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anything, they simply spark and fade, so they do not cause any events whatsoever. For instance, let’s picture one accidentally cutting themself while chopping avocados. From the view of psychophysical parallelism, the physical neural reaction would not provoke the mental state of pain itself, rather pain would be triggered in coordination with the physical reaction. And so, the mind and the body do not affect each other. However, from the perspective of epiphenomenalism, the mental states of pain would be occasioned by the physical event of the neural reaction of cutting through the skin. The mental states of pain then irritation or sadness will occur and pass one after the other. Ultimately, the difference lies in the belief of correlation between mental and physical, which epiphenomenalism believes present, while parallelism does not.
282:, humans possess the monads that are able to exhibit the most complex type of comprehensive thinking. However, humans possess many types of monads, varying from very simple to very complex forms, which explains why the ideas we experience at times differ in clarity. Monads according to Leibniz can never be influenced by anything outside of themselves. Therefore, the only way that they can change is by internal development, or more specifically, by actualizing their potential. He believed monads never influence each other; it just seems like they do. Whenever we perceive a monad to be the cause of something, other monads are created in such a way as to seem like they are affecting the others. According to Leibniz, the entire universe was created by God to be in a
208:(1638–1715), occasionalism agrees that mind and body are separated but does not agree with Descartes's explanation of how the two interact. For Malebranche, God intercedes if there was a need for the mind and body to interact. For example, if the body is injured, God is aware of the injury and makes the mind, or the person (subject of experience), feel
212:. Likewise, if a person wants to move their hand, i.e. to grasp an object with their fingers, that want is made aware to God and then God makes the person's hand move. In reality, the mind and body are not actually in contact with each other, it just seems that way because God is intervening. Occasionalism can be considered as parallelism with
286:, so nothing in the universe actually influences anything else. Considering psychophysical parallelism thusly, you could imagine the mind and body as two identical clocks. The clocks will always be in agreement because of the pre-existing harmony between them, but will never interact. And like the two clocks, no interaction or
242:, are not related causally. Rather, they are two different means of comprehending one and the same reality. Thus, the human body has a corresponding idea, which is the human mind or soul. Whatever happens in the body always occurs in tandem with contents of the mind. Since everything that exists is a
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between them. As such, it affirms the correlation of mental and bodily events (since it accepts that when a mental event occurs, a corresponding physical effect occurs as well), but denies a direct cause and effect relation between mind and body. This coordination of mental and bodily events has been
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theory which dictates that every process stems from a cause and expresses consequences of its respective nature. (i.e.: A physical cause initiates a physical process which, in turn, results in a physical consequence. This can be applied to a mental nature). This implies that the mental and physical
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causality. Psychophysical parallelism is the ideology that the mind and the body hold no interaction between them, but that they are synchronized. On the other hand, epiphenomenalism proclaims that mental occurrences can be triggered by physical ones, but that mental occurrences do not affect
118:, and there happens to be a correspondence between the two but neither causes the other. That is to say that the physical event of burning your finger and the mental event of feeling pain happen to occur simultaneously as a response to contact with a hot object—one does not cause the other.
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Psychophysical parallelism accordingly provides a solution for dualists. Psychophysical parallelism explains that the mental mind and the physical body undergo the same experiences in a parallel fashion. Ergo, they do not interact with one another, but they act and react cohesively and
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maintains concerning parallelism: "The assertion is that to every particular change in the mind there corresponds a certain change in the brain which this mind animates, and that to every change in the brain there corresponds a certain change in the mind which animates this brain."
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Parallelism is a theory which is related to dualism and which suggests that although there is a correlation between mental and physical events there is not any causal relationship. The body and mind do not interact with each other but simply operate independently of each other, in
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simultaneously. This theory offers an explanation on behalf of dualism : the mind and body remain two distinct properties of humans, yet they do not interact with each other. They rather function in parallel to each other : coordinated but independent.
183:. In the world of dualism, the mind and body are two entirely separate constituents which continuously interact with each other, in order for the human being to function as a whole. Causation therefore fundamentally discredits dualism.
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554:(Print ed.). Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
385:, Chapter III: The Traditional Problem of Body and Mind.
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82:with each other. On this view, mental and bodily
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143:Psychophysical parallelism can be compared to
139:Psychophysical parallelism v. epiphenomenalism
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200:A prominent version of parallelism is called
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102:) and one-way body-to-mind causality (e.g.,
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44:) or at the time of the event (as in the
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270:, meaning "single"). Similar to living
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98:and body, between interaction (e.g.,
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234:, the two attributes of God, namely
453:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
363:"Parallelism, Psychophysical"
337:"Psycho-Physical Parallelism"
228:, as mentioned in his publication
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521:The Mind and Its Place in Nature
340:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
123:The Mind and its Place in Nature
413:10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0372
334:Walker, Leslie Joseph (1911).
134:Relation to other philosophies
78:-God, which go as one without
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1039:Hard problem of consciousness
535:. Routledge. pp. 27–29.
1258:Dualism (philosophy of mind)
404:Oxford Bibliographies Online
52:) or, finally, according to
167:, causal interactionism or
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550:Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009).
156:Relation to causal closure
25:psychophysical parallelism
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761:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
751:David Lewis (philosopher)
442:Yalowitz, Steven (2019).
260:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
395:Donaldson, John (2018).
889:Eliminative materialism
369:Encyclopædia Britannica
300:Metaphysical naturalism
284:pre-established harmony
42:pre-established harmony
1141:Propositional attitude
1136:Problem of other minds
1044:Hypostatic abstraction
315:Spinozism: Parallelism
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1212:Philosophers category
1116:Mental representation
879:Biological naturalism
766:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
741:Frank Cameron Jackson
343:Catholic Encyclopedia
163:(also referred to as
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70:are two of infinite
16:Philosophical theory
1253:Metaphysics of mind
1091:Language of thought
841:Ludwig Wittgenstein
671:Patricia Churchland
305:Mind–body dichotomy
258:German philosopher
250:pluralist version.
206:Nicolas Malebranche
50:Nicolas Malebranche
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590:Philosophy of mind
398:"Mental Causation"
33:causal interaction
21:philosophy of mind
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988:Substance dualism
606:G. E. M. Anscombe
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422:978-0-19-539657-7
121:In his 1925 book
100:Mind–body dualism
38:Gottfried Leibniz
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961:Physicalism
946:Parallelism
874:Behaviorism
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826:Alan Turing
811:John Searle
686:Dharmakirti
661:Tyler Burge
656:C. D. Broad
196:Malebranche
127:C. D. Broad
104:materialism
80:interacting
40:'s idea of
29:parallelism
27:(or simply
1237:Categories
1222:Task Force
1190:perception
1064:Artificial
1014:Creativity
936:Nondualism
836:Vasubandhu
756:John Locke
726:David Hume
681:Andy Clark
529:Heil, John
510:References
459:2022-10-22
428:2022-10-22
383:Broad 1925
72:attributes
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1019:Cognition
983:Solipsism
646:Ned Block
616:Armstrong
611:Aristotle
288:causation
248:Leibniz's
240:extension
171:) is the
169:causation
84:phenomena
76:Substance
1207:Category
1054:Identity
997:Concepts
867:Theories
851:Zhuangzi
781:Alva Noë
531:(2004).
519:(1925).
294:See also
116:parallel
90:Overview
1217:Project
1170:Related
1029:Concept
884:Dualism
857:more...
716:Goldman
446:(ed.).
254:Leibniz
236:thought
220:Spinoza
191:History
181:dualism
19:In the
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264:monads
231:Ethics
214:divine
68:matter
59:Ethics
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321:Notes
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1121:Mind
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