96:
38:
1947:
felt hats and were wrapped in woolen fabrics. On their chests, twigs of ephedra have been discovered. Grave goods in these tombs include bone ornaments, antler awls, wooden basins, stone implements, and bowls. Although traces of metal, both copper and bronze, have been discovered, no evidence of ceramics have been found. The physical type of these burials have been connected those of the earlier
1981:
1966:
The differences of the two types of Qäwrighul burial has been variously interpreted. Some have explained them as belonging to people with different status belonging to the same culture, while others have explained them as belonging chronologically separate cultures belonging to different populations.
2219:
Such mummies have now been found throughout the Tarim Basin, among which the earliest are those found in the lowest layers of the cemeteries at
Gumugou (2135–1939 bc), Xiaohe (1884–1736 bc) and Beifang (1785–1664 bc) (Fig. 1, Extended Data Fig. 1 and Extended Data Table 1). These and related Bronze
1946:
The first type of Qäwrighul tomb is characterized by shaft graves. These included evidence of wooden planking. Sometimes, wooden poles were erected on the western and eastern ends of the chamber. The deceased in these tombs were buried in an extended position with their heads to the east. They bore
2379:
the argument for possible
Afanasievo-Xinjiang contact based on the finds at the Gumugou cemetery in the north-eastern rim of the Tarim basin would seem reasonable and needs to be kept open for the future archaeological finds. In other words, the possibility for the dispersal of early copperbased
2004:. A revised craniometric analyses by Hemphill & Mallory (2004) on the early Tarim mummies (Qäwrighul) failed to demonstrate close phenetic affinities to "Europoid populations", but rather found that they formed their own cluster, distinct from the European-related Steppe pastoralists of the
2284:
The results fail to demonstrate close phenetic affinities between the early inhabitants of Qa¨wrighul and any of the proposed sources for immigrants to the Tarim Basin. The absence of close affinities to outside populations renders it unlikely that the human remains recovered from Qa¨wrighul
1954:
The second type of Qäwrighul was characterised by shaft graves surrounded by concentric circles of poles. Other poles radiate out to form what appears to be solar symbols. The burials are exclusively confined to males. The forms of pole circles have been compared to the
2000:. The physical type of the Qäwrighul people is similar to that of people of the earlier Afanasievo culture, and people of the contemporary Andronovo culture. On this basis, the Qäwrighul culture has been considered a possible candidate as an ancestor of the
1996:. Its burials in shaft-graves, lined with stone or timber, and surrounded by enclosures, and the presence of offering-places associated with the heads and legs of horses, are strikingly similar to the graves of cultures located further west on the
2172:
The Xiaohe culture is known from two key sites, the Xiaohe
Cemetery itself (Xiaohe Archaeological Team, 2004; Xiaohe Archaeological Team, 2005; Xiaohe Archaeological Team, 2007) and the cemetery of Gumuguo (Han, 1986; Wang, 2014) in the same
1942:
burial sites, going back to 2135–1939 BCE for its lowest layers. The best attested of these are the cemeteries of Qäwrighul itself, in which at least forty-two burials have been uncovered. Qäwrighul tombs are divided into two types.
2380:
metallurgy from the
Eurasian steppe into Xinjiang and further east to Gansu cannot be excluded at present and will have to be considered when further archaeological evidence becomes available.
2285:
represent the unadmixed remains of colonists from the
Afanasievo or Andronovo cultures of the steppe lands, or inhabitants of the urban centers of the Oxus civilization of Bactria.
2297:
Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley; Fu, Qiaomei; Bjørn, Rasmus; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Wang, Wenjun; Fan, Linyuan; Abuduresule, Idilisi; Hu, Xingjun (November 2021).
1881:
1977:
From the limited remains of the Qäwrighul culture it appears that their economy included wheat, sheep, goat and horses. Deer and fish have also been discovered.
1845:
2268:
2013:
1043:
2031:
origin, but recent evidence suggests that the mummies belonged to a distinct population unrelated to later Indo-European pastoralists, such as
Afanasievo.
