217:
early life and incarcerated individuals. A published paper in 1999 explored an investigative review of 150 female inmates within maximum-security facilities. Browne, Miller and Maguin conducted interviews with each female individual and their results showed a high correlative pattern of early domesticated abuse leading to the motivation of crime. 70% of incarcerated women within the facility reported having experienced child sexual molestation, severe physical violence by parents and/or sexual violence by an acquittance or partner at some point in their life. Within the same sample, 78% claimed to have experienced a traumatic event within their life that had resulted in being diagnosed with
232:, a theory proposed by Robert K. Merton explores the idea of social disintegration leading to crime. This theory focuses on individuals who are incapable of achieving their desired goals in society through legal and socially accepted means. In order to attain financial support or material goods, crime will emerge in time of desperation. This set or of moral values appeals towards the criminal subculture that disassociated to the rest of society - often stemming from a collective emotion of
109:. Id (instincts), Ego (reality) and Superego (morality) are not tangible physical areas within the brain, rather, entities that Freud concluded make up the human personality. What Freud referred to as the "psychic apparatus", three elements of the human personality are now established as the unconscious level that dictates one's desires and biological instincts (see section ‘Attributed Neurobiological Factors’ for more details).
440:
resulting in negative behavioural attributes and a poor state of wellbeing. These can be displayed in a person through aggression and violent mannerism, often these feelings can cause mental illness causing self-harm and suicidal thoughts or actions. Freud supported his theories by concluding that
Thanatos drove people to react or re-enact on
473:
thinking and dysfunctional personality have correlative patterns that show similar emotional capacity that is displayed within behaviour. Professor Hans
Eysenck distinguish three antisocial personality traits that become apparent through behaviour, the traits indicate criminalistic tendencies through
250:
standing as it leaves the individual with feelings of guilt and shame. The theory explores that some delinquent individuals attempt to ‘neutralise’ this sense guilt that provides relief therefore they internally condone their criminalistic behaviour. Individuals that possess tendencies to neutralise
93:
and its interconnected nature with human behaviour. Throughout his research, Freud concluded that behaviour can be explained through the analysis of one's experiences and trauma giving accountability to the motivation of a person's actions. The interpretation of his findings concluded a person can
308:
trait creates a sense of fearlessness as the individual with blunted autonomic functioning does not experience the standardised physiological responses to distress that can be associated with discomfort. The lack of discomfort arouses the individual to engage in criminalistic behaviour to increase
255:
of crime enforces impulsive and risk-taking action, individuals that possess this trait seek short term satisfaction rather than long-term resulting in poor decision making and spontaneous violence against another individual. In contrast, labelling theory introduces the idea that by identifying an
439:
for the species, this drive complex exerts desires for a one to engage in sexual relations with another individual. Positive emotions are associated this complex such as love, compassion, social cooperation and affections. The death instinct, Thanatos, enforces opposing drives for the individuals
430:
that are related to survival strategies, ones that drive humans to act on pleasure and desire. Freud understood that all instincts and human behaviour could not fall all into the one instinct category, rather he came to the conclusion that all behaviours fall into one of the two categories: Eros
216:
traits later on in life. Correlative variables do not indicate direct causation but lead to an additional variable leading to crime, for example, aggression and violent behaviour. Research has been conducted in both adult and children populations to investigate if there is a link between abuse in
354:
control for individuals. Impairments and aberrations within these areas have led to observed criminalistic behaviours. A study conducted in 2018 reviewed 17 patients with brain lesions in research of identifying common characteristics of the effect of their injuries. The results concluded that
398:
characteristics (Ling
Shichun, 2019). There are important distinctions to make to the effect and activity the amygdala has between subtype of offenders. Empirical research suggests that non-psychopathic criminals, those who react in an impulsive and emotional-aggressive way, displayed amygdala
211:
Research over the past fie years indicates that a victim of a crime becomes more susceptible to expressing their trauma and/or psychological through violence and aggression. This is widely accepted as being the result of fostered trauma such as sexual assault or domesticated violence from early
324:
markers such as sweat conduction, give insight into the inter-relation between the emotional and physical state of an individual. The somatic changes of a person indicate the emotional state of a person while undergoing or viewing distressing material. The lack of somatic changes increases the
73:
that looks at the aggression of evil, and aggression through this perspective allows for the introduction of what 'evil' actually means. Looking at this crime psychoanalytically allowed the author to define evil as destructive aggression that is innate and reactive; as a result, he came to the
904:
466:
criminals shows that their personality centres around enabling the individual to attack others and creating formulated crimes. Once and individual senses there is organisation within their crime, empirical studies have shown that it incites compulsive crime. Crime-prone personalities begin to
444:
experiences from their past often leading to many criminal offences. His theories explain this concept is derived from unconscious desire to die. Freud recognised that largely people have inherited survival drives, and his theories were counter-intuitive towards the majority of mentally sane
172:
punishment in order to prove their guilt feelings were unjustified. He also stressed that criminality was a legal, not a psychological category, and considered most criminals were normals rather than neurotics (if still with unconscious motivations and possible lacks in normal consciences).
