350:
free for 60 days. A follow-up has not been done to see if the therapy retained its reduction of symptoms beyond the 60 days. In the cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with dissociative seizures (CODES) trial, the largest regarding CBT treatment for PNES though found no significant reduction in monthly episodes compared to the control arm at 12 months, however there were significant improvements on a number of secondary outcomes, such as psychosocial functioning, and self-rated and clinician-rated global change. A secondary analysis of the CODES trial demonstrated improved frequency of PNES episodes at 6 months with CBT.
178:
urinary and/or fecal incontinence, fall-related trauma, or accidental burns, all of which are significantly less common in PNES than in epileptic seizures. Other means of determining consciousness include dropping a patient's hand above the nasopharyngeal lead; the natural response is to prevent it from falling. Visual tracking and resistance to passive eye movements can also be used to determine PNES when the eyes are open. However, total unresponsiveness is possible in PNES, and lack of conscious response on its own is not enough to indicate an epileptic seizure.
409:, because the word "seizure" refers to a surge of electrical discharges in the brain, which does not occur in PNES episodes. Many prefer to use more general terms like "spells," "events," "attacks," or "episodes." "Non-epileptic attack disorder," or NEAD, is typically used in the UK for this reason. Although "pseusoseizures" remains a common term for PNES episodes in the medical field, many patients dislike it due to associated stigma and implications of malingering.
174:. Some characteristics which may distinguish PNES from epileptic seizures include gradual onset, out-of-phase limb movement (in which left and right extremities jerk asynchronously or in opposite directions, as opposed to rhythmically and simultaneously as in epileptic seizures), closed eyes, high memory recall, and lack of post-ictal confusion. Although these symptoms are possible in epileptic seizures, they are much more commonly found in PNES.
2054:
36:
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298:(EEG) simultaneously (some clinicians may use suggestion to attempt to trigger an episode). Additional clinical criteria are usually considered in addition to video-EEG monitoring when diagnosing PNES. By recording the event in question on video and EEG simultaneously, a clear diagnosis can usually be obtained.
349:
For individuals who pursue treatment for PNES, CBT has shown varying rates of success but it has been established as one of the most promising treatments to date. ReACT has shown reduction in symptoms by 100% seven days after treatment and 82% of individuals who completed the therapy remained symptom
205:
Risk factors for PNES include having a history of head injury, and having a diagnosis of epilepsy. Approximately 10–30% of people diagnosed with PNES also have an epilepsy diagnosis. People diagnosed with PNES commonly report physical, sexual, or emotional trauma, but the reported incidence of these
152:
The number of people with PNES ranges from 2 to 33 per 100,000. PNES are most common in young adults, particularly women. The prevalence for PNES is estimated to make up 5–20% of outpatient epilepsy clinics; 75–80% of these diagnoses are given to female patients and 83% are to individuals between 15
380:
lists conversion disorders instead of the current FND. Additionally, in revision, the DSM-5 was updated to add emphasis to the positive physical signs inconsistent with recognized diseases. The requirement of a history of psychological stressors and that the symptom is not fake was removed as well.
193:
The cause of PNES has not yet been established. One hypothesis is that they are a learned physical reaction or habit the body develops, similar to a reflex. The individual does not have control of the learned reaction, but this can be retrained to allow the patient to control the physical movements
177:
PNES episodes are often less injurious than epileptic seizures. Unlike epilepsy, many PNES patients presenting with total unresponsiveness still retain some form of conscious response, including the natural behavior to protect oneself from harm. This is often reflected by a lack of tongue-biting,
161:
PNES are seen in children after the age of eight, and occur equally among boys and girls before puberty. Diagnostic and treatment principles are similar to those for adults, except that in children there is a broader differential diagnosis of seizures so that other possible diagnoses specific to
340:
ReACT, while new and understudied, has shown extremely promising outcomes for reduction of PNES episodes in pediatric patients. This therapy focuses on the idea that PNES are caused by a learned physical reaction or habit the body develops, similar to a reflex. ReACT aims to retrain the learned
238:
Some individuals with PNES have carried an erroneous diagnosis of epilepsy. On average, it takes seven years to receive a proper diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of PNES firstly involves ruling out epilepsy as the cause of the seizure episodes, along with other organic causes of
279:(simulating seizures intentionally for conscious personal gain – such as monetary compensation or avoidance of criminal punishment) is conducted. Finally, other psychiatric conditions that may superficially resemble seizures are eliminated, including
372:
The etiology of FND was historically explained in the context of psychoanalytic theory as a physical manifestation of psychological distress and repressed trauma. There is very little supporting evidence for this theory, as there is little research.
