:
4173:
3948:
3726:
3665:
3255:
3020:
2898:
2528:
1971:
1759:
1636:
1389:
982:
589:
524:
468:
452:
401:
385:
333:
329:
255:
247:
30:
2146:
1550:"Allergenicity of airborne basidiospores and ascospores: need for further studies"
1476:
1041:
2096:
2000:
1895:
1620:
5616:
5556:
5523:
5438:
5413:
5358:
5333:
5255:
5250:
5215:
5205:
4899:
4812:
4568:
4494:
4346:
4310:
4290:
4238:
4212:
4102:
4050:
4023:
4005:
3978:
3745:
3614:
3603:
2588:
2389:
1253:
1241:
1195:
1130:
1022:
926:
711:
516:
267:
259:
1808:
5471:
5433:
5363:
5343:
5338:
5323:
5293:
5265:
5220:
5210:
5182:
5177:
5119:
5094:
4787:
4762:
4649:
4473:
4464:
4449:
4317:
4254:
4113:
4074:
4069:
3955:
3872:
3767:
3679:
2986:
2759:
1826:
1565:
1373:
1356:
1346:
1261:
1249:
1236:
1199:
1148:
1136:
1034:
1014:
954:
942:
435:
Traditionally, the
Basidiomycota were divided into two classes, now obsolete:
345:
235:
207:
5514:
1773:
1526:
1305:
Smuts with both a yeast phase and an infectious hyphal state are examples of
5719:
5577:
5388:
5368:
5260:
5139:
5074:
5064:
5049:
5044:
5025:
4777:
4548:
4489:
4197:
4162:
4120:
4097:
4079:
3966:
3902:
3777:
3654:
3597:
3584:
3436:
1462:
1408:
1215:
1203:
1002:
946:
881:
325:
69:
3405:
2115:
2047:
2008:
1963:
1914:
1834:
1792:
1628:
1534:
1206:
is an example. By convention, the stages and spore states are numbered by
1168:
or the entire "basidium" acts as a "spore", e.g. in some false puffballs (
295:) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end
5714:
5642:
5508:
5443:
5423:
5418:
5393:
5373:
5348:
5313:
5303:
5298:
5129:
5104:
5084:
4744:
4555:
4517:
4418:
4395:
3942:
3937:
3929:
3859:
3734:
3609:
3592:
3570:
3520:
3010:
2644:
2635:
2621:
2480:
2256:
2164:
1393:
1342:
1317:
1299:
1245:
1211:
1046:
1030:
950:
930:
741:
500:
443:
300:
243:
231:
1955:
5448:
5428:
5124:
5099:
5089:
5079:
5035:
4972:
4671:
4406:
4243:
4089:
3996:
3985:
3849:
3755:
3711:
3619:
3232:
2959:
1690:
1068:
1067:
is a basidiomycete mushroom. It is particularly suited to the study of
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
978:
934:
304:
211:
89:
2039:
467:
Nonetheless these former concepts continue to be used as two types of
5621:
5288:
5280:
5149:
4061:
3791:
3693:
3635:
2393:
1288:
1257:
1223:
1154:
938:
251:
227:
79:
5647:
5485:
949:
is delayed, so that the compatible nuclei remain in pairs, called a
499:(an obsolete morphological based class of Basidiomycota that formed
5582:
2345:
5608:
5197:
5069:
4631:
4271:
1232:
1040:
912:
904:
896:
308:
292:
288:
219:
5235:
4727:
3888:
5489:
4699:
3409:
2362:
1256:. In the Pucciniales, the basidia are cylindrical and become 3-
5569:
554:
include the rust fungi, the insect parasitic/symbiotic genus
2218:"Microsoft Word – Machnicki revised for pdf final august 24"
1038:
released via dissolution or disintegration of the basidia.
194:
188:
179:
173:
167:
152:
442:(alternatively called holobasidiomycetes), including true
226:. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups:
977:) mating system. This results in the fact that following
161:
608:
are most (but not all) of the former smut fungi and the
929:)) tend to have mutually indistinguishable, compatible
185:
158:
155:
2330:
Kirk, P. M.; Cannon, P. F.; Stalpers, J. A. (2008).
1134:
often has six-spored basidia, while some corticioid
1076:
was similar to two other fungal species, the yeasts
635:
with respect to familial placement). These include:
344:
A 2007 classification, adopted by a coalition of 67
191:
164:
149:
5498:
5461:
5279:
5196:
5148:
5033:
5024:
4971:
4743:
4630:
4607:
4584:
4534:
4503:
4463:
4434:
4405:
4393:
4300:
4264:
4225:
4196:
4172:
4159:
4088:
4060:
4036:
3995:
3965:
3928:
3915:
3885:
3858:
3838:
3776:
3754:
3708:
3678:
3663:
3632:
3583:
3568:
3342:
3304:
3241:
3226:
3175:
3117:
3096:
3087:
3039:
2996:
2985:
2967:
2958:
2920:
2897:
2879:
2861:
2828:
2805:
2787:
2769:
2758:
2731:
2696:
2673:
2655:
2643:
2634:
2612:
2605:
2571:
2545:
2527:
2520:
941:. Typically haploid Basidiomycota mycelia fuse via
182:
176:
1859:
1847:
1740:
1649:
2247:
2245:
1548:Rivera-Mariani, F.E.; Bolaños-Rosero, B. (2011).