2039:
Archaeological finds at the
Gumugou cemetery have reinforced the theory of the transmission of bronze technology through contacts between the
1852:
1824:
2542:
1809:
2419:
1874:
1831:
762:
2523:
2491:
2451:
95:
1838:
602:
113:
873:
1694:
1469:
2363:
1867:
1439:
708:
645:
446:
332:
2547:
1127:
703:
630:
441:
436:
431:
326:
1444:
939:
640:
519:
505:
486:
782:
740:
340:
1484:
1449:
1122:
426:
768:
1634:
1454:
985:
817:
664:
466:
421:
416:
336:
2220:
Age sites are grouped within the Xiaohe archaeological horizon on the basis of their shared material culture
1639:
1366:
476:
471:
461:
105:
2397:
2143:
2020:
1629:
1601:
1385:
1287:
1053:
899:
523:
361:
253:
192:
147:
87:
79:
1776:
1605:
513:
509:
494:
490:
1000:
2310:
1722:
1687:
868:
683:
635:
572:
542:
500:
480:
344:
198:
1992:. It is argued that these are the earliest evidence for the presence of Europoid populations in the
2483:
2443:
1938:
The Qäwrighul culture is primarily known for its cemeteries. It is considered as the oldest of the
995:
990:
886:
810:
775:
698:
688:
547:
248:
243:
212:
2019:
Autosomal genetic evidence suggests that the earliest Tarim people arose from locals of primarily
2088:
2040:
2009:
1948:
1701:
1652:
1586:
1570:
1195:
848:
587:
273:
178:
173:
2515:
2519:
2487:
2447:
2415:
2344:
2326:
2163:
2024:
2005:
1960:
1715:
1681:
1673:
1617:
1611:
1593:
1564:
1543:
1529:
1521:
1291:
1152:
1092:
1074:
1015:
1010:
1005:
972:
967:
796:
659:
308:
301:
294:
280:
266:
226:
205:
142:
134:
2473:
2433:
2411:
2334:
2318:
2208:
2198:
2155:
2083:
2052:
1709:
1659:
1476:
1282:
1170:
1110:
1087:
1030:
1025:
962:
949:
944:
934:
607:
220:
168:
160:
153:
1997:
1790:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1730:
1666:
1645:
1623:
1208:
1097:
1020:
929:
862:
803:
669:
401:
386:
376:
371:
287:
259:
2269:"A Craniometric Investigation of The Bronze Age Settlement of Xinjiang - Important | PDF"
1963:. The physical type of these burials are also similar to those of the Andronovo culture.
2314:
2505:
2339:
2298:
2213:
2078:
1927:
1535:
1402:
1277:
835:
789:
757:
693:
184:
37:
2511:
The Tarim
Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
2536:
2501:
2469:
2429:
2401:
2068:
2056:
1971:
1939:
1923:
1915:
1795:
1259:
1175:
892:
750:
366:
2093:
1956:
1744:
1414:
1252:
726:
597:
396:
391:
381:
2509:
2477:
2437:
2405:
1988:
According to
Mallory & Adams (1997) the remains of the Qäwrighul culture are
2073:
1993:
1899:
1390:
1376:
1340:
1048:
48:
2322:
2203:
2159:
2028:
2001:
1980:
1911:
1353:
1267:
1145:
910:
59:
2330:
2186:
2167:
2144:"A new hypothesis for early Bronze Age cultural diversity in Xinjiang, China"
1970:
The preservation of the bodies range from poor to incredible well preserved
1556:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1297:
1165:
612:
582:
2364:"Cultural Interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age"
2348:
2044:
1989:
1919:
1499:
1490:
1381:
1182:
1157:
1061:
552:
128:
1549:
1513:
1506:
1304:
924:
577:
557:
17:
1272:
1226:
745:
562:
2048:
1979:
1371:
1245:
1239:
1221:
592:
567:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2027:
admixture. These mummies have previously been suggested to be of
1763:
1922:
from ca. 2100 BC to 1500 BC, and is one of the cultures of the
1974:. Which is a result of the arid sandy conditions of the area.
2299:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
2187:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
2185:
Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley (11 November 2021).
2142:
Betts, A.; Jia, P.; Abuduresule, I. (1 March 2019).
65:
54:
44:
1930:, with its Xiaohe cemetery slightly to the south.
1875:
8:
2231:
2129:
30:
1984:Site of Gumugou within the Tarim Basin area
2012:, or the inhabitants of the Western Asian
1882:
1868:
1846:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
74:
36:
2338:
2212:
2202:
2255:
2243:
2105:
86:
29:
2479:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2439:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1853:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1825:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
7:
2047:, with further transmission to the
1914:culture which flourished along the
1810:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
2371:Proceedings of the British Academy
1926:. It is considered as part of the
1832:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
25:
2035:Transmission of bronze technology
1839:Journal of Indo-European Studies
603:Bible translations into Armenian
94:
2407:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
2148:Archaeological Research in Asia
114:List of Indo-European languages
2051:region in northwestern China (
1:
2476:(1997). "Qäwrighul Culture".
1440:Proto-Indo-European mythology
709:Paleolithic continuity theory
1128:Northern Black Polished Ware
327:Proto-Indo-European language
2543:Bronze Age cultures of Asia
1445:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
2564:
2323:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
2204:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
741:Domestication of the horse
2160:10.1016/j.ara.2018.04.001
2023:descent with significant
1450:Historical Vedic religion
727:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
35:
2232:Mallory & Adams 1997
2130:Mallory & Adams 1997
1455:Ancient Iranian religion
818:Novotitarovskaya culture
665:Indo-European migrations
956:Northern/Eastern Steppe
2021:Ancient North Eurasian
1985:
1959:characteristic of the
1910:in Chinese) is a late
1427:Religion and mythology
1386:Medieval Scandinavians
677:Alternative and fringe
27:Archaeological culture
2362:JIANJUN, MEI (2003).
1983:
1777:Indo-European studies
1140:Peoples and societies
2486:. pp. 473–474.
