85:
27:
1936:
felt hats and were wrapped in woolen fabrics. On their chests, twigs of ephedra have been discovered. Grave goods in these tombs include bone ornaments, antler awls, wooden basins, stone implements, and bowls. Although traces of metal, both copper and bronze, have been discovered, no evidence of ceramics have been found. The physical type of these burials have been connected those of the earlier
1970:
1955:
The differences of the two types of Qäwrighul burial has been variously interpreted. Some have explained them as belonging to people with different status belonging to the same culture, while others have explained them as belonging chronologically separate cultures belonging to different populations.
2208:
Such mummies have now been found throughout the Tarim Basin, among which the earliest are those found in the lowest layers of the cemeteries at
Gumugou (2135–1939 bc), Xiaohe (1884–1736 bc) and Beifang (1785–1664 bc) (Fig. 1, Extended Data Fig. 1 and Extended Data Table 1). These and related Bronze
1935:
The first type of Qäwrighul tomb is characterized by shaft graves. These included evidence of wooden planking. Sometimes, wooden poles were erected on the western and eastern ends of the chamber. The deceased in these tombs were buried in an extended position with their heads to the east. They bore
2368:
the argument for possible
Afanasievo-Xinjiang contact based on the finds at the Gumugou cemetery in the north-eastern rim of the Tarim basin would seem reasonable and needs to be kept open for the future archaeological finds. In other words, the possibility for the dispersal of early copperbased
1993:. A revised craniometric analyses by Hemphill & Mallory (2004) on the early Tarim mummies (Qäwrighul) failed to demonstrate close phenetic affinities to "Europoid populations", but rather found that they formed their own cluster, distinct from the European-related Steppe pastoralists of the
2273:
The results fail to demonstrate close phenetic affinities between the early inhabitants of Qa¨wrighul and any of the proposed sources for immigrants to the Tarim Basin. The absence of close affinities to outside populations renders it unlikely that the human remains recovered from Qa¨wrighul
1943:
The second type of Qäwrighul was characterised by shaft graves surrounded by concentric circles of poles. Other poles radiate out to form what appears to be solar symbols. The burials are exclusively confined to males. The forms of pole circles have been compared to the
1989:. The physical type of the Qäwrighul people is similar to that of people of the earlier Afanasievo culture, and people of the contemporary Andronovo culture. On this basis, the Qäwrighul culture has been considered a possible candidate as an ancestor of the
1985:. Its burials in shaft-graves, lined with stone or timber, and surrounded by enclosures, and the presence of offering-places associated with the heads and legs of horses, are strikingly similar to the graves of cultures located further west on the
2161:
The Xiaohe culture is known from two key sites, the Xiaohe
Cemetery itself (Xiaohe Archaeological Team, 2004; Xiaohe Archaeological Team, 2005; Xiaohe Archaeological Team, 2007) and the cemetery of Gumuguo (Han, 1986; Wang, 2014) in the same
1931:
burial sites, going back to 2135–1939 BCE for its lowest layers. The best attested of these are the cemeteries of Qäwrighul itself, in which at least forty-two burials have been uncovered. Qäwrighul tombs are divided into two types.
2369:
metallurgy from the
Eurasian steppe into Xinjiang and further east to Gansu cannot be excluded at present and will have to be considered when further archaeological evidence becomes available.
2274:
represent the unadmixed remains of colonists from the
Afanasievo or Andronovo cultures of the steppe lands, or inhabitants of the urban centers of the Oxus civilization of Bactria.
2286:
Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley; Fu, Qiaomei; Bjørn, Rasmus; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Wang, Wenjun; Fan, Linyuan; Abuduresule, Idilisi; Hu, Xingjun (November 2021).
1870:
1966:
From the limited remains of the Qäwrighul culture it appears that their economy included wheat, sheep, goat and horses. Deer and fish have also been discovered.