449:
317:
Patient understanding of the new diagnosis is crucial for their treatment, which requires their active participation. A negative diagnosis experience may cause frustration and could cause a person to reject any further attempts at treatment.
1982:
1967:
267:. However, 5–20% of people with PNES also have epilepsy. Frontal lobe seizures can be mistaken for PNES, though these tend to have shorter duration, stereotyped patterns of movements, and occurrence during sleep. Next, an exclusion of
2579:
1660:"An Account of a Demonstration on the Phenomena of Hystero-Epilepsy Given by Professor Charcot: And on the Modification which they Undergo under the Influence of Magnets and Solenoids"
1766:
1601:; Robinson, Emily J.; Mellers, John D. C.; Stone, Jon; Carson, Alan; Reuber, Markus; Medford, Nick; McCrone, Paul; Murray, Joanna; Richardson, Mark P.; Pilecka, Izabela (2020-06-01).
1037:
1227:
Martin R, Burneo JG, Prasad A, Powell T, Faught E, Knowlton R, et al. (December 2003). "Frequency of epilepsy in patients with psychogenic seizures monitored by video-EEG".
181:
While most epileptic seizures last no more than two minutes, PNES episodes may last five minutes or longer. An epileptic seizure lasting longer than five minutes is considered a
231:
The symptom or deficit causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning or warrants medical evaluation.
1369:
Bowman ES, Coons PM (2000). "The differential diagnosis of epilepsy, pseudoseizures, dissociative identity disorder, and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified".
294:
The most definitive test to distinguish epilepsy from PNES is long term video-EEG monitoring, with the aim of capturing one or two episodes on both video recording and
1326:
Asano E, Pawlak C, Shah A, Shah J, Luat AF, Ahn-Ewing J, Chugani HT (2005). "The diagnostic value of initial video-EEG monitoring in children—review of 1000 cases".
3380:
1747:. American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 1994.
194:
again. The production of seizure-like symptoms is not under voluntary control; symptoms which are feigned or faked voluntarily would fall under the categories of
1207:
3051:
3007:
2110:
522:
Ertan, Deniz; Aybek, Selma; LaFrance, W. Curt; Kanemoto, Kousuke; Tarrada, Alexis; Maillard, Louis; El-Hage, Wissam; Hingray, Coraline (February 2022).
1801:
Asadi-Pooya AA, Valente K, Alessi R, Tinker J (October 2017). "Semiology of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: An international cross-cultural study".
83:
Pseudoseizure, non-epileptic seizure, dissociative non-epileptic seizure, FNEA (functional non-epileptic attacks), NEAD (non-epileptic attack disorder)
3665:
3748:
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2483:
2296:
288:
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416:, patients presenting with PNES may meet the criteria for functional neurological disorder and in some cases, somatic symptom disorder, whilst in
1396:
Benbadis SR, LaFrance Jr WC (2010). "Chapter 4. Clinical
Features and the Role of Video-EEG Monitoring". In Schachter SC, LaFrance Jr WC (eds.).
389:
PNES rates and presenting symptoms are somewhat dependent on the culture and society. In some cultures, they, like epilepsy, are thought of as a
1936:
1102:
Popkirov, S; Asadi-Pooya, AA; Duncan, R; Gigineishvili, D; Hingray, C; Miguel Kanner, A; LaFrance WC, Jr; Pretorius, C; Reuber, M (2019-12-01).
397:. In cultures with a solid establishment of evidence-based medicine, they are considered a subtype of a larger category of psychiatric disease.
2602:
327:
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or complex partial epileptic seizures. However, due to false positives and variability in results, this test is relied upon less frequently.