5012:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
1396:infectious, state and the coffee leaf parasite,
612:. The classes of the Ustilaginomycotina are the
287:Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of
1870:
1868:
1494:
1492:
2065:
2063:
4711:
3421:
2374:
1272:The characteristic part of the life-cycle of
1033:, etc. Ballistic basidiospores are formed on
8:
495:include what had previously been called the
2253:"LUXGENE.COM: The glow-in-the-dark website"
901:Sexual reproduction cycle of basidiomycetes
315:. However, some Basidiomycota are obligate
170:
5486:
5030:
4968:
4740:
4736:
4718:
4704:
4696:
4581:
4411:
4402:
4390:
4297:
4261:
4231:
4178:
4169:
4156:
4042:
3971:
3925:
3912:
3895:
3882:
3855:
3835:
3831:
3760:
3718:
3675:
3671:
3642:
3580:
3576:
3565:
3561:
3428:
3414:
3406:
3238:
3093:
2993:
2964:
2766:
2652:
2640:
2609:
2551:
2524:
2381:
2367:
2359:
29:
20:
2154:
2105:
2095:
1904:
1894:
1782:
1772:
1689:
1679:
1610:
716:Ammirati, A.D.Parker & Matheny (2007)
1355:with its apple-seed-shaped and coloured
917:Cell cycle of a Dikaryotic basidiomycete
686:Bernicchia, Gorjón & Nakasone (2011)
1664:"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa"
1441:
1017:, hence they are sometimes also called
766:Tkalčec, Mešić & Chun Y.Deng (2015)
560:, a former group of smut fungi (in the
4686:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
2202:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2195:
1519:10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093432
7:
5671:05d71028-e72e-49e8-ad74-0211ea111628
961:male nor female. They have either a
1706:"Lecture 7 : Ustilaginomycets"
646:W.P.Wu, B.Sutton & Gange (1997)
432:) with multiple orders and genera.
307:(usually four). These specialized
14:
1988:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
1174:). In the human pathogenic genus
616:, the Entorrhizomycetes, and the
471:groupings, the "mushrooms" (e.g.
1860:Kirk, Cannon & Stalpers 2008
1848:Kirk, Cannon & Stalpers 2008
1741:Kirk, Cannon & Stalpers 2008
1650:Kirk, Cannon & Stalpers 2008
328:components, and definitively by
145:
56:
2355:at the Tree of Life Web Project
1722:from the original on 2020-07-30
836:Hjortstam & Ryvarden (2008)
696:Hjortstam & Ryvarden (2008)
4165:
4161:
3921:
3917:
1426:List of Basidiomycota families
1029:, variously called mushrooms,
937:being composed of filamentous
477:) and the non-mushrooms (e.g.
284:, the human pathogenic yeast.
1:
5776:Taxa named by Royall T. Moore
2147:10.1128/jb.128.1.445-455.1976
1502:Annual Review of Microbiology
756:Dhingra & Priyanka (2011)
2129:Erke, K. H. (October 1976).
2097:10.1371/journal.pone.0009620
2001:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002
1896:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001135
1621:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004
1365:with its sclerotium and its
806:Marvanová & Bärl. (2000)
676:Marvanová & Bärl. (1998)
656:Marvanová & Bärl. (2000)
303:that normally bear external
210:, constitute the subkingdom
1814:Fungal Genetics and Biology
214:(often referred to as the "
5799:
786:K.Ando & Tubaki (1984)
515:), as well as most of the
4967:
4739:
4735:
4730:phyla/divisions by domain
4662:
4414:
4389:
4234:
4181:
4155:
4045:
3974:
3911:
3898:
3881:
3834:
3830:
3763:
3721:
3674:
3645:
3579:
3564:
3560:
3444:
3392:
2554:
2404:
1827:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.01.007
1681:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8
1566:10.1007/s10453-011-9234-y
1482:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1085:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
117:
112:
53:Scientific classification
51:
37:
28:
23:
3891:
3887:
1774:10.1186/1471-2164-14-617
1368:Tilachlidiopsis racemosa
1235:, which form dikaryotic
1123:Variations in lifecycles
1079:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
981:, the resulting haploid
909:Basidiomycota life cycle
206:that, together with the
5766:Fungi by classification
4940:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3281:Cryptomycocolacomycetes
3074:Sporopachydermiomycetes
2889:Calcarisporiellomycetes
2332:Dictionary of the Fungi
2135:Journal of Bacteriology
1463:10.1515/bot-1980-230605
1362:Dendrocollybia racemosa
1329:Cryptococcus neoformans
1244:in dry pustules called
1117:reactive oxygen species
1093:Cryptococcus neoformans
578:Cryptomycocolacomycetes
378:Cryptomycocolacomycetes
222:. Members are known as
5781:Taxa described in 1980
2931:Palaeovesiarbusmycetes
2881:Calcarisporiellomycota
2848:Ramicandelaberomycetes
2665:Neocallimastigomycetes
2334:(10th ed.). CABI.