1834:
2257:
2002:
1032:
2020:
origin, but recent evidence suggests that the mummies belonged to a distinct population unrelated to later Indo-European pastoralists, such as
Afanasievo.
2028:
Archaeological finds at the
Gumugou cemetery have reinforced the theory of the transmission of bronze technology through contacts between the
1841:
1813:
2531:
1798:
2408:
1863:
1820:
751:
2512:
2480:
2440:
84:
1827:
591:
102:
862:
1683:
1458:
2352:
1856:
1428:
697:
634:
435:
321:
2536:
1116:
692:
619:
430:
425:
420:
315:
1433:
928:
629:
508:
494:
475:
771:
729:
329:
1473:
1438:
1111:
415:
757:
1623:
1443:
974:
806:
653:
455:
410:
405:
325:
2209:
Age sites are grouped within the Xiaohe archaeological horizon on the basis of their shared material culture
1628:
1355:
465:
460:
450:
94:
2386:
2132:
2009:
1618:
1590:
1374:
1276:
1042:
888:
512:
350:
242:
181:
136:
76:
68:
1765:
1594:
502:
498:
483:
479:
989:
2299:
1711:
1676:
857:
672:
624:
561:
531:
489:
469:
333:
187:
1981:. It is argued that these are the earliest evidence for the presence of Europoid populations in the
2472:
2432:
1927:
The Qäwrighul culture is primarily known for its cemeteries. It is considered as the oldest of the
984:
979:
875:
799:
764:
687:
677:
536:
237:
232:
201:
2008:
Autosomal genetic evidence suggests that the earliest Tarim people arose from locals of primarily
2077:
2029:
1998:
1937:
1690:
1641:
1575:
1559:
1184:
837:
576:
262:
167:
162:
2504:
2508:
2476:
2436:
2404:
2333:
2315:
2152:
2013:
1994:
1949:
1704:
1670:
1662:
1606:
1600:
1582:
1553:
1532:
1518:
1510:
1280:
1141:
1081:
1063:
1004:
999:
994:
961:
956:
785:
648:
297:
290:
283:
269:
255:
215:
194:
131:
123:
2462:
2422:
2400:
2323:
2307:
2197:
2187:
2144:
2072:
2041:
1698:
1648:
1465:
1271:
1159:
1099:
1076:
1019:
1014:
951:
938:
933:
923:
596:
209:
157:
149:
142:
1986:
1779:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1719:
1655:
1634:
1612:
1197:
1086:
1009:
918:
851:
792:
658:
390:
375:
365:
360:
276:
248:
2258:"A Craniometric Investigation of The Bronze Age Settlement of Xinjiang - Important | PDF"
1952:. The physical type of these burials are also similar to those of the Andronovo culture.
2303:
2494:
2328:
2287:
2202:
2067:
1916:
1524:
1391:
1266:
824:
778:
746:
682:
173:
26:
2500:
The Tarim
Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
2525:
2490:
2458:
2418:
2390:
2057:
2045:
1960:
1928:
1912:
1904:
1784:
1248:
1164:
881:
739:
355:
2082:
1945:
1733:
1403:
1241:
715:
586:
385:
380:
370:
2498:
2466:
2426:
2394:
1977:
According to
Mallory & Adams (1997) the remains of the Qäwrighul culture are
2062:
1982:
1888:
1379:
1365:
1329:
1037:
37:
2311:
2192:
2148:
2017:
1990:
1969:
1900:
1342:
1256:
1134:
899:
48:
2319:
2175:
2156:
2133:"A new hypothesis for early Bronze Age cultural diversity in Xinjiang, China"
1959:
The preservation of the bodies range from poor to incredible well preserved
1545:
1322:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1286:
1154:
601:
571:
2353:"Cultural Interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age"
2337:
2033:
1978:
1908:
1488:
1479:
1370:
1171:
1146:
1050:
541:
117:
1538:
1502:
1495:
1293:
913:
566:
546:
1261:
1215:
734:
551:
2037:
1968:
1360:
1234:
1228:
1210:
581:
556:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2016:
admixture. These mummies have previously been suggested to be of
1752:
1911:
from ca. 2100 BC to 1500 BC, and is one of the cultures of the
1963:. Which is a result of the arid sandy conditions of the area.