227:
claims that all criminals learn and adapt behaviours from individuals they are closely connected to, for example a relative or spouse. The theory recognises that the more contact an individual has will a criminal – the more likely one is to engage in criminalistic activities.
771:
355:
regardless of the area of damaged tissue in the PFC, the patients were all left with disruption to their neuro-moral processes resulting in poor decision making and overall moral compass. These traits are associated with provoking criminal behaviours.
445:
individuals. The internal conflict between Eros and
Thanatos cause contrary desires causing the potential for anxiety. It is concluded in Freuds theories that life instincts hinder much of what the death instincts subconsciously desire.
389:
for themselves and to protect others. A properly functioning amygdala deters individuals from risky behaviour. A person with an underdeveloped amygdala has the inability to detect negative emotions from another individual resulting in
453:
The relationship between personality and criminalistic traits is assessed using a variety of independent measures to detect psychopathic traits. Assessing a dysfunctional lifestyle is carried out through the measure of, lack of
1987:
68:
When looking at a specific crime, like sexually motivated serial killers, for example, this psychoanalytic perspective can be very helpful. This lens allows for exploring the link between evil and aggression. In this
325:
likelihood to engage in crime as the individual cannot experience physical or emotional states that signal emotional discomfort to dissuade a person from committing violent crimes or generally violating the law.
359:
pathways within the PFC cannot account for and explain all types of criminalistic tendencies that are found within individuals. The PFC influence criminals that have obvious signs and behaviours of violent and
295:
has been linked to individuals with antisocial behaviour and criminalistic tendencies. Blunted autonomic functioning is the state in which an individual has a reduced response to stimuli resulting in a low
380:
and facials expressions of emotions, especially ones that entail negative emotions. It also functions to condition fear into human behaviour hence to understand cues within their environment to trigger a
368:
deficits. In some cases, these types of criminals show increased activity within this lobe compared the average person which would otherwise indicate a strong moral compass and justified decision making.
612:"Criminals and their Scientists: The History of Criminology in International Perspective. By Peter Becker and Richard Wetzell (eds.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, 492pp, {pound}60 hb)"
462:
behaviour. Antisocial behaviour is often categorising people that have a lack of sensitivity towards other individuals and disregard for people's right to safety and emotional wellbeing. Studies into
204:". An individual's social environment has a central effect on a person's moral compass, political ideology and potential personality traits. These aspects mould the identity of a person and inflict
313:
which does not deter the individual from carrying out criminal acts. Proactive aggression is the act of violence and rebel with little to no provocation. Blunted autonomic functioning impairs
394:
behaviour, as well as being incapable of understanding threat from their surroundings. Within adults, reduced volume of the amygdala increases the likelihood that the individual will display
385:
response. These functions are understood to form a person's sense of morality and the ‘fight-or-flight’ response (Brealey, 2014). The amygdala also assists a person to mediate and assess
251:
their behaviour, often conform to societally accepted behaviour and represent strong morals. By redefining their actions, it facilitates the individual commit crimes with more ease.
552:
saw psychoanalytic criminology in a relatively negative light, with the twin dangers of acting as an apologist for the criminal and oversimplifying criminal motivation at the fore.