1218:, and also protruding
1198:, previously known as
1050:
918:
910:
902:
332:molecular analysis of
218:") within the kingdom
202:) is one of two large
5692:Paleobiology Database
5168:Neocallimastigomycota
3398:(polyphyletic group).
3026:Schizosaccharomycetes
2688:Monoblepharidomycetes
2657:Neocallimastigomycota
1713:Cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com
1044:
916:
908:
900:
474:Schizophyllum commune
113:Subdivisions/Classes
45:Kunstformen der Natur
4833:Coprothermobacterota
3314:Peribolosporomycetes
3261:Agaricostilbomycetes
3147:Collemopsidiomycetes
3021:Pneumocystidomycetes
2820:Entomophthoromycetes
2683:Hyaloraphidiomycetes
2564:Paramicrosporidiales
2230:on 27 September 2007
1598:Mycological Research
1405:Decapitatus flavidus
1105:double-strand breaks
566:Agaricostilbomycetes
449:Heterobasidiomycetes
362:Agaricostilbomycetes
38:Basidiomycetes from
4563:Gunflint microbiota
4324:Klebsormidiophyceae
4108:Hyphochytriomycetes
3291:Spiculogloeomycetes
3266:Cystobasidiomycetes
3079:Trigonopsidomycetes
3049:Alloascoideomycetes
3006:Archaeorhizomycetes
2941:Archaeosporomycetes
2807:Entomophthoromycota
2746:Blastocladiomycetes
2741:Physodermatomycetes
2707:Caulochytriomycetes
2547:Microsporidiomycota
2088:2010PLoSO...5.9620R
2028:Chemical Immunology
1956:10.1038/nature03448
1948:2005Natur.434.1017L
1335:Cryptococcus gattii
1226:and probably other
1064:Coprinopsis cinerea
582:Cystobasidiomycetes
414:Spiculogloeomycetes
382:Cystobasidiomycetes
293:basidiomycota-yeast
5163:Blastocladiomycota
4334:Coleochaetophyceae
3714:
3710:
3638:
3634:
3367:Bartheletiomycetes
3319:Monilielliomycetes
3306:Ustilaginomycotina
3286:Atractiellomycetes
3271:Microbotryomycetes
3251:Tritirachiomycetes
3200:Laboulbeniomycetes
2936:Paraglomeromycetes
2871:Mortierellomycetes
2843:Dimargaritomycetes
2797:Basidiobolomycetes
2733:Blastocladiomycota
2675:Monoblepharomycota
2351:2020-11-26 at the
1862:, pp. 717–718
1283:Mycosarcoma maydis
1107:. The ability of
1099:Mycosarcoma maydis
1051:
1025:or basidiomes, or
933:which are usually
919:
911:
903:
893:Typical life cycle
826:Ghob.-Nejh. (2010)
662:Anthoseptobasidium
606:Ustilaginomycotina
600:Ustilaginomycotina
586:Microbotryomycetes
570:Atractiellomycetes
562:Microbotryomycetes
480:Mycosarcoma maydis
440:Homobasidiomycetes
422:Tritirachiomycetes
406:Monilielliomycetes
398:Microbotryomycetes
370:Bartheletiomycetes
366:Atractiellomycetes
131:Ustilaginomycotina
5743:
5742:
5679:Open Tree of Life
5492:Taxon identifiers
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5457:
5456:
5020:
5019:
4963:
4962:
4955:Verrucomicrobiota
4693:
4692:
4658:
4657:
4594:Spironematellidae
4575:Meteora sporadica
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4459:
4458:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4285:Prasinodermophyta
4221:
4220:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4032:
4031:
3868:Centroplasthelida
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3704:
3703:
3628:
3627:
3403:
3402:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3334:Exobasidiomycetes
3329:Ustilaginomycetes
3324:Malasseziomycetes
3276:Classiculomycetes
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3167:Xylobotryomycetes
3127:Candelariomycetes
2977:Entorrhizomycetes
2954:
2953:
2863:Mortierellomycota
2789:Basidiobolomycota
2754:
2753:
2718:Sanchytriomycetes
2630:
2629:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2040:10.1159/000058868
2034:(9413): 207–295.
1942:(7036): 1017–21.
