272:. Erikson's Psychosocial Development theory is based on eight stages of development. The stages are trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generatively vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. These are important to the psychoanalytic theory because it describes the different stages that people go through life. Each stage has a major impact on their life outcomes since they are going through conflicts at each stage and whichever route they decide to take, will have certain outcomes.
40:), psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work. The psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third of the twentieth century as part of the flow of critical discourse regarding psychological treatments after the 1960s, long after Freud's death in 1939. Freud had ceased his analysis of the brain and his physiological studies and shifted his focus to the study of the
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mechanism of repression. Such unconscious mental processes can only be recognized through analysis of their effects in consciousness. Unconscious thoughts are not directly accessible to ordinary introspection, but they are capable of partially evading the censorship mechanism of repression in a disguised form, manifesting, for example, as dream elements or neurotic
148:. Due to the instinctual quality of the id, it is impulsive and unaware of the implications of actions. The superego is driven by the morality principle. It enforces the morality of social thought and action on an intrapsychic level. It employs morality, judging wrong and right and using guilt to discourage socially unacceptable behavior. The ego is driven by the
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The ego balances demands of the id, the superego, and of reality to maintain a healthy state of consciousness, where there is only minimal intrapsychic conflict. It thus reacts to protect the individual from stressors and from anxiety by distorting internal or external reality to a lesser or greater
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does not include all that is not conscious, but rather that which is actively repressed from conscious thought. Freud viewed the unconscious as a repository for socially unacceptable ideas, anxiety-producing wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions put out of consciousness by the
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Anna O. was subject to a number of psychosomatic disturbances, such as not being able to drink out of fear. Breuer and Freud found that hypnosis was a great help in discovering more about Anna O. and her treatment. Freud frequently referred to the study on Anna O. in his lectures on the origin and
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Psychoanalytic and psychoanalytical are used in
English. The latter is the older term, and at first, simply meant 'relating to the analysis of the human psyche.' But with the emergence of psychoanalysis as a distinct clinical practice, both terms came to describe that. Although both are still used,
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who also believed in the importance of the unconscious, dream interpretations, defense mechanisms, and the integral influence of childhood experiences but had objections to the theory as well. They do not support the idea that development of the personality stops at age 6, instead, they believed
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A therapeutic method, originated by
Sigmund Freud, for treating mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the patient's mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind, using techniques such as dream interpretation and free
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Observations in the Anna O. case led Freud to theorize that the problems faced by hysterical patients could be associated with painful childhood experiences that could not be recalled. The influence of these lost memories shaped the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of patients. These studies
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Giamo, Lisa S., Michael T. Schmitt, and H. R. Outten. "Perceived
Discrimination, Group Identification, and Life Satisfaction among Multiracial People: A Test of the Rejection-Identification Model." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 18.4 (2012): 319–28. PsycINFO.
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Psychoanalytic theory comes from Freud and is focused on childhood. This might be an issue since most believe studying children can be inconclusive. One major concern lies in if observed personality will be a lifelong occurrence or if the child will shed it later in life.
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When analyzing literary texts, the psychoanalytic theory is sometimes used (often specifically with regard to the motives of the author and the characters) to reveal purported concealed meanings or to purportedly better understand the author's intentions.
235:), Latency, Genital. The Genital stage is achieved if people meet all their needs throughout the other stages with enough available sexual energy. Individuals who do not have their needs met in a given stage become fixated, or "stuck" in that stage.
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Hoggard, Lori S., Christy M. Byrd, and Robert M. Sellers. "Comparison of
African American College Students' Coping with Racially and Nonracially Stressful Events." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 18.4 (2012): 329–39. PsycINFO.
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152:. The ego seeks to balance the conflicting aims of the id and superego, by trying to satisfy the id's drives in ways that are compatible with reality. The Ego is how we view ourselves: it is what we refer to as 'I' (Freud's word is the German
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that would later come to be considered defence mechanisms in their own right. Furthermore, this list has been greatly expanded upon by other psychoanalysts, with some authors claiming to enumerate in excess of one hundred defence mechanisms.
52:. His study emphasized the recognition of childhood events that could influence the mental functioning of adults. His examination of the genetic and then the developmental aspects gave the psychoanalytic theory its characteristics.