2288:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
2176:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
2174:
Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley (11 November 2021).
2131:
Betts, A.; Jia, P.; Abuduresule, I. (1 March 2019).
54:
43:
33:
1919:, with its Xiaohe cemetery slightly to the south.
1864:
8:
2220:
2118:
19:
1973:Site of Gumugou within the Tarim Basin area
2001:, or the inhabitants of the Western Asian
1871:
1857:
1835:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
63:
25:
2327:
2201:
2191:
2244:
2232:
2094:
75:
18:
2468:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2428:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1842:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1814:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
7:
2036:, with further transmission to the
1903:culture which flourished along the
1799:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
2360:Proceedings of the British Academy
1915:. It is considered as part of the
1821:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
2024:Transmission of bronze technology
1828:Journal of Indo-European Studies
592:Bible translations into Armenian
83:
2396:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
2137:Archaeological Research in Asia
103:List of Indo-European languages
2040:region in northwestern China (
1:
2465:(1997). "Qäwrighul Culture".
1429:Proto-Indo-European mythology
698:Paleolithic continuity theory
1117:Northern Black Polished Ware
316:Proto-Indo-European language
2532:Bronze Age cultures of Asia
1434:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
2553:
2312:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
2193:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
730:Domestication of the horse
2149:10.1016/j.ara.2018.04.001
2012:descent with significant
1439:Historical Vedic religion
716:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
24:
2221:Mallory & Adams 1997
2119:Mallory & Adams 1997
1444:Ancient Iranian religion
807:Novotitarovskaya culture
654:Indo-European migrations
945:Northern/Eastern Steppe
2010:Ancient North Eurasian
1974:
1948:characteristic of the
1899:in Chinese) is a late
1416:Religion and mythology
1375:Medieval Scandinavians
666:Alternative and fringe
16:Archaeological culture
2351:JIANJUN, MEI (2003).
1972:
1766:Indo-European studies
1129:Peoples and societies
2475:. pp. 473–474.
2473:Taylor & Francis
2433:Taylor & Francis
673:Anatolian hypothesis
625:Proto-Indo-Europeans
532:Hittite inscriptions
77:Indo-European topics
2537:Bronze Age in China
2505:Thames & Hudson
2304:2021Natur.599..256Z
2121:, pp. 473–474.
1999:Afanasievo cultures
929:Multi-cordoned ware
800:Mikhaylovka culture
688:Indigenous Aryanism
678:Armenian hypothesis
537:Hieroglyphic Luwian
21:
2078:Tazabagyab culture
2030:Afanasievo culture
1975:
1938:Afanasievo culture
509:Proto-Indo-Iranian
495:Proto-Balto-Slavic
476:Proto-Italo-Celtic
34:Geographical range
2463:Adams, Douglas Q.
2423:Adams, Douglas Q.
2387:Kuzmina, Elena E.
2298:(7884): 256–261.
2186:(7884): 256–261.
1950:Andronovo culture
1895:, also named 古墓溝
1885:Qäwrighul culture
1881:
1880:
1142:Anatolian peoples
1112:Painted Grey Ware
1000:Nordic Bronze Age
649:Kurgan hypothesis
602:Old Irish glosses
567:Gaulish epigraphy
62:
61:
20:Qäwrighul culture
2544:
2518:
2486:
2446:
2414:
2372:
2371:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2195:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2073:Bishkent culture
2042:Majiayao culture
1873:
1866:
1859:
1714:
1707:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1562:
1548:
1541:
1527:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1482:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1272:Germanic peoples
1262:Hellenic peoples
1251:
1244:
1237:
1160:Mycenaean Greeks
1149:
1077:Thraco-Cimmerian
975:Globular Amphora
952:Abashevo culture
891:
884:
854:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
597:Tocharian script
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
251:
218:
204:
197:
190:
176:
152:
145:
126:
87:
64:
58:ca. 2100–1500 BC
29:
22:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2495:Mair, Victor H.