1745:
256:
individual as a criminal will increasingly advocate the person to adopt criminal-like tendencies. By acquiring this identity, the individual may endorse feelings of
1262:
1722:
1632:
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and antisocial personalities explore their psychological and behavioral traits. They revealed that there was a lack of standard productivity levels, reduced
1600:
162:. They drew a clear distinction between the normal criminal, for whom retribution was appropriate, and the neurotic criminal who needed treatment instead.
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1624:
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guilt or innocence in any given case, Freud was insistent however that analysis could only identify the guilty impulse, not necessarily the act itself.
2041:
1706:
2016:
1752:
1698:
1537:
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Others have seen an inherent contradiction between value-neutral psychoanalysis, committed to healing, and the demands of the legal system; while
1280:
336:
have a combined role in determining an individual's emotional state and his/her ability to recognise expressive emotions from the facial and
1592:
678:
364:
attitudes and behaviours. ‘White-collar’ criminals and successful psychopaths show standardised activity within their PFC with no signs of
2046:
317:
by disallowing the development of feelings of shame, guilt and empathy hence resulting in psychopathic tendencies, behaviours and traits.
276:
The study into the unconscious motive for criminal behaviour takes into account the uncontrollable variables human possesses such as the
2009:
300:
capacity towards material that would otherwise cause distress and fear within the standard person. This has been recorded to induce a
1714:
923:
467:
dissociate the physical human being from their thoughts and feelings allowing violent and repetitive assault of other individuals.
1035:
1016:
709:"Sexually motivated serial killers and the psychology of aggression and "evil" within a contemporary psychoanalytical perspective"
1664:
1261:
Forster, Gina L; Novick, Andrew M.; Scholl, Jamie L.; Watt, Michael J. (2012). "The Role of the
Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders".
391:
213:
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capacity, and the disability to form relationships. A weak social identity was also recorded as a result of inmates with drug-
1616:
518:
218:
212:
childhood. Consistent subjection to violence and abuse have shown correlative data that reflect dysfunctional behaviour and
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2031:
1999:
1902:
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499:
361:
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added the point that while some criminals actively sought punishment to relieve their unconscious guilt, others sought to
58:
1648:
1576:
328:
The brain is acknowledged for contributing a key role in increasing tendencies that will ultimately lead to crime. The
252:
243:
120:
and psychoanalysts to understand the connection between the unconscious mind and criminalistic tendencies and actions.
1895:
1530:
1966:
74:
conclusion that everyone has the capacity for evil and can be viewed as a reaction to threat or sense of endearment.
304:, the low arousal level creates a low resting heart rate which then accounts for a reduced psychical response. This
1982:
2065:
1691:
1656:
1316:
1297:
1053:
Simpson, Sally S; Piquero, Nicole Leeper (2002). "Low Self-Control, Organizational Theory, and
Corporate Crime".
812:
1912:
1782:
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292:
224:
653:
2196:
2105:
1144:"Understanding Antisocial Behavior Through Autonomic Arousal, Nutrition, And Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation"
559:
objected to the open-ended, paternalistic concept of 'treating' the neurotic criminal as an infringement of
793:
105:
In 1923, Freud formed an idea that the theoretical human mind had three elements that conceptually make up
1994:
1523:
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475:
470:
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recognises that the average individual is deterred from crime as violent actions go against standardised
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997:
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237:
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35:
2089:
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1956:
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24:
1390:"Personality correlates of criminals: A comparative study between normal controls and criminals"
686:
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Freud did not directly use his research and theories to explain how a person is led to commit a
708:
350:(PFC) functions to form decision-making, moral reasoning, impulse regulation and attention and
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1961:
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that are not visibly noticeable within one's nature and on a basic level cannot be explained.
70:
1844:
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39:
288:, brain mechanism and genetic factors that contribute towards dysfunctional personalities.
2036:
1944:
1608:
1505:
1458:
1441:"Personality traits are linked to crime among men and women: Evidence from a birth cohort"
529:
thoughts and behaviors. The lack of potent social skills is strongly associated with poor
431:(life instincts) or Thanatos (death instincts). Eros is believed to have derived through
403:, which is defined as slowed neurological reactions within the lobe often associated with
377:
337:
177:
155:
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the crime and led to a need for punishment. In applying psychoanalysis to the question of
127:, the study into psychoanalysis has been contested and debated according to its validity.