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development spreads across the lifespan. They extended Freud's work and encompassed more influence from the environment and the importance of conscious thought along with the unconscious. The most important theorists are
231:). It is a stage theory that believes progress occurs through stages as the libido is directed to different body parts. The different stages, listed in order of progression, are Oral, Anal, Phallic (
144:. The id is the aspect of personality that is driven by internal and basic drives and needs, such as hunger, thirst, and the drive for sex, or libido. The id acts in accordance with the
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Silberman, Edward. "Review of Psycho-dynamic
Therapy: A Guide to Evidence-Based Practice." Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 75.3 (2012): 298–301. PsycINFO. Web.
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Mahmood, Omar M., and
Sawssan R. Ahmed. Psychological Testing and Assessment. New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, New York, NY, 2012. PsycINFO. Web.
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Klein, Melanie (1935), A contribution to the psychogenesis of manic-depressive states, International
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Freud, A. (1937). The Ego and the
Mechanisms of Defense, London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis. (Revised edition: 1966 (US), 1968 (UK))
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119:. The psychoanalyst seeks to interpret these conscious manifestations in order to understand the nature of the repressed. In psychoanalytic terms,
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Friedman, H. W., & Schustack, M. W. (2011). Personality: Classics theories and modern research. (5th
Edition). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
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Rubinstein, B. (1975). On the clinical psychoanalytic theory and its role in the inference and confirmation of particular clinical hypotheses
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Tyson, Phyllis. (2002). The challenges of psychoanalytic developmental theory. Journal of the
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Greenberg, J. and Mitchell, S.A. (1983). Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. Cambridge MASS and London: Harvard University Press.
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Felman, Shoshana. Jacques Lacan and the adventure of insight: Psychoanalysis in contemporary culture. Harvard University Press, 1987.
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358:"psychoanalytical, adj. (and n.)." and "psychoanalytic, adj." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2015. Web. 7 September 2015.
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Ellman, S. (2010). When Theories Touch: A Historical and Theoretical Integration of Psychoanalytic Thought. London: Karnac Books.
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Klein, Melanie 1932. Chapter 2, The Psychoanalysis of Children. In The Writings of Melanie Klein Volume 2. London: Hogarth Press.
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Kernberg, O. (2000). Psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic psychotherapy and supportive psychotherapy: contemporary controversies
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Benjamin, J. (1990). An Outline of Intersubjectivity: the development of recognition. Psychoanalytic Psychology 7S:33–46.
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extent. This prevents threatening unconscious thoughts and material from entering the consciousness. The ten different
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Young, Kimball; Blum, Gerald S. (December 1953). "Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality".
367:"psychoanalysis, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2015. Web. 7 September 2015.
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Freud, S (1915). The Unconscious. XIV (2nd ed.). Hogarth Press, 1955.
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Schwartz, W. (2013) Essentials of Psychoanalytic Theory and Practice
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3728:Postcolonialism
3723:Linguistic turn
3653:Totalitarianism
3618:Oedipus complex
3479:Being in itself
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3354:German idealism
3334:Critical theory
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3233:Ortega y Gasset
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1759:
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1681:Daniel Kahneman
1621:Richard Lazarus
1571:Raymond Cattell
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1646:Endel Tulving
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1516:Clark L. Hull
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1496:Sigmund Freud
1494:
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1486:William James
1484:
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1481:Wilhelm Wundt
1479:
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1473:Psychologists
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1460:Psychometrics
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1420:Consciousness
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1015:Developmental
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717:Online papers
716:
712:
711:0-393-01105-4
708:
704:
703:Laplanche, J.