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2313:
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1752:
1603:"Cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with dissociative seizures (CODES): a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial"
1078:
698:
Buchanan N, Snars J (June 1993). "Pseudoseizures (non epileptic attack disorder)--clinical management and outcome in 50 patients".
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2103:
171:
141:
2612:
369:"acquired" symptoms resembling seizures as a result of being treated on the same ward as people who genuinely had epilepsy.
225:
Clinical findings provide evidence of incompatibility between the symptom and recognized neurological or medical conditions.
2330:
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1143:
Sharpe, D; Faye, C (December 2006). "Non-epileptic seizures and child sexual abuse: a critical review of the literature".
3722:
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323:
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2318:
1549:"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES): A Case Report and Literature Review"
3609:
3270:
2185:
1787:
1181:
54:
1061:
Bass C, Halligan P (2016). "Factitious disorders and malingering in relation to functional neurologic disorders".
470:
Dickson, Jon Mark; Peacock, Martin; GrĂĽnewald, Richard A; Howlett, Stephanie; Bissell, Paul; Reuber, Mark (2017).
3760:
3280:
3249:
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2510:
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2404:
577:
Devinsky O, Gazzola D, LaFrance WC (April 2011). "Differentiating between nonepileptic and epileptic seizures".
3556:
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3244:
3239:
2936:
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2891:
2709:
2678:
2419:
2001:
1844:
Benbadis SR (July 2010). "Psychogenic nonepileptic "seizures" or "attacks"? It's not just semantics: attacks".
272:
962:
Benbadis SR (February 2005). "The problem of psychogenic symptoms: is the psychiatric community in denial?".
3521:
3486:
3265:
2772:
2622:
2617:
2574:
2391:
915:"A review of functional neurological symptom disorder etiology and the integrated etiological summary model"
825:
Leibetseder, Annette; Eisermann, Monika; LaFrance, W. Curt; Nobili, Lino; von
Oertzen, Tim J. (2020-05-07).
341:
reaction (PNES episodes) by targeting symptom catastrophizing and restoring sense of control over symptoms.
876:"Differentiating psychogenic nonepileptic from epileptic seizures: A mixed-methods, content analysis study"
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3143:
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2632:
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240:
1007:"Psychological and psychiatric aspects of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): A systematic review"
781:
Widyadharma, I. Putu Eka; Soejitno, Andreas; Samatra, D. P. G. Purwa; Sinardja, Anna M. G. (2021-02-05).
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362:
268:
195:
1707:
Stone J, LaFrance WC, Levenson JL, Sharpe M (June 2010). "Issues for DSM-5: Conversion disorder".
17:
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783:"Clinical differentiation of psychogenic non-epileptic seizure: a practical diagnostic approach"
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133:
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655:
Asadi-Pooya AA, Sperling MR (May 2015). "Epidemiology of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures".
361:
is a historical term that refers to a condition described by 19th-century French neurologist
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2357:
2180:
2119:
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2030:
1940:
3218:
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PNES episodes can be difficult to distinguish from epileptic seizures without the use of
1411:
Reuber M, Elger CE (June 2003). "Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: review and update".
3680:
3675:
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3463:
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1991:
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3187:
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2456:
1339:
1256:
1104:"The aetiology of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: risk factors and comorbidities"
563:
326:(CBT), is most frequently used to treat PNES. There is also some evidence supporting
319:
284:
235:
Additionally, the specific symptom type must be reported "with attacks or seizures".
228:
The symptom or deficit is not better explained by another medical or mental disorder.
2088:
2006:
1440:
1355:
762:
684:
606:
3041:
2822:
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1873:
1830:
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991:
260:
727:
1857:
1500:"Retraining and control therapy for pediatric psychogenic non-epileptic seizures"
450:
Swedish Agency for Health
Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services
3026:
2757:
2488:
2238:
1814:
1400:(3rd ed.). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–50.
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539:
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2168:
2025:
1888:
1762:
524:"Functional (psychogenic non-epileptic/dissociative) seizures: why and how?"