90:
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1949:
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state. The first dimension that is recognised is the tendency for the individual to be
86:
31:
752:
2185:
2140:
2021:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1808:
1730:
1546:
1439:
Krueger, R. F.; Schmutte, P. S.; Caspi, A; Moffitt, T. E; Campbell, K.; Silva, P. A.
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and environmental association to crime represents the "nurture" element of the term "
181:
165:
95:
82:
54:
43:
28:
143:, in which he maintained that many criminals were driven by unconscious guilt which
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2145:
2117:
2004:
1907:
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is the second aspect of
Eysenck's research, resulting in individuals to have a low
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436:
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adapt his/her behaviour from childhood experiences to become a part of the hidden
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99:
20:
1216:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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495:
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310:
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psychological effect on everyday behaviour, attitudes and criminogenic needs.
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were not adverse to the principle of confinement, and often favored increased
47:
1406:
1355:
732:
240:
is strongly associated towards the low socio-economic class; poor and rural.
1890:
1228:
961:
779:
A Theoretical
Introduction to the Functions of Psychoanalysis in Criminology
538:
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197:
136:
1425:
1374:
1247:
1196:
1128:
979:
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realm as his concepts of the Id are associated with biological tendencies.
135:
Psychoanalytic criminology may be said to have begun with a 1911 study of
627:
427:
419:
373:
333:
309:
their arousal state as the person tends to have high levels of proactive
62:
1839:
1826:
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124:
1880:
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1066:
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113:
1210:
Darby, Ryan; Horn, Andreas; Cushman, Fiery; Fox, Michael (2017).
2170:
1515:
611:
415:
386:
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1519:
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and become more estranged from feeling obligated to follow the
1163:"A Somatic Marker Perspective of Immoral and Corrupt Behavior"
746:
744:
742:
505:
Investigations into the interlink between murderers and their
502:
traits such as being dominant, assertive and thrill-seeking.
265:
139:; but its real foundation came in 1916 when Freud published
1495:
S. Freud, 'The Expert
Opinion in the Halsmann Case' (SE 21)
924:"How Psychoanalystical Theory can be Used in Social Policy"
89:
to form theories and concepts surrounding the existence of
116:, but the application of his theories has been adapted by
772:"Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture & Society"
154:
Another major contribution came in 1929 with the book by
991:
989:
98:
state. He studied unobservable behaviour, parts of the
57:
and dysfunctional personality. According to Buhagiar, "
42:) for motive in crime. Other areas of interest are the
1093:
Shichun, Ling; Umbach, Rebecca; Raine, Adrian (2019).
34:. This school of thought examines personality and the
1746:
Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work
176:
Psychoanalytic criminology was further developed by
2116:
2055:
1975:
1861:
1793:
1683:
1553:
1317:"Eros and Thanatos: Freud's two fundamental drives"
1298:"Eros and Thanatos: Freud's two fundamental drives"
939:
937:
898:
896:
894:
813:"Eros and Thanatos: Freud's two fundamental drives"
343:, particularly from negative and fearful emotions.
1212:"Lesion network localization of criminal behavior"
946:"Offending behaviour: the role of trauma and PTSD"
654:"The Re-emergence of Psychoanalytical Criminology"
605:
603:
601:
1264:The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager
1531:
1332:
1330:
830:The Development of Psychoanalytic Criminology
410:Freudians theories are applicable within the
8:
1723:Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
1633:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
1601:Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
1148:University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons
685:. Pearson Education Company. Archived from
284:association towards crime must acknowledge
1739:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
1625:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
1538:
1524:
1516:
1415:
1405:
1364:
1354:
1237:
1227:
1186:
1118:
969:
905:"Nature vs. nurture: Which causes crime?"
1161:Sobhani, Mona; Bechara, Antoine (2011).
647:
645:
643:
449:Dysfunctional and antisocial personality
1753:Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
1699:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
597:
521:behavior and higher rates of emotional
482:and aggressive, generally describes as
1707:Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva
996:Hermann, Mannheim; Bernard, Thomas J.