2484:Taylor & Francis
2444:Taylor & Francis
684:Anatolian hypothesis
636:Proto-Indo-Europeans
543:Hittite inscriptions
88:Indo-European topics
2548:Bronze Age in China
2516:Thames & Hudson
2315:2021Natur.599..256Z
2132:, pp. 473–474.
2010:Afanasievo cultures
940:Multi-cordoned ware
811:Mikhaylovka culture
699:Indigenous Aryanism
689:Armenian hypothesis
548:Hieroglyphic Luwian
32:
2089:Tazabagyab culture
2041:Afanasievo culture
1986:
1949:Afanasievo culture
520:Proto-Indo-Iranian
506:Proto-Balto-Slavic
487:Proto-Italo-Celtic
45:Geographical range
2474:Adams, Douglas Q.
2434:Adams, Douglas Q.
2398:Kuzmina, Elena E.
2309:(7884): 256–261.
2197:(7884): 256–261.
1961:Andronovo culture
1906:, also named 古墓溝
1896:Qäwrighul culture
1892:
1891:
1153:Anatolian peoples
1123:Painted Grey Ware
1011:Nordic Bronze Age
660:Kurgan hypothesis
613:Old Irish glosses
578:Gaulish epigraphy
73:
72:
31:Qäwrighul culture
16:(Redirected from
2555:
2529:
2497:
2457:
2425:
2383:
2382:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2206:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2084:Bishkent culture
2053:Majiayao culture
1884:
1877:
1870:
1725:
1718:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1573:
1559:
1552:
1538:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1283:Germanic peoples
1273:Hellenic peoples
1262:
1255:
1248:
1171:Mycenaean Greeks
1160:
1088:Thraco-Cimmerian
986:Globular Amphora
963:Abashevo culture
902:
895:
865:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
608:Tocharian script
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
229:
215:
208:
201:
187:
163:
156:
137:
98:
75:
69:ca. 2100–1500 BC
40:
33:
21:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2506:Mair, Victor H.
2500:
2494:
2468:
2465:
2463:Further reading
2460:
2454:
2428:
2422:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2107:
2102:
2065:
2037:
2025:Northeast Asian
1998:Eurasian Steppe
1936:
1934:Characteristics
1888:
1859:
1858:
1791:Marija Gimbutas
1779:
1769:
1768:
1760:Winter solstice
1750:Horse sacrifice
1721:
1714:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1597:
1582:
1569:
1555:
1548:
1534:
1525:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1459:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1362:
1349:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1106:
1083:
1070:
1058:
1039:
981:
958:
920:
913:
907:
898:
891:
882:
880:Northern Europe
861:
857:
844:
831:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
763:Steppe cultures
736:
729:
722:
714:
713:
704:Baltic homeland
678:
674:
670:Eurasian nomads
654:
650:
626:
618:
617:
588:Runic epigraphy
583:Latin epigraphy
538:
530:
529:
467:Proto-Anatolian
451:
406:
402:Thraco-Illyrian
387:Graeco-Phrygian
377:Graeco-Armenian
372:Graeco-Albanian
351:
329:
316:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
225:
211:
204:
197:
183:
159:
152:
133:
118:
110:
108:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2502:Mallory, J. P.
2498:
2492:
2470:Mallory, J. P.
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2430:Mallory, J. P.
2426:
2421:978-9004160545
2420:
2402:Mallory, J. P.
2393:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2354:
2289:
2260:
2258:, p. 252.
2248:
2246:, p. 170.
2236:
2234:, p. 593.
2224:
2177:
2134:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2079:Vakhsh culture
2076:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2036:
2033:
1935:
1932:
1928:Xiaohe culture
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:Fire sacrifice
1741:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:Zoroastrianism
1518:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1403:Medieval India
1394:
1393:
1388:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1285:
1280:
1278:Italic peoples
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1114:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1078:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1054:Gandhara grave
1051:
1046:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
976:
975:
970:
965:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
915:
914:
906:
905:
904:
903:
900:Middle Dnieper
896:
877:
876:
871:
866:
855:Eastern Europe
852:
851:
839:
838:
826:
825:
824:
823:
822:
821:
814:
800:
793:
786:
783:Dnieper–Donets
779:
772:
760:
758:Kurgan culture
755:
754:
753:
743:
731:
730:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
706:
701:
696:
694:Beech argument
691:
686:
680:
679:
673:
672:
667:
662:
656:
655:
649:
648:
643:
638:
633:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
517:
503:
498:
484:
477:Proto-Germanic
474:
472:Proto-Armenian
469:
464:
462:Proto-Albanian
458:
457:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
413:
412:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
358:
357:
350:
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348:
347:
323:
322:
315:
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305:
298:
291:
284:
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270:
263:
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190:
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176:
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145:
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125:
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117:
116:
109:
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103:
100:
99:
91:
90:
84:
83:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2560:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2527:
2525:9780500283721
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:9781884964985
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2453:9781884964985
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Chust culture
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2057:Qijia culture
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:stone circles
1952:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1940:Tarim mummies
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:Tarim mummies
1921:
1917:
1916:Kongque River
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:J. P. Mallory
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:Reconstructed
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1260:Insular Celts