487:
302:
93:
1920:
1904:
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1103:
843:
826:
719:
472:"Non-epileptic attack disorder: the importance of diagnosis and treatment"
3393:
3031:
2701:
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2594:
1742:
406:
366:
248:
137:
3358:
1959:
1515:
930:
1565:
1472:
1455:
2749:
2564:
1971:
1943:, John DC Mellers, The National Society for Epilepsy, September 2005.
417:
377:
264:
136:
but without the characteristic electrical discharges associated with
222:
One or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function.
144:(FND) and are typically treated by psychologists or psychiatrists.
1744:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-IV
1065:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 139. pp. 509–520.
2527:
413:
390:
215:
741:
Benbadis SR (August 2007). "Differential
Diagnosis of Epilepsy".
3362:
3317:
3185:
3120:
2972:
2699:
2544:
2454:
2274:
2135:
2092:
827:"How to distinguish seizures from non-epileptic manifestations"
1889:"Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD): a comprehensive review"
874:
Cardeña, Etzel; Pick, Suzannah; Litwin, Richard (7 May 2020).
787:
The
Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery
29:
301:
Laboratory testing can detect rising blood levels of serum
275:, where seizures are caused by psychological reasons) and
305:
if samples are taken in the right time window after most
1279:"The approach to patients with "non-epileptic seizures""
218:, the criteria for receiving a diagnosis of PNES are:
2042:
1186:
140:. PNES fall under the category of disorders known as
1949:
3741:
3705:
3651:
3628:
3570:
3504:
3495:
3472:
3441:
3400:
3289:
3258:
3227:
3206:
3085:
3062:
3016:
2983:
2890:
2857:
2805:
2748:
2739:
2720:
2661:
2593:
2555:
2415:
2390:
2287:
2199:
2146:
2016:
1953:
87:
79:
74:
1454:LaFrance WC, Reuber M, Goldstein LH (March 2013).
650:
648:
528:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1934:Diagnosis and management of dissociative seizures
1498:Fobian AD, Long DM, Szaflarski JP (August 2020).
1456:"Management of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures"
442:"Behandling av psykogena icke-epileptiska anfall"
206:events may not differ between PNES and epilepsy.
1188:, American Psychiatric Association, 2013-05-22,
628:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1547:Kamil SH, Qureshi M, Patel RS (January 2019).
1504:Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
3374:
2104:
8:
1887:Francis, P.; Baker, G. A. (February 1999).
43:It has been suggested that this article be
3501:
3381:
3367:
3359:
3314:
3203:
3182:
3117:
3008:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
2980:
2969:
2745:
2717:
2696:
2552:
2541:
2451:
2284:
2271:
2143:
2132:
2111:
2097:
2089:
1950:
71:
1683:
1634:
1574:
1564:
1523:
1471:
1302:
1119:
938:
842:
798:
743:CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology
495:
3749:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
3271:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
2867:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
919:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
405:The term PNES is sometimes considered a
289:depersonalization-derealization disorder
2049:
1398:Gates and Rowan's Nonepileptic Seizures
1182:"Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders"
433:
1779:
1194:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm09
620:Huff, J. Stephen; Murr, Najib (2023),
335:Retraining and Control Therapy (ReACT)
328:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
1493:
1491:
1176:
1174:
913:Fobian AD, Elliott L (January 2019).
820:
818:
7:
3666:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
776:
774:
772:
517:
515:
3713:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
2974:Physiological and physical behavior
622:"Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures"
3643:Complex partial status epilepticus
2920:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
2314:Emotional and behavioral disorders
1709:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1241:10.1212/01.wnl.0000098890.13946.f5
1071:10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00042-4
755:10.1212/01.CON.0000284534.43272.1c
183:life-threatening medical emergency
106:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
75:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
25:
18:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
3728:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
3600:Benign familial neonatal seizures
3552:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
3100:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1005:Brown RJ, Reuber M (April 2016).
142:functional neurological disorders
2400:X-linked intellectual disability
2076:
2064:
2052:
1371:Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic
1340:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.07.012
34:
2229:Intermittent explosive disorder
2154:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1769:from the original on 2022-04-20
1210:from the original on 2021-06-14
1063:Functional Neurologic Disorders
1043:from the original on 2018-07-24
420:it may meet the criteria for a
185:, which is not a risk in PNES.