1399:Mycena citricolor
1352:Collybia tuberosa
1143:Agaricus bisporus
991:clamp connections
887:
877:
867:
857:
856:W.Y.Zhuang (2008)
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
797:
787:
777:
767:
757:
747:
737:
727:
726:P. Roberts (2006)
717:
707:
697:
687:
677:
667:
657:
647:
618:Ustilaginomycetes
614:Exobasidiomycetes
574:Classiculomycetes
426:Ustilaginomycetes
394:Malasseziomycetes
390:Exobasidiomycetes
374:Classiculomycetes
354:Entorrhizomycetes
138:
137:
108:
16:Division of fungi
5788:
5736:
5735:
5723:
5722:
5710:
5709:
5700:
5699:
5687:
5686:
5674:
5673:
5664:
5663:
5651:
5650:
5638:
5637:
5625:
5624:
5612:
5611:
5599:
5598:
5586:
5585:
5573:
5572:
5560:
5559:
5547:
5546:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5487:
5231:Anthocerotophyta
5110:Hemimastigophora
5031:
5002:Nitrososphaerota
4969:
4945:Thermomicrobiota
4885:Kiritimatiellota
4880:Ignavibacteriota
4845:Deferribacterota
4808:Campylobacterota
4793:Bdellovibrionota
4741:
4737:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4697:
4640:Collodictyonidae
4586:Hemimastigophora
4582:
4541:
4412:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4340:Zygnematophyceae
4298:
4278:
4262:
4232:
4179:
4170:
4166:
4157:
4043:
3972:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3896:
3892:
3883:
3856:
3843:
3836:
3832:
3786:Choanoflagellata
3761:
3719:
3715:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3643:
3639:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3562:
3473:
3453:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3396:fungi imperfecti
3243:Pucciniomycotina
3239:
3190:Geoglossomycetes
3132:Coniocybomycetes
3094:
3054:Dipodascomycetes
3041:Saccharomycotina
2998:Taphrinomycotina
2994:
2969:Entorrhizomycota
2965:
2853:Kickxellomycetes
2815:Neozygitomycetes
2767:
2723:Chytridiomycetes
2653:
2641:
2610:
2552:
2525:
2433:
2413:
2396:classification,
2383:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2335:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2305:. Archived from
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2280:. Archived from
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2255:. Archived from
2249:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2223:. Archived from
2222:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2181:. Archived from
2175:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1659:
1653:
1652:, pp. 78–79
1647:
1641:
1640:
1614:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1446:
1421:Forest pathology
1220:receptive hyphae
886:P.Roberts (1994)
885:
875:
865:
855:
845:
835:
825:
815:
805:
795:
785:
775:
765:
755:
745:
735:
732:Dacryomycetopsis
725:
715:
706:P.Roberts (2005)
705:
695:
685:
675:
665:
655:
645:
552:Pucciniomycotina
546:Pucciniomycotina
503:layers on their
451:, including the
322:clamp connection
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
126:Pucciniomycotina
103:
61:
60:
33:
21:
5798:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5731:
5726:
5718:
5713:
5705:
5703:
5695:
5690:
5682:
5677:
5669:
5667:
5659:
5654:
5646:
5641:
5633:
5628:
5620:
5615:
5607:
5602:
5594:
5589:
5581:
5576:
5568:
5563:
5555:
5550:
5542:
5537:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5494:
5484:
5475:
5453:
5404:Gnathostomulida
5309:Xenacoelomorpha
5275:
5271:Flowering plant
5226:Marchantiophyta
5192:
5158:Chytridiomycota
5144:
5016:
4959:
4915:Planctomycetota
4875:Gemmatimonadota
4860:Elusimicrobiota
4753:Acidobacteriota
4731:
4724:
4694:
4689:
4654:
4626:
4617:Ancyromonadidae
4603:
4580:
4535:
4522:
4513:Malawimonadidae
4499:
4455:
4430:
4394:
4353:
4296:
4269:
4268:
4260:
4217:
4192:
4160:
4131:
4084:
4056:
4028:
3991:
3961:
3916:
3907:
3886:
3877:
3854:
3839:
3798:
3772:
3750:
3709:
3700:
3664:
3659:
3633:
3624:
3569:
3556:
3555:
3471:
3449:
3440:
3434:
3404:
3399:
3376:
3372:Tremellomycetes
3362:Wallemiomycetes
3344:Agaricomycotina
3338:
3300:
3296:Pucciniomycetes
3230:
3214:
3210:Sordariomycetes
3171:
3162:Lecanoromycetes
3152:Dothideomycetes
3142:Arthoniomycetes
3113:
3083:
3069:Saccharomycetes
3035:
3031:Taphrinomycetes
3011:Neolectomycetes
2989:
2981:
2950:
2916:
2907:Endogonomycetes
2893:
2875:
2857:
2830:Kickxellomycota
2824:
2801:
2783:
2762:
2750:
2727:
2698:Chytridiomycota
2692:
2669:
2648:
2626:
2614:Aphelidiomycota
2606:Aphelidiomyceta
2593:
2584:Metchnikovellea
2579:Chytridiopsidea
2567:
2558:Morellosporales
2541:
2516:
2515:
2431:
2409:
2400:
2387:
2353:Wayback Machine
2342:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2179:"Archived copy"
2177:
2176:
2172:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1889:(9): e1001135.