701:
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698:1-85575-868-7
695:
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688:0-385-09884-7
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646:editing guide
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338:Freud's Drive
333:
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317:
315:
311:
307:
306:Jacques Lacan
303:
299:
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289:
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245:Neo-Freudians
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32:Sigmund Freud
29:
25:
21:
3761:
3643:Ressentiment
3528:Death of God
3520:
3514:Postcritique
3474:Authenticity
3420:
3364:Hermeneutics
3268:Schopenhauer
3173:LĂ©vi-Strauss
2886:Philosophers
2720:
2710:
2700:
2670:
2660:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2590:
2537:
2513:Magnificence
2495:
2345:
2311:Schopenhauer
2146:Coomaraswamy
2064:Philosophers
2052:
2027:
1983:Aestheticism
1706:Larry Squire
1701:Bruce McEwen
1696:Amos Tversky
1666:Jerome Kagan
1656:Noam Chomsky
1596:Hans Eysenck
1566:Harry Harlow
1546:Erik Erikson
1445:Intelligence
1342:Neuroimaging
1085:Quantitative
1050:Mathematical
1045:Intelligence
1035:Experimental
1030:Evolutionary
1020:Differential
929:Psychologist
817:
660:
651:
639:
612:
599:. Retrieved
589:
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318:
295:
286:
279:
266:Karen Horney
262:Alfred Adler
250:Erik Erikson
242:
226:
199:introjection
163:
153:
139:
102:
93:
84:Josef Breuer
81:
71:
65:
63:
59:
50:transference
35:
19:
18:
3718:Film theory
3628:Ontopoetics
3533:Death drive
3509:Ideological
3428:Romanticism
3359:Hegelianism
3133:Kierkegaard
2993:Castoriadis
2953:de Beauvoir
2938:Baudrillard
2606:(c. 335 BC)
2596:(c. 390 BC)
2575:Work of art
2528:Picturesque
2384:Avant-garde
2341:Winckelmann
2216:Kierkegaard
2141:Collingwood
2111:Baudrillard
2038:Romanticism
2008:Historicism
1942:Mathematics
1778:Disciplines
1751:Susan Fiske
1641:Roger Brown
1541:Carl Rogers
1526:Jean Piaget
1491:Ivan Pavlov
1347:Observation
1327:Experiments
1274:Suicidology
1169:Educational
1124:Anomalistic
1095:Theoretical
1070:Personality
1000:Comparative
983:Cognitivism
974:Behaviorism
203:sublimation
3768:Categories
3673:Wertkritik
3578:Hauntology
3543:Difference
3538:Différance
3278:Sloterdijk
3148:Kołakowski
2545:Recreation
2523:Perception
2416:Creativity
2116:Baumgarten
2106:Baudelaire
1988:Classicism
1903:Aesthetics
1841:Wikisource
1686:Paul Ekman
1521:Kurt Lewin
1415:Competence
1337:Interviews
1317:Case study
1194:Humanistic
1174:Ergonomics
1159:Counseling
1134:Assessment
1116:psychology
1065:Perception
1025:Ecological
941:psychology
919:Philosophy
903:Psychology
654:March 2022
638:" section
461:(6): 714.
324:References
302:aesthetics
276:Criticisms
254:Anna Freud
195:projection
179:regression
175:repression
171:Anna Freud
105:Repression
56:Definition
3708:Semiotics
3703:Semantics
3688:Discourse
3568:Genealogy
3558:Facticity
3329:Absurdism
3258:Schelling
3228:Nietzsche
3103:Heidegger
2918:Bachelard
2903:Althusser
2550:Reverence
2456:Eroticism
2426:Depiction
2399:Masculine
2301:Santayana
2261:Nietzsche
2206:Hutcheson
2196:Heidegger
2181:Greenberg
2136:Coleridge
2101:Balthasar
2086:Aristotle
2048:Theosophy
2043:Symbolism
2018:Modernism
2003:Formalism
1861:Wikibooks
1851:Wikiquote
1721:Ed Diener
1506:Carl Jung
1410:Cognition
1239:Political
1149:Community
979:Cognitive
475:0003-1224
282:pathology
258:Carl Jung
3746:Category
3588:Ideology
3504:Immanent
3499:Critique
3454:Alterity
3447:Concepts
3322:Theories
3308:Williams
3283:Spengler
3238:Rancière
3168:Lefebvre
3153:Kristeva
3118:Irigaray
3113:Ingarden
3093:Habermas
3083:Guattari
3068:Foucault
3043:Eagleton
2988:Cassirer
2968:Bourdieu
2963:Blanchot
2948:Benjamin
2933:Bataille
2825:Category
2757:Axiology
2626:(c. 500)
2616:(c. 100)
2491:Judgment
2446:Emotions
2441:Elegance
2421:Cuteness
2394:Feminine
2357:Concepts
2326:Tanizaki
2306:Schiller
2291:Richards
2281:Rancière
2251:Maritain
2186:Hanslick
2126:Benjamin
1998:Feminism
1967:Theology
1947:Medieval
1937:Japanese
1932:Internet
1856:Wikinews
1813:Timeline
1435:Feelings
1430:Emotions
1390:Behavior
1381:Concepts
1259:Religion
1244:Positive
1234:Pastoral
1219:Military
1184:Forensic
1179:Feminist
1164:Critical
1154:Consumer
1144:Coaching
1139:Clinical
1114:Applied
1010:Cultural
949:Abnormal
601:17 March
594:Lye, J.