950:European Journal of Psychotraumatology
160:The Criminal, the Judge and the Public
877:The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis
7:
1593:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
928:Centre for Crime and Justice Studies
659:. Cambridge Institute of Criminology
53:Criminal behaviour is attributed to
1315:Gerber, Timofei (8 February 2019).
1296:Gerber, Timofei (8 February 2019).
811:Gerber, Timofei (8 February 2019).
376:enables an individual to recognise
458:, wide mood swings, impulsive and
272:Attributed Neurobiological factors
14:
1715:Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming
1339:"US National Library of Medicine"
1095:"US National Library of Medicine"
903:Hegger, John (6 September 2024).
610:Buhagiar, Lawrence (2006-07-01).
192:Sociological association to crime
141:Criminality from a Sense of Guilt
1665:Civilization and Its Discontents
1508:, 'The Anti-Social Tendency' in
751:McLeod, Saul (3 November 2022).
707:Knight, Zelda G. (March 2007).
1617:Introduction to Psychoanalysis
219:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
1769:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
1463:Criminal and their Scientists
1394:Industrial Psychiatry Journal
1343:Industrial Psychiatry Journal
1111:10.1080/1068316X.2019.1572753
422:are believed to be under the
59:psychoanalytic criminologists
1649:The Question of Lay Analysis
1578:The Interpretation of Dreams
1179:10.1080/17470919.2011.605592
713:Journal of Sexual Aggression
280:pathways and reactions. The
85:is the established original
1099:Psychology, Crime & Law
956:: 10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.18968.
855:Law, Liberty and Psychiatry
2213:
842:The Psychology of Gambling
753:"Sigmund Freud's Theories"
533:and intense psychological
236:e.g., gangs. This type of
17:Psychoanalytic criminology
2066:Freud: The Secret Passion
1692:The Aetiology of Hysteria
1657:The Future of an Illusion
944:Ardino, Vittoria (2012).
725:10.1080/13552600701365597
2141:Clement Freud (grandson)
1913:Psychosexual development
1783:Dostoevsky and Parricide
1761:Mourning and Melancholia
1407:10.4103/0972-6748.196058
1388:Sinha, Sudhinta (2016).
1356:10.4103/0972-6748.196058
1337:Sinha, Sudhinta (2016).
1055:Law & Society Review
225:Differential association
158:and Hugo Staub entitled
2151:Walter Freud (grandson)
2146:Lucian Freud (grandson)
1229:10.1073/pnas.1706587115
1036:"Neutralization Theory"
998:"Sociological theories"
962:10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.18968
840:J. Halliday/P. Fuller,
794:"Psychoanalytic Theory"
407:and motor retardation.
253:Low self-control theory
78:Freudian psychoanalysis
2166:Edward Bernay (nephew)
2042:Views on homosexuality
2005:London home and museum
2000:Vienna home and museum
683:Criminology Today, 4ed
315:emotional intelligence
302:positive feedback loop
214:antisocial personality
2156:Amalia Freud (mother)
2131:Anna Freud (daughter)
2126:Martha Bernays (wife)
1040:Oxford Bibliographies
293:autonomic functioning
244:Neutralisation theory
188:, and David Wineman.
2161:Jacob Freud (father)
2136:Ernst L. Freud (son)
2106:Freud's Last Session
1876:Id, ego and superego
1853:Daniel Paul Schreber
1673:Moses and Monotheism
1015:Wickert, Christian.
435:in order to enforce
123:Within the realm of
2082:Mahler on the Couch
1570:Studies on Hysteria
1167:Social Neuroscience
1017:"Concept of Anomie"
582:Restorative justice
550:Forensic psychiatry
2090:A Dangerous Method
1957:Deferred obedience
1641:The Ego and the Id
792:Jay, Martin Evan.