1874:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1612:10.1.1.626.9582
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1477:"Basidiomycota"
1475:
1474:
1470:
1451:Botanica Marina
1448:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1431:Mating in fungi
1417:
1411:called gemmae.
1295:Tilletia caries
1270:
1189:
1165:Tetragoniomyces
1160:Physalacriaceae
1125:
1060:
895:
890:
822:Punctulariopsis
746:Vellinga (2011)
626:
624:Genera included
602:
594:Pucciniomycetes
548:
540:Agaricomycotina
536:Wallemiomycetes
529:Tremellomycetes
493:Agaricomycotina
489:
487:Agaricomycotina
430:Wallemiomycetes
418:Tremellomycetes
410:Pucciniomycetes
350:Wallemiomycetes
342:
148:
144:
121:Agaricomycotina
102:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5748:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5724:
5711:
5701:
5688:
5675:
5665:
5652:
5639:
5626:
5613:
5600:
5587:
5574:
5561:
5548:
5535:
5520:
5504:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5469:
5467:
5464:Incertae sedis
5459:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5409:Micrognathozoa
5406:
5401:
5399:Acanthocephala
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5241:Lycopodiophyta
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5055:Ancyromonadida
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5007:Thermoproteota
5004:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4975:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Pseudomonadota
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4895:Mycoplasmatota
4892:
4890:Lentisphaerota
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4870:Fusobacteriota
4867:
4865:Fibrobacterota
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4768:Armatimonadota
4765:
4760:
4758:Actinomycetota
4755:
4749:
4747:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4674:
4670:excluded from
4663:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4622:Planomonadidae
4619:
4613:
4611:
4609:Ancyromonadida
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4599:Paramastigidae
4596:
4590:
4588:
4579:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4551:
4544:
4542:
4538:Incertae sedis
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4400:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4227:Archaeplastida
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4167:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4018:Dinoflagellata
4014:
4012:Chrompodellida
4009:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3923:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3841:Diaphoretickes
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3574:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:Mesomycetozoea
3543:
3538:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3482:Diaphoretickes
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:classification
3435:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Agaricomycetes
3354:
3352:Dacrymycetales
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3177:Sordariomyceta
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3157:Eurotiomycetes
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Lichinomycetes
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3119:Dothideomyceta
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3104:Orbiliomycetes
3100:
3098:
3091:
3089:Pezizomycotina
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2946:Glomeromycetes
2943:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Zoopagomycetes
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2779:Olpidiomycetes
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:(paraphyletic)
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2649:(paraphyletic)
2638:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:Nucleophagales
2559:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2537:Rozellomycetes
2533:
2531:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:Mesomycetozoea
2503:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2442:Diaphoretickes
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2341:
2340:External links
2338:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2294:
2269:
2241:
2209:
2170:
2141:(1): 445–455.
2121:
2059:
2014:
1977:
1920:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1798:
1745:
1733:
1697:
1654:
1642:
1605:(5): 509–547.
1586:
1540:
1511:Annual Reviews
1488:
1485:(Online). n.d.
1468:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1313:Filobasidiella
1269:
1266:
1208:Roman numerals
1188:
1185:
1158:, both in the
1124:
1121:
1059:
1056:
1019:ballistospores
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
894:
891:
889:
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
818:
808:
798:
788:
778:
768:
758:
748:
738:
728:
718:
708:
698:
692:Brevicellopsis
688:
678:
668:
658:
648:
637:
632:incertae sedis
625:
622:
601:
598:
547:
544:
521:Agaricomycetes
509:Gasteromycetes
488:
485:
465:
464:
446:
358:Agaricomycetes
341:
340:Classification
338:
224:basidiomycetes
136:
135:
134:
133:
128:
123:
115:
114:
110:
109:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Basidiomycota
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5794:
5793:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:Basidiomycota
5754:
5753:
5751:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5707:basidiomycota
5702:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5530:Basidiomycota
5525:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5500:Basidiomycota
5497:
5493:
5488:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5188:Basidiomycota
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5173:Glomeromycota
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Stramenopiles
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:Apusomonadida
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4996:Nanoarchaeota
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4982:Euryarchaeota
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Spirochaetota
4928:
4926:
4925:Rhodothermota
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:Dictyoglomota
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4839:Cyanobacteria
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:Chrysiogenota
4826:
4824:
4823:Chloroflexota
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:Calditrichota
4801:
4799:
4798:Caldisericota
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:Atribacterota
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4666:¹traditional
4665:
4664:
4661:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:Mantamonadida
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:Heterolobosea
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4436:Discicristata
4433:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4267:
4266:Viridiplantae
4263:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4187:Microheliella
4184:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4154:
4128:
4127:Actinophryida
4125:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Stramenopiles
4035:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Ichthyosporea
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:Rotosphaerida
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Apusomonadida
3648:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Stramenopiles
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3472:(major groups
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3397:
3391:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3228:Basidiomycota
3225:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Leotiomycetes
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Xylonomycetes
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3109:Pezizomycetes
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Pichiomycetes
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Novakomycetes
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2922:Glomeromycota
2919:
2913:
2912:Mucoromycetes
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2771:Olpidiomycota
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:Microsporidia
2570:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2529:Rozellomycota
2526:
2523:
2521:Rozellomyceta
2519:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Stramenopiles
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2432:(major groups
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:fungal orders
2395:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:Basidiomycota
2344:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2309:on 2006-12-21
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2284:on 2006-12-21
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2259:on 2007-09-28
2258:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2185:on 2007-10-25
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:(3): 267–85.