3688:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
3661:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
2872:Dissociative identity disorder
2137:Adult personality and behavior
1721:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101440
172:long-term video EEG monitoring
60:Proposed since September 2024.
1:
1619:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30128-0
1425:10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00104-5
712:10.1016/s1059-1311(05)80119-0
118:non-epileptic attack disorder
27:Type of neurological disorder
3638:Epilepsia partialis continua
3276:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
2813:Generalized anxiety disorder
2546:Neurological and symptomatic
2191:Sexual relationship disorder
1858:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e6216f
1283:Postgraduate Medical Journal
324:cognitive behavioral therapy
162:children may be considered.
3693:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
3671:Unverricht–Lundborg disease
3052:REM sleep behavior disorder
2521:Seasonal affective disorder
2319:Separation anxiety disorder
1815:10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.08.016
976:10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.10.009
892:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107121
669:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.03.015
132:are episodes resembling an
3821:
3610:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
3319:Symptoms and uncategorized
2420:developmental disabilities
2186:Sexual maturation disorder
1277:Mellers JD (August 2005).
1145:Clinical Psychology Review
1014:Clinical Psychology Review
800:10.1186/s41983-021-00272-w
3805:Somatic symptom disorders
3761:Epilepsy Action Australia
3324:
3313:
3281:Simple-type schizophrenia
3250:Schizophreniform disorder
3202:
3181:
3134:
3116:
2979:
2968:
2716:
2695:
2628:Mild cognitive impairment
2613:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2551:
2540:
2511:Major depressive disorder
2464:
2450:
2416:Psychological development
2283:
2270:
2142:
2131:
1658:Gamgee A (October 1878).
1157:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.11.011
1026:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.01.003
579:Nature Reviews. Neurology
3723:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
3557:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
3329:Impulse-control disorder
3245:Schizoaffective disorder
3240:Brief reactive psychosis
2937:Mass psychogenic illness
2900:Body dysmorphic disorder
2679:Post-concussion syndrome
2289:Emotional and behavioral
1295:10.1136/pgmj.2004.029785
591:10.1038/nrneurol.2011.24
540:10.1136/jnnp-2021-326708
273:somatic symptom disorder
3605:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
3487:Epilepsy and employment
3266:Childhood schizophrenia
2618:Frontotemporal dementia
2575:High-functioning autism
2392:Intellectual disability
1803:Epilepsy & Behavior
1664:British Medical Journal
1413:Epilepsy & Behavior
964:Epilepsy & Behavior
880:Epilepsy & Behavior
657:Epilepsy & Behavior
488:10.1136/bcr-2016-218278
189:Causes and risk factors
112:), also referred to as
3537:Temporal lobe epilepsy
3457:Electroencephalography
2783:Specific social phobia
2674:Organic brain syndrome
2516:Melancholic depression
2277:Childhood and learning
1905:10.1053/seiz.1998.0246
1786:: CS1 maint: others (
296:electroencephalography
241:non-epileptic seizures
130:dissociative seizures,
3542:Frontal lobe epilepsy
3339:Psychomotor agitation
3129:and substance-related
3072:Postpartum depression
2952:Somatization disorder
2838:Acute stress reaction
2603:AIDS dementia complex
1676:10.1136/bmj.2.928.545
1607:The Lancet Psychiatry
1121:10.1684/epd.2019.1107
844:10.1684/epd.2020.1234
50:Non-epileptic seizure
3778:Epilepsy Research UK
3562:Vertiginous epilepsy
3482:Epilepsy and driving
3433:Epilepsy in children
3334:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
3164:Substance dependence
3077:Postpartum psychosis
2623:Huntington's disease
2405:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
2254:Personality disorder
3766:Epilepsy Foundation
3733:Epilepsy in animals
3413:Aura (warning sign)
3214:Delusional disorder
3159:Stimulant psychosis
3149:Physical dependence
3003:Rumination syndrome
2905:Conversion disorder
2882:Psychogenic amnesia
2732:with depressed mood
2730:Adjustment disorder
2633:Parkinson's disease
2608:Alzheimer's disease
2501:Atypical depression
2337:Social functioning
2212:Munchausen syndrome
2207:Factitious disorder
1599:Goldstein, Laura H.