126:symptoms
3573:Habitus
3489:Boredom
3379:Freudo-
3374:Western
3369:Marxism
3293:Strauss
3263:Schmitt
3203:Marcuse
3193:Lyotard
3183:Luhmann
3178:Levinas
3128:Jaspers
3123:Jameson
3108:Husserl
3088:Gramsci
3078:Gentile
3073:Gadamer
3033:Dilthey
3028:Derrida
3023:Deleuze
2958:Bergson
2928:Barthes
2898:Agamben
2820:Outline
2735:Related
2602:Poetics
2570:Tragedy
2560:Sublime
2533:Quality
2518:Mimesis
2476:Harmony
2461:Fashion
2436:Ecstasy
2431:Disgust
2347:more...
2316:Scruton
2241:Lyotard
2176:Goodman
2156:Deleuze
2091:Aquinas
2081:Alberti
2054:more...
2033:Realism
2013:Marxism
1993:Fascism
1976:Schools
1962:Science
1917:Ancient
1788:Outline
1284:Traffic
1279:Systems
1214:Medical
1040:Gestalt
914:History
483:2088147
300:and in
191:undoing
88:Anna O.
3522:Dasein
3273:Serres
3253:Sartre
3243:Ricœur
3198:Marcel
3188:Lukács
3163:Latour
3138:Kojève
3063:Fisher
3058:Fichte
3048:Engels
3018:Debord
3013:de Man
3003:Cixous
2998:Cioran
2978:Butler
2943:Bauman
2923:Badiou
2908:Arendt
2893:Adorno
2726:(2009)
2716:(1977)
2706:(1946)
2696:(1939)
2686:(1935)
2676:(1934)
2666:(1933)
2656:(1891)
2646:(1835)
2636:(1757)
2503:Kitsch
2481:Humour
2411:Comedy
2389:Beauty
2331:Vasari
2321:Tagore
2296:Ruskin
2236:Lukács
2226:Langer
2171:Goethe
2096:Balázs
2076:Adorno
1957:Nature
1922:Africa
1818:Topics
1264:School
1189:Health
1090:Social
993:Social
939:Basic
924:Portal
815:about
779:Others
709:
696:
686:
634:This "
541:
481:
473:
312:, and
229:psyche
109:dreams
42:psyche
3751:Index
3658:Trace
3638:Power
3633:Other
3623:Ontic
3464:Angst
3313:Žižek
3298:Weber
3288:Stein
3223:Negri
3218:Nancy
3158:Lacan
3143:Koyré
3098:Hegel
3053:Fanon
3008:Croce
2983:Camus
2973:Buber
2815:Index
2584:Works
2565:Taste
2555:Style
2336:Wilde
2276:Plato
2271:Pater
2231:Lipps
2191:Hegel
2161:Dewey
2151:Danto
2131:Burke
1952:Music
1927:India
1910:Areas
1765:Lists
1224:Music
1209:Media
1204:Legal
1055:Moral
677:Books
479:JSTOR
173:are:
117:jokes
3563:Gaze
3303:Weil
3248:Said
3208:Marx
2913:Aron
2539:Rasa
2497:Kama
2471:Gaze
2406:Camp
2286:Rand
2221:Klee
2211:Kant
2201:Hume
2121:Bell
1450:Mind
707:ISBN
694:ISBN
684:ISBN
603:2013
539:ISBN
515:Web.
505:Web.
471:ISSN
264:and
209:and
115:and
3038:Eco
2466:Fun
2246:Man
2166:Fry
531:doi
463:doi
154:ich
68:as
3770::
2694:"
2684:"
2654:"
537:.
529:.
477:.
469:.
459:18
457:.
260:,
256:,
197:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
181:,
177:,
2871:e
2864:t
2857:v
2690:"
2680:"
2650:"
1895:e
1888:t
1881:v
981:/
895:e
888:t
881:v
667:)
661:(
656:)
652:(
642:.
605:.
547:.
533::
485:.
465::
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