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1882:PLOS Genetics
1878:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1850:, p. 581
1849:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:(3): 217–26.
1820:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1674:: 1060–1456.
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1384:Hohenbuehelia
1380:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:C. neoformans
1106:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
984:
983:basidiospores
980:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
915:
907:
899:
892:
884:
883:
879:
874:
873:
869:
864:
863:
859:
854:
853:
849:
844:
843:
839:
834:
833:
829:
824:
823:
819:
816:Corner (1966)
814:
813:
809:
804:
803:
799:
796:Wakef. (1934)
794:
793:
789:
784:
783:
779:
776:Oberw. (1990)
774:
773:
769:
764:
763:
759:
754:
753:
749:
744:
743:
739:
734:
733:
729:
724:
723:
719:
714:
713:
709:
704:
703:
699:
694:
693:
689:
684:
683:
679:
674:
673:
669:
664:
663:
659:
654:
653:
652:Anguillomyces
649:
644:
643:
639:
638:
636:
634:
633:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
610:Exobasidiales
607:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
557:Septobasidium
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:Hymenomycetes
494:
486:
484:
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
445:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
314:
313:basidiospores
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
282:
277:
276:mirror yeasts
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:bracket fungi
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
199:
142:
141:Basidiomycota
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
116:
111:
106:
101:
100:Basidiomycota
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
47:
46:
41:
40:Ernst Haeckel
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5761:Fungus phyla
5499:
5470:
5462:
5384:Orthonectida
5379:Gastrotricha
5354:Nematomorpha
5329:Chaetognatha
5319:Hemichordate
5246:Pteridophyta
5187:
5115:Malawimonada
4989:Korarchaeota
4950:Thermotogota
4935:Synergistota
4910:Nitrospirota
4905:Nitrospinota
4850:Deinococcota
4783:Bacteroidota
4683:
4678:paraphyletic
4573:
4554:
4536:
4505:Malawimonada
4485:Anaeromonada
4480:Anaeramoebae
4472:
4448:
4425:Tsukubamonas
4423:
4345:
4338:
4329:Charophyceae
4316:
4309:
4302:Streptophyta
4289:
4273:
4253:
4249:Rhodelphidia
4207:Palpitomonas
4205:
4185:
4174:Pancryptista
4119:
4112:
4049:
4016:
4004:
3984:
3954:
3949:Foraminifera
3947:
3790:
3733:
3727:Tunicaraptor
3725:
3692:
3666:Opisthokonta
3602:
3531:Opisthokonta
3256:Mixiomycetes
3227:
3205:Sareomycetes
2899:Mucoromycota
2713:Coenomycetes
2491:Opisthokonta
2331:
2311:. Retrieved
2307:the original
2297:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:the original
2272:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:the original
2232:. Retrieved
2225:the original
2212:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2173:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2082:(3): e9620.
2079:
2075:
2051:. Retrieved
2031:
2027:
2017:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1939:
1933:
1923:
1886:
1880:
1855:
1843:
1818:
1812:
1801:
1764:
1760:BMC Genomics
1758:
1748:
1743:, p. 13
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1712:
1700:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1645:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1560:(2): 83–97.
1557:
1554:Aerobiologia
1553:
1543:
1506:
1500:
1480:
1471:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1403:
1397:
1390:Nematoctonus
1388:
1382:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1323:Cryptococcus
1321:
1311:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1242:urediospores
1190:
1182:
1177:Cryptococcus
1175:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1112:
1108:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1049:and basidia.