1553:Behavioral Sciences
1108:Epileptic Disorders
831:Epileptic Disorders
422:conversion disorder
385:Society and culture
363:Jean-Martin Charcot
269:factitious disorder
196:factitious disorder
126:functional seizures
3653:Myoclonic epilepsy
3630:Status epilepticus
3233:schizophrenia-like
2877:Dissociative fugue
2326:Movement disorders
2017:External resources
1939:2006-01-29 at the
1516:10.1002/acn3.51138
1466:(Suppl 1): 53–67.
931:10.1503/jpn.170190
395:demonic possession
365:where people with
166:Signs and symptoms
153:and 35 years old.
3792:
3791:
3706:Related disorders
3701:
3700:
3547:Rolandic epilepsy
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3177:
3176:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2853:
2852:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2648:Vascular dementia
2570:Asperger syndrome
2536:
2535:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2380:Tourette syndrome
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2040:
2039:
1566:10.3390/bs9020015
1473:10.1111/epi.12106
1328:Epilepsy Research
1203:978-0-89042-555-8
482:: bcr2016218278.
452:(SBU). 2022-02-15
214:According to the
134:epileptic seizure
103:
102:
69:Medical condition
67:
66:
62:
16:(Redirected from
3812:
3783:Epilepsy Society
3772:Epilepsy Outlook
3615:Epileptic spasms
3527:Gelastic seizure
3502:
3428:Neonatal seizure
3383:
3376:
3369:
3360:
3315:
3204:
3183:
3118:
2993:Anorexia nervosa
2981:
2970:
2947:Psychogenic pain
2915:Globus pharyngis
2763:Childhood phobia
2746:
2718:
2697:
2553:
2542:
2452:
2351:Selective mutism
2302:Conduct disorder
2285:
2272:
2249:Trichotillomania
2224:Gender dysphoria
2219:Fear of intimacy
2176:Sexual anhedonia
2144:
2133:
2120:Mental disorders
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2048:
1951:
1944:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1510:(8): 1410–1419.
1495:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1289:(958): 498–504.
1274:
1261:
1260:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1011:
1002:
996:
995:
959:
953:
952:
942:
910:
904:
903:
871:
865:
864:
846:
822:
813:
812:
802:
778:
767:
766:
738:
732:
731:
695:
689:
688:
652:
643:
642:
641:
640:
617:
611:
610:
574:
568:
567:
519:
510:
509:
499:
467:
461:
460:
458:
457:
438:
359:Hystero-epilepsy
271:(a subconscious
72:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3755:Epilepsy Action
3737:
3697:
3647:
3624:
3620:Febrile seizure
3585:Absence seizure
3566:
3522:Complex partial
3491:
3474:Personal issues
3468:
3453:Investigations
3449:Anticonvulsants
3437:
3423:Epileptogenesis
3418:Postictal state
3396:
3387:
3357:
3348:
3320:
3301:
3285:
3254:
3232:
3223:
3198:
3173:
3130:
3127:substance abuse
3104:
3081:
3058:
3012:
2998:Bulimia nervosa
2975:
2956:
2932:Hypochondriasis
2927:False pregnancy
2910:Ganser syndrome
2892:Somatic symptom
2886:
2849:
2801:
2790:Specific phobia
2735:
2712:
2683:
2657:
2589:
2585:Savant syndrome
2557:Autism spectrum
2547:
2532:
2460:
2438:
2417:
2411:
2386:
2279:
2258:
2234:Dermatillomania
2195:
2181:Sexual anorexia
2138:
2127:
2117:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2031:article/1184694
2012:
2011:
1962:
1948:
1947:
1941:Wayback Machine
1932:
1928:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1755:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1334:(1–3): 129–35.