628:10.1093/bjc/azl046
348:Pre-frontal cortex
330:pre-frontal cortex
38:(particularly the
25:criminal behaviour
2179:
2178:
1962:Reality principle
1845:Sergei Pankejeff
1833:Bertha Pappenheim
1282:978-953-51-0908-2
853:Thomas S. Szasz,
202:Nature vs Nurture
2204:
2101:(2020 TV series)
1967:Seduction theory
1903:Free association
1848:
1836:
1822:Irma's injection
1817:
1804:
1586:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1510:Collected Papers
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1173:(5–6): 640–652.
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888:Fenichel, p. 505
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770:Lacan, Jacques.
767:
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757:SimplyPsychology
748:
737:
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698:
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677:Hall, Prentice.
674:
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665:
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638:
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635:
634:
607:
577:Gregory Zilboorg
286:psychophysiology
27:that draws from
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2201:
2182:
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2112:
2057:
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2047:Religious views
2037:Neo-Freudianism
1971:
1945:Oedipus complex
1863:
1857:
1846:
1830:
1816:("Little Hans")
1815:
1802:
1789:
1679:
1609:Totem and Taboo
1580:
1549:
1544:
1506:D. W. Winnicott
1492:
1490:Further reading
1487:
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1473:
1469:
1465:(2006) p. 465-6
1459:Richard Wetzell
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922:Orbach, Susie.
921:
920:
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902:
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887:
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875:Otto Fenichel,
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563:in the name of
547:
498:. The third is
451:
278:neurobiological
274:
234:marginalisation
194:
178:August Aichhorn
156:Franz Alexander
133:
80:
46:and the act of
19:is a method of
12:
11:
5:
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2197:Psychoanalysis
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2019:
2014:
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2012:
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1988:complete works
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1950:Father complex
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1871:Psychoanalysis
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1474:Becker, p. 467
1467:
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1326:
1307:
1288:
1281:
1253:
1222:(3): 601–606.
1202:
1153:
1142:Choy, Olivia.
1134:
1105:(6): 626–640.
1080:
1061:(3): 509–548.
1045:
1034:Copes, Heith.
1026:
1007:
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859:
846:
833:
822:
803:
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699:
679:"Glossary - P"
669:
652:Belser, Alex.
639:
622:(4): 766–769.
596:
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565:social control
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91:mental illness
79:
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32:psychoanalysis
21:studying crime
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2022:Freudian slip
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1938:Genital stage
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1814:Herbert Graf
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1809:Emma Eckstein
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1776:Medusa's Head
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1731:On Narcissism
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1547:Sigmund Freud
1541:
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1500:Wayward Youth
1498:A. Aichhorn,
1497:
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1457:Peter Becker/
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879:(1946) p. 499
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844:(1974) p. 168
843:
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689:on 2012-12-23
688:
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558:
553:
551:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:, leading to
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:dysfunctional
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:dysfunctional
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
448:
446:
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323:
318:
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306:physiological
303:
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222:
220:
215:
209:
207:
203:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
182:Melanie Klein
179:
174:
171:
167:
166:Otto Fenichel
163:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
128:
126:
121:
119:
118:psychologists
115:
110:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:consciousness
92:
88:
87:psychoanalyst
84:
83:Sigmund Freud
77:
75:
72:
66:
64:
60:
56:
55:maladjustment
51:
49:
45:
44:fear of crime
41:
37:
33:
30:
26:
22:
18:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2032:Inner circle
1983:Bibliography
1908:Transference
1886:Preconscious
1794:Case studies
1781:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1671:
1663:
1655:
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1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1560:
1509:
1499:
1483:Szasz, p. 94
1479:
1470:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1434:
1400:(1): 41–46.
1397:
1393:
1383:
1349:(1): 41–46.
1346:
1342:
1320:
1310:
1301:
1291:
1263:
1256:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1147:
1137:
1102:
1098:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1029:
1020:
1010:
1001:
953:
949:
927:
917:
909:Corrections1
908:
884:
876:
871:
866:Szasz, p. 93
862:
857:(1963) p. 94
854:
849:
841:
836:
825:
816:
806:
797:
787:
778:
765:
756:
719:(1): 21–35.