1023:basidiocarps
1005:) to form a
988:
967:unifactorial
920:
880:
876:Corda (1837)
870:
860:
850:
846:Vánky (2008)
840:
832:Radulodontia
830:
820:
812:Paraphelaria
810:
800:
790:
780:
772:Kryptastrina
770:
760:
752:Hallenbergia
750:
740:
730:
720:
710:
700:
690:
680:
670:
660:
650:
640:
630:
627:
603:
590:Mixiomycetes
555:
549:
533:
525:Dacrymycetes
490:
478:
472:
469:growth habit
466:
434:
402:Mixiomycetes
386:Dacrymycetes
343:
334:DNA sequence
330:phylogenetic
291:(except for
286:
281:Cryptococcus
279:
256:chanterelles
223:
216:higher fungi
215:
140:
139:
99:
86:Subkingdom:
43:
18:
5617:iNaturalist
5524:Wikispecies
5439:Brachiopoda
5414:Cycliophora
5359:Onychophora
5334:Kinorhyncha
5256:Ginkgophyta
5251:Cycadophyta
5216:Chlorophyta
5206:Glaucophyta
4900:Myxococcota
4818:Chlorobiota
4813:Chlamydiota
4569:Chitinozoan
4495:Parabasalia
4347:Embryophyta
4311:Chlorokybus
4291:Chlorophyta
4239:Glaucophyta
4213:Cryptophyta
4103:Pirsoniales
4070:Bicosoecida
4051:Platysulcus
4024:Perkinsozoa
4006:Apicomplexa
3979:Colponemida
3746:Pluriformea
3615:Archamoebea
3604:Eumycetozoa
3059:Lipomycetes
2990:(sac fungi)
2589:Microsporea
2390:Opisthokont
1930:Hull, C. M.
1691:10481/61998
1513:: 423–452.
1387:with their
1379:rhizomorphs
1377:with their
1320:yeast name
1254:promycelium
1237:aeciospores
1196:Pucciniales
1171:Scleroderma
1131:Craterellus
1027:fruitbodies
975:bifactorial
955:monokaryons
927:Pucciniales
866:Rick (1958)
802:Nodulospora
782:Microstella
762:Hymenoporus
736:Rick (1958)
712:Cleistocybe
702:Celatogloea
666:Rick (1943)
642:Anastomyces
517:jelly fungi
513:fruitbodies
505:fruitbodies
346:mycologists
311:are called
260:earth stars
248:jelly fungi
5750:Categories
5472:Parakaryon
5434:Entoprocta
5369:Arthropoda
5364:Tardigrada
5344:Priapulida
5339:Loricifera
5324:Echinoderm
5294:Ctenophora
5266:Gnetophyta
5221:Charophyta
5211:Rhodophyta
5183:Ascomycota
5178:Zygomycota
5120:Metamonada
5095:Euglenozoa
5080:Ciliophora
4788:Balneolota
4763:Aquificota
4650:Rigifilida
4549:Acritarchs
4474:Barthelona
4465:Metamonada
4450:Euglenozoa
4318:Mesostigma
4274:sensu lato
4255:Rhodophyta
4114:Ochrophyta
4075:Placidozoa
3986:Ciliophora
3956:Radiolaria
3873:Haptophyta
3768:Filasterea
3680:Holomycota
3394:See also:
2987:Ascomycota
2760:Zygomycota
2394:True fungi
2313:2007-04-17
2288:2007-04-17
2278:"Hohenbue"
2263:2007-09-13
2189:2007-09-13
2053:2024-03-12
1668:Mycosphere
1579:16 January
1457:(6): 371.
1437:References
1409:propagules
1402:, and its
1374:Armillaria
1357:sclerotium
1347:Ascomycota
1318:anamorphic
1262:Autoecious
1250:teliospore
1200:Uredinales
1149:Armillaria
1137:Sistotrema
1074:C. cinerea
1035:sterigmata
971:tetrapolar
943:plasmogamy
872:Zygodesmus
792:Neotyphula
722:Cystogloea
534:The class
527:, and the
305:meiospores
236:stinkhorns
208:Ascomycota
96:Division:
5720:100364590
5539:AusLichen
5389:Dicyemida
5261:Pinophyta
5140:Telonemia
5075:Cryptista
5065:Breviatea
5050:Amoebozoa
5045:Alveolata
5026:Eukaryote
4778:Bacillota
4490:Fornicata
4396:Excavates
4198:Cryptista
4121:Oomycetes
4098:Developea
4080:Sagenista
3967:Alveolata
3903:Telonemia
3778:Choanozoa
3655:Breviatea
3598:Tubulinea
3585:Amoebozoa
3526:Amoebozoa
3504:Alveolata
3492:Cryptista
3467:Eukaryota
3437:Eukaryote
2645:Zoosporic
2622:Aphelidea
2486:Amoebozoa
2464:Alveolata
2452:Cryptista
2427:Eukaryota
1928:Lin, X.;
1607:CiteSeerX
1527:0066-4227
1371:conidia,
1343:anamorphs
1307:dimorphic
1300:diaspores
1278:diaspores
1216:spermatia
1204:stem rust
1113:M. maydis
1031:puffballs
1015:ballistic
1003:karyogamy