1325:
1324:
1320:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1081:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
961:
960:
956:
912:
911:
907:
873:
872:
868:
824:
823:
816:
780:
779:
770:
740:
739:
735:
697:
696:
692:
654:
653:
646:
638:
636:
619:
618:
614:
576:
575:
571:
521:
520:
513:
469:
468:
464:
455:
453:
440:
439:
435:
430:
403:
387:
356:
347:
337:
322:, particularly
315:
212:
191:
168:
159:
150:
70:
63:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:Todd's paresis
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3681:Lafora disease
3678:
3676:MERRF syndrome
3673:
3668:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:Atonic seizure
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Simple partial
3514:
3510:
3508:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3464:Epileptologist
3461:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:Rebound effect
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3095:Hypersexuality
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2828:Panic disorder
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2795:Claustrophobia
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2778:Anthropophobia
2770:
2768:Social anxiety
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:Pick's disease
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2124:Classification
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1998:
1979:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:Classification
1946:
1945:
1926:
1879:
1836:
1793:
1753:
1734:
1699:
1670:(928): 545–8.
1650:
1613:(6): 491–505.
1590:
1539:
1487:
1446:
1403:
1388:
1361:
1318:
1262:
1235:(12): 1791–2.
1219:
1202:
1170:
1151:(8): 1020–40.
1135:
1114:(6): 529–547.
1094:
1079:
1053:
997:
954:
905:
866:
837:(6): 716–738.
814:
768:
733:
690:
644:
612:
569:
534:(2): 144–157.
511:
462:
448:(in Swedish).
432:
431:
429:
426:
402:
399:
386:
383:
355:
352:
346:
343:
333:
314:
311:
281:panic disorder
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
211:
208:
190:
187:
167:
164:
158:
155:
149:
146:
114:pseudoseizures
101:
100:
91:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
68:
65:
64:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3817:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:Organizations
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Seizure types
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Seizure types
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3316:
3312:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:Schizophrenia
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:Schizophrenia
3184:
3180:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Drug overdose
3137:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3087:Sexual desire
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:Social phobia
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2727:
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1419:(3): 205–16.
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1377:(2): 164–80.
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1080:9780128017722
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585:(4): 210–20.
584:
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320:Psychotherapy
312:
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292:
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286:
285:schizophrenia
282:
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90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3727:
3580:Tonic–clonic
3219:Folie Ă deux
3144:Intoxication
3125:substances,
3123:Psychoactive
3042:Night terror
2919:
2859:Dissociative
2823:Panic attack
2375:Tic disorder
2024:
2000:
1981:
1966:
1929:
1899:(1): 53–61.
1896:
1892:
1882:
1849:
1845:
1839:
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1796:
1771:. Retrieved
1743:
1737:
1715:(6): 626–7.
1712:
1708:
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1374:
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1364:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1286:
1282:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1212:, retrieved
1185:
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1138:
1111:
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1097:
1062:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1017:
1013:
1000:
967:
963:
957:
922:
918:
908:
883:
879:
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834:
830:
790:
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746:
742:
736:
706:(2): 141–6.
703:
699:
693:
660:
656:
637:, retrieved
625:
615:
582:
578:
572:
531:
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479:
475:
465:
454:. Retrieved
445:
436:
411:
404:
388:
375:
371:
358:
357:
348:
339:
334:
332:
316:
307:tonic-clonic
300:
293:
261:hypoglycemia
243:, including
237:
234:
213:
204:
192:
180:
176:
169:
160:
151:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:
59:
48:
3572:Generalised
3192:schizotypal
3027:Hypersomnia
3017:Nonorganic
2758:Agoraphobia
2489:Cyclothymia
2484:Bipolar NOS
2459:(affective)
2331:Stereotypic
2239:Kleptomania
1852:(1): 84–6.
1809:: 210–212.
970:(1): 9–14.
925:(1): 8–18.
401:Terminology
277:malingering
200:malingering
80:Other names
3595:Automatism
3442:Management
3344:Stereotypy
3207:Delusional
3196:delusional
3169:Withdrawal
3037:Parasomnia
2942:Nosophobia
2722:Adjustment
2710:somatoform
2643:Sundowning
2496:Depression
2479:Bipolar II
2368:Stuttering
2363:Cluttering
2159:Paraphilia
2071:Psychology
2059:Psychiatry
2007:D000091323
1773:2021-04-10
1214:2021-03-22
1047:2019-07-11
1020:: 157–82.