2489:
2483:
2457:
2454:
2452:Further reading
2449:
2443:
2417:
2411:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2096:
2091:
2054:
2026:
2014:Northeast Asian
1987:Eurasian Steppe
1925:
1923:Characteristics
1877:
1848:
1847:
1780:Marija Gimbutas
1768:
1758:
1757:
1749:Winter solstice
1739:Horse sacrifice
1710:
1703:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1586:
1571:
1558:
1544:
1537:
1523:
1514:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1448:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1351:
1338:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1224:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1151:
1145:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1095:
1072:
1059:
1047:
1028:
970:
947:
909:
902:
896:
887:
880:
871:
869:Northern Europe
850:
846:
833:
820:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
752:Steppe cultures
725:
718:
711:
703:
702:
693:Baltic homeland
667:
663:
659:Eurasian nomads
643:
639:
615:
607:
606:
577:Runic epigraphy
572:Latin epigraphy
527:
519:
518:
456:Proto-Anatolian
440:
395:
391:Thraco-Illyrian
376:Graeco-Phrygian
366:Graeco-Armenian
361:Graeco-Albanian
340:
318:
305:
296:
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
214:
200:
193:
186:
172:
148:
141:
122:
107:
99:
97:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2491:Mallory, J. P.
2487:
2481:
2459:Mallory, J. P.
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2419:Mallory, J. P.
2415:
2410:978-9004160545
2409:
2391:Mallory, J. P.
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2343:
2278:
2249:
2247:, p. 252.
2237:
2235:, p. 170.
2225:
2223:, p. 593.
2213:
2166:
2123:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:Vakhsh culture
2065:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2025:
2022:
1924:
1921:
1917:Xiaohe culture
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:Fire sacrifice
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:Zoroastrianism
1507:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1392:Medieval India
1383:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1274:
1269:
1267:Italic peoples
1264:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1043:Gandhara grave
1040:
1035:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
965:
964:
959:
954:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
904:
903:
895:
894:
893:
892:
889:Middle Dnieper
885:
866:
865:
860:
855:
844:Eastern Europe
841:
840:
828:
827:
815:
814:
813:
812:
811:
810:
803:
789:
782:
775:
772:Dnieper–Donets
768:
761:
749:
747:Kurgan culture
744:
743:
742:
732:
720:
719:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
683:Beech argument
680:
675:
669:
668:
662:
661:
656:
651:
645:
644:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
506:
492:
487:
473:
466:Proto-Germanic
463:
461:Proto-Armenian
458:
453:
451:Proto-Albanian
447:
446:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
401:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
347:
346:
339:
338:
337:
336:
312:
311:
304:
303:
302:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
240:
235:
229:
228:
222:
221:
220:
219:
207:
206:
205:
198:
191:
179:
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165:
160:
155:
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146:
134:
129:
128:
127:
114:
113:
106:
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98:
93:
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73:
72:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
45:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2549:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2514:9780500283721
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2482:9781884964985
2478:
2474:
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2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2442:9781884964985
2438:
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2430:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Chust culture
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2046:Qijia culture
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:stone circles
1941:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1929:Tarim mummies
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:Tarim mummies
1910:
1906:
1905:Kongque River
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:J. P. Mallory
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:Reconstructed