947:Karyogamy
882:Zygogloea
852:Sinofavus
842:Restilago
672:Arcispora
444:mushrooms
326:cell wall
244:polypores
232:puffballs
204:divisions
105:R.T.Moore
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
5771:Mycology
5715:Tropicos
5643:MycoBank
5591:Fungorum
5544:30173424
5509:Wikidata
5449:Annelida
5444:Mollusca
5424:Phoronid
5419:Nemertea
5394:Rotifera
5374:Flatworm
5349:Nematoda
5314:Chordate
5304:Cnidaria
5299:Placozoa
5130:Rhizaria
5105:Haptista
5085:Cercozoa
4745:Bacteria
4672:protists
4668:kingdoms
4556:Grypania
4518:Imasidae
4419:Jakobida
3943:Endomyxa
3938:Cercozoa
3930:Rhizaria
3860:Haptista
3792:Animalia
3735:Bicellum
3610:Variosea
3593:Discosea
3571:Amorphea
3521:Amorphea
3499:Rhizaria
3487:Hacrobia
3477:Excavata
3462:Bacteria
2636:Eumycota
2481:Amorphea
2459:Rhizaria
2447:Hacrobia
2437:Excavata
2422:Bacteria
2349:Archived
2303:"8knobs"
2198:cite web
2116:20224779
2076:PLOS ONE
2048:12102002
2009:18295550
1964:15846346
1915:20885784
1835:22326418
1793:24034603
1717:Archived
1629:17572334
1574:84615057
1535:17506673
1415:See also
1394:nematode
1246:uredinia
1212:pycnidia
1047:hymenium
951:dikaryon
931:haploids
742:Eriocybe
501:hymenial
242:, other
66:Domain:
42:'s 1904
5515:Q174698
5429:Bryozoa
5125:Provora
5100:Jakobea
5090:Discoba
5036:Protist
4973:Archaea
4726:Extant
4407:Discoba
4272:Plants
4244:Picozoa
4090:Gyrista
3997:Myzozoa
3850:Provora
3756:Filozoa
3712:Holozoa
3620:Cutosea
3536:Animals
3457:Archaea
3233:basidia
2960:Dikarya
2496:Animals
2417:Archaea
2324:Sources
2234:3 March
2107:2835752
2084:Bibcode
1972:3195603
1944:Bibcode
1906:2944786
1784:3849046
1767:: 617.
1726:2 March
1637:4686378
1326:, e.g.
1258:septate
1228:vectors
1224:Insects
1069:meiosis
1058:Meiosis
1011:Meiosis
1007:diploid
999:basidia
995:mitotic
979:meiosis
969:) or a
963:bipolar
959:neither
935:mycelia
862:Zanchia
682:Arrasia
507:), the
317:asexual
301:basidia
299:called
252:boletes
228:agarics
212:Dikarya
90:Dikarya
5697:212608
5684:634628
5668:NZOR:
5635:623881
5583:1BASIP
5289:Sponge
5281:Animal
4680:groups
4062:Bigyra
3636:Obazoa
3514:Plants
3451:Domain
3231:(with
2474:Plants
2411:Domain
2165:789347
2163:
2156:232872
2153:
2114:
2104:
2046:
2007:
1970:
1962:
1935:Nature
1913:
1903:
1833:
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1635:
1627:
1609:
1572:
1533:
1525:
1155:Xerula
1009:cell.
939:hyphae
592:, and
523:, the
336:data.
309:spores
289:hyphae
278:, and
107:(1980)
5733:21890
5728:WoRMS
5704:PPE:
5648:90050
5622:47169
5596:90050
5198:Plant
5150:Fungi
5070:CRuMs
4632:CRuMs
3694:Fungi
3541:Fungi
3097:Other
2647:fungi
2501:Fungi
2228:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
1968:S2CID
1720:(PDF)
1709:(PDF)
1633:S2CID
1570:S2CID
1509:(1).
1289:septa
1274:smuts
1268:Smuts
1233:aecia
1192:Rusts
1187:Rusts
463:fungi
453:jelly
297:cells
272:rusts
268:bunts
264:smuts
220:Fungi
80:Fungi
5661:5204
5656:NCBI
5630:ITIS
5604:GBIF
5578:EPPO
5570:5664
5236:Moss
4728:life
4684:bold
3889:TSAR
2236:2022
2204:link
2161:PMID
2112:PMID
2044:PMID
2005:PMID
1960:PMID
1911:PMID
1831:PMID
1789:PMID
1728:2022
1625:PMID
1581:2019
1531:PMID
1523:ISSN
1332:and
1152:and
1111:and
1096:and
1082:and
923:Rust
604:The
550:The
491:The
461:smut
459:and
457:rust
428:and
5565:EoL
5552:CoL
4163:CAM
3919:SAR
2151:PMC
2143:doi
2139:128
2102:PMC
2092:doi
2036:doi
1997:doi
1952:doi
1940:434
1901:PMC
1891:doi
1823:doi
1779:PMC
1769:doi
1686:hdl
1676:doi
1617:doi
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1562:doi
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