639:2023-05-05
626:StatPearls
456:2022-12-10
446:www.sbu.se
428:References
98:psychiatry
3297:Catatonia
3229:Psychosis
3064:Postnatal
3047:Nightmare
2653:Wandering
2506:Dysthymia
2474:Bipolar I
2429:Pervasive
2244:Pyromania
2169:Voyeurism
2164:Fetishism
2026:eMedicine
1913:1059-1311
1846:Neurology
1782:cite book
1627:2215-0366
1559:(2): 15.
1460:Epilepsia
1257:207101814
1229:Neurology
853:1294-9361
809:1687-8329
793:(1): 19.
749:: 48–70.
564:244660622
548:1468-330X
345:Prognosis
330:(SSRIs).
313:Treatment
303:prolactin
210:Diagnosis
148:Incidence
94:Neurology
89:Specialty
3799:Category
3533:Epilepsy
3513:Seizures
3394:epilepsy
3390:Seizures
3032:Insomnia
2702:Neurotic
2669:Delirium
2595:Dementia
2434:Specific
2083:Medicine
1937:Archived
1921:10091850
1866:20603487
1823:28865883
1767:Archived
1763:29953039
1729:20516161
1694:20748992
1645:32445688
1585:30699899
1534:32748572
1482:23458467
1441:25347605
1433:12791321
1383:10842446
1356:22132928
1348:16157474
1313:16085740
1249:14694050
1208:archived
1165:16472897
1130:31843732
1089:27719868
1038:Archived
1034:27084446
984:15652726
949:30565902
900:32388401
861:33399092
763:76265826
685:29678324
677:25882323
663:: 60–5.
634:28722901
607:25493204
599:21386814
556:34824146
506:28249881
407:misnomer
367:neuroses
249:migraine
157:Children
138:epilepsy
2741:Anxiety
2580:PDD-NOS
2469:Bipolar
2122: (
2045:Portals
1893:Seizure
1874:8631674
1831:3998786
1685:2221928
1636:7242906
1576:6406384
1525:7448150
1304:1743326
992:5178510
940:6306282
720:8167966
700:Seizure
497:5353491
412:Within
354:History
253:vertigo
245:syncope
55:Discuss
3401:Basics
2985:Eating
2833:Stress
2750:Phobia
2706:stress
2565:Autism
2358:Speech
2147:Sexual
1996:780.39
1992:300.11
1919:
1911:
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1829:
1821:
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494:
418:ICD-10
378:DSM-IV
287:, and
265:stroke
263:, and
257:anoxia
45:merged
3506:Focal
3290:Other
3019:sleep
2806:Other
2662:Other
2528:Mania
2200:Other
1977:F44.5
1870:S2CID
1827:S2CID
1437:S2CID
1352:S2CID
1253:S2CID
1041:(PDF)
1010:(PDF)
988:S2CID
759:S2CID
724:S2CID
681:S2CID
603:S2CID
560:S2CID
414:DSM-5
393:or a
391:curse
216:DSM-5
128:, or
47:into
3785:(UK)
3774:(UK)
3768:(US)
3757:(UK)
3751:(US)
3392:and
3194:and
2843:PTSD
2457:Mood
2297:ADHD
2002:MeSH
1987:9-CM
1917:PMID
1909:ISSN
1862:PMID
1819:PMID
1788:link
1759:OCLC
1749:ISBN
1725:PMID
1690:PMID
1641:PMID
1623:ISSN
1581:PMID
1530:PMID
1478:PMID
1429:PMID
1379:PMID
1344:PMID
1309:PMID
1245:PMID
1198:ISBN
1161:PMID
1126:PMID
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1075:ISBN
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980:PMID
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896:PMID
857:PMID
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805:ISSN
716:PMID
673:PMID
630:PMID
595:PMID
552:PMID
544:ISSN
502:PMID
480:2017
376:The
122:NEAD
110:PNES
3231:and
2818:OCD
2346:RAD
2341:DAD
2307:ODD
1983:ICD
1968:ICD
1901:doi
1854:doi
1811:doi
1717:doi
1713:167
1680:PMC
1672:doi
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1615:doi
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1512:doi
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1421:doi
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1067:doi
1022:doi
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476:BMJ
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