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1249:Insular Celts
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:Indo-Iranians
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
969:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
946:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
908:
907:Pontic Steppe
901:
898:
897:
890:
886:
883:
879:
878:
877:
874:
873:
872:
870:
864:
861:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
847:
845:
839:
836:
835:
834:
832:
826:
823:
822:
821:
819:
808:
804:
801:
797:
796:
794:
790:
787:
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
766:
762:
759:
755:
754:
753:
750:
748:
745:
741:
740:Kurgan stelae
738:
737:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
724:
723:Pontic Steppe
717:
714:
713:
707:
706:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
665:
664:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
641:
640:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
611:
610:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
523:
522:
514:
513:Proto-Iranian
510:
507:
504:
500:
496:
493:
491:
488:
485:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
400:
397:
396:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
356:Daco-Thracian
354:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
341:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
319:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:Reconstructed
307:
306:
299:
295:
292:
288:
285:
281:
278:
274:
271:
267:
264:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
245:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
223:
217:
213:
212:
211:
208:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
184:
183:
180:
175:
171:
170:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
151:
147:
144:
140:
139:
138:
135:
133:
130:
125:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
108:
104:
101:
100:
96:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2499:
2467:
2427:
2395:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2346:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2272:
2265:. Retrieved
2261:
2252:
2245:Kuzmina 2007
2240:
2233:Kuzmina 2007
2228:
2216:
2207:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2160:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2083:Swat culture
2027:
2007:
1976:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1896:
1892:
1891:cemetery of
1884:
1882:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1806:Publications
1805:
1791:
1772:
1726:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:Paleo-Balkan
1581:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1509:
1508:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1421:
1404:Greater Iran
1397:
1396:
1385:
1384:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1277:Paleo-Balkan
1242:Celtiberians
1221:
1220:
1203:
1202:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1176:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1055:
1025:
1024:
967:
966:
944:
943:
906:
905:
868:
867:
843:
842:
830:
829:
817:
816:
758:Bug–Dniester
722:
721:
587:Gothic Bible
503:Proto-Baltic
499:Proto-Slavic
484:Proto-Italic
480:Proto-Celtic
443:
398:
386:Italo-Celtic
381:Indo-Hittite
371:Graeco-Aryan
344:Hypothetical
343:
308:
243:Paleo-Balkan
225:
182:Indo-Iranian
137:Balto-Slavic
110:
2143:: 204–213.
2063:Yaz culture
1983:Tarim Basin
1889:Tarim Basin
1887:(after the
1684:Continental
1677:Anglo-Saxon
1380:Middle Ages
1330:Middle Ages
1185:Indo-Aryans
1178:Indo-Aryans
985:Bell Beaker
980:Corded ware
876:Corded ware
765:Sredny Stog
710:Archaeology
490:Proto-Greek
470:Proto-Norse
38:Tarim Basin
2526:Categories
2089:References
1991:Tocharians
1901:Bronze Age
1792:Institutes
1712:Lithuanian
1466:Indo-Aryan
1452:Historical
1386:Indo-Aryan
1343:Tocharians
1257:Cimmerians
1135:Bronze Age
1026:South Asia
900:Bronze Age
838:Afanasievo
642:Mainstream
406:Vocabulary
326:Sound laws
188:Indo-Aryan
49:Bronze Age
2320:1476-4687
2157:2352-2267
2018:Tocharian
2005:culture.
1995:Andronovo
1893:Qäwrighul
1727:Practices
1546:Yarsanism
1356:Albanians
1336:East Asia
1323:Scythians
1315:Phrygians
1308:Paeonians
1301:Illyrians
1287:Thracians
1204:East Asia
1155:Armenians
1082:Hallstatt
1064:Chernoles
1005:Terramare
995:Trzciniec
962:Sintashta
957:Andronovo
858:Cernavodă
831:East Asia
786:Khvalynsk
526:Philology
436:Particles
322:Phonology
263:Liburnian
238:Tocharian
233:Anatolian
202:Nuristani
95:Languages
2497:(2008).
2425:(1997).
2389:(2007).
2366:: 1–39.
2338:34707286
2052:See also
2034:Xinjiang
1979:Europoid
1909:Xinjiang
1773:Scholars
1671:Germanic
1642:Scottish
1607:Thracian
1601:Illyrian
1595:Albanian
1583:European
1576:Armenian
1560:Ossetian
1554:Scythian
1539:Yazidism
1489:Buddhism
1480:Hinduism
1371:Norsemen
1281:Anatolia
1198:Iranians
1191:Iranians
1172:Iron Age
1147:Hittites
1100:Colchian
1093:Caucasus
1051:Iron Age
1020:Lusatian
1015:Urnfield
939:Srubnaya
934:Poltavka
924:Catacomb
863:Cucuteni
818:Caucasus
635:Religion
620:Homeland
562:Behistun
542:Linear B
431:Numerals
426:Pronouns
351:Balkanic
298:Thracian
291:Phrygian
284:Paeonian
270:Messapic
256:Illyrian
168:Hellenic
163:Germanic
132:Armenian
124:Albanian
118:Albanoid
69:a series
67:Part of
2393:(ed.).
2379:Sources
2329:8580821
2300:Bibcode
2267:4 April
2203:8580821
2162:region.
1961:mummies
1897:Gumugou
1705:Latvian
1663:Cornish
1533:Kurdish
1519:Persian
1511:Iranian
1503:Sikhism
1496:Jainism
1459:Hittite
1398:Iranian
1294:Dacians
1087:Jastorf
1010:Tumulus
990:Únětice
919:Yamnaya
914:Chariot
852:Usatovo
793:Yamnaya
630:Society
614:Origins
547:Rigveda
399:Grammar
226:Extinct
216:Romance
195:Iranian
2511:
2479:
2439:
2407:
2336:
2326:
2318:
2292:Nature
2262:Scribd
2200:
2180:Nature
2155:
1720:Slavic
1699:Baltic
1649:Breton
1629:Celtic
1613:Dacian
1569:Others
1349:Europe
1222:Europe
1216:Yuezhi
1070:Europe
1057:Steppe
968:Europe
825:Maykop
779:Samara
735:Kurgan
552:Avesta
334:Ablaut
330:Accent
277:Mysian
249:Dacian
210:Italic
158:Celtic
150:Slavic
143:Baltic
111:Extant
44:Period
2401:BRILL
2356:(PDF)
2038:Gansu
1691:Norse
1656:Welsh
1635:Irish
1624:Roman
1619:Greek
1474:Vedic
1366:Slavs
1361:Balts
1235:Gauls
1229:Celts
1211:Wusun
1106:India
882:Baden
582:Ogham
557:Homer
444:Other
421:Nouns
416:Verbs
174:Greek
55:Dates
47:Late
2509:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2334:PMID
2316:ISSN
2269:2023
2153:ISSN
2044:and
2032:and
2003:BMAC
1997:and
1883:The
1753:Yule
1744:Sati
1033:BMAC
411:Root
2364:121
2324:PMC
2308:doi
2296:599
2198:PMC
2188:doi
2184:599
2145:doi
2048:).
1907:in
1038:Yaz
2528::
2507:.
2503:.
2493:;
2471:.
2461:;
2435:.
2431:.
2421:;
2403:.
2399:.
2362:.
2358:.
2332:.
2322:.
2314:.
2306:.
2294:.
2290:.
2271:.
2260:.
2206:.
2196:.
2182:.
2178:.
2159:.
2151:.
2141:17
2139:.
2135:.
2097:^
1940:.
1150:)
501:·
482:·
332:,
328:,
324::
71:on
2517:.
2485:.
2445:.
2413:.
2340:.
2310::
2302::
2190::
2147::
1872:e
1865:t
1858:v
1751:/
1615:)
1610:·
1604:·
1598:·
1593:(
1373:/
1279:/
1144:(
515:)
511:(
505:)
497:(
486:)
478:(
472:)
468:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