716:
712:
702:
691:. Retrieved
687:the original
682:
672:
661:. Retrieved
631:. Retrieved
619:
615:
561:human rights
557:Thomas Szasz
554:
548:
515:intellectual
504:
500:extrovertive
484:psychoticism
469:
452:
409:
401:hypoactivity
396:psychopathic
371:
357:Neurological
345:
327:
319:
290:
275:
242:
223:
210:
206:subconscious
198:sociological
195:
175:
169:
164:
159:
153:
148:
144:
140:
134:
122:
111:
107:‘The Psyche’
104:
81:
67:
52:
16:
15:
2192:Criminology
2109:(2023 film)
2093:(2011 film)
2085:(2010 film)
2077:(1993 play)
2074:The Visitor
2069:(1962 film)
2010:1971 statue
1847:("Wolfman")
1803:(Ida Bauer)
1581:(including
1445:APAPsychNet
587:Victimology
531:self-esteem
523:instability
511:imaginative
496:mood swings
492:self-esteem
488:Neuroticism
437:procreation
424:unconscious
282:biochemical
238:delinquency
149:determining
100:personality
40:unconscious
2186:Categories
2171:Jofi (dog)
2058:depictions
1923:Anal stage
1918:Oral stage
1896:censorship
1562:On Aphasia
798:Britannica
693:2008-01-09
663:2008-02-09
633:2008-02-09
593:References
464:recidivist
460:egocentric
392:antisocial
366:prefrontal
311:aggression
186:Fritz Redl
48:punishment
2017:Interment
1891:Ego ideal
1840:"Rat Man"
1827:"Anna O."
1620:(1916–17)
1583:On Dreams
1002:Britanica
733:1355-2600
545:Criticism
539:hostility
519:dependent
480:impulsive
442:traumatic
428:instincts
352:emotional
320:Physical
262:rejection
258:isolation
137:parricide
2056:Cultural
1995:Archives
1864:concepts
1862:Original
1694:" (1896)
1426:28163407
1375:28163407
1248:29255017
1197:21919563
1129:31327915
980:22893844
571:See also
527:suicidal
471:Abnormal
433:adaption
420:Thanatos
378:auditory
374:amygdala
362:sadistic
341:stimulus
338:auditory
334:amygdala
291:Blunted
221:(PTSD).
145:preceded
63:penality
29:Freudian
1976:Related
1801:"Dora"
1417:5248419
1366:5248419
1239:5776958
1188:3445329
1120:6640871
1075:1512161
1021:SozTheo
971:3402156
535:anxiety
456:empathy
426:set of
412:biology
322:somatic
298:arousal
131:History
125:science
2118:Family
1881:Libido
1829:
1786:(1928)
1778:(1922)
1772:(1920)
1764:(1918)
1756:(1916)
1748:(1915)
1742:(1914)
1734:(1914)
1726:(1910)
1718:(1908)
1710:(1907)
1702:(1905)
1684:Essays
1676:(1939)
1668:(1930)
1660:(1927)
1652:(1926)
1644:(1923)
1636:(1921)
1628:(1917)
1612:(1913)
1604:(1905)
1596:(1901)
1588:(1899)
1573:(1895)
1565:(1891)
1512:(1958)
1502:(1957)
1424:
1414:
1373:
1363:
1321:Epoché
1302:Epoché
1279:
1246:
1236:
1195:
1185:
1127:
1117:
1073:
978:
968:
817:Epoché
731:
474:their
405:apathy
230:Anomie
36:psyche
2098:Freud
2027:Humor
1554:Books
1071:JSTOR
775:(PDF)
657:(PDF)
248:moral
170:avoid
114:crime
71:paper
1422:PMID
1371:PMID
1277:ISBN
1244:PMID
1193:PMID
1125:PMID
976:PMID
729:ISSN
537:and
513:and
494:and
418:and
416:Eros
387:risk
383:fear
372:The
346:The
332:and
260:and
196:The
23:and
1412:PMC
1402:doi
1361:PMC
1351:doi
1269:doi
1234:PMC
1224:doi
1220:115
1183:PMC
1175:doi
1115:PMC
1107:doi
1063:doi
966:PMC
958:doi
721:doi
624:doi
266:law
65:".
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1420:.
1410:.
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1103:25
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1038:.
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1000:.
988:^
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717:13
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1177::
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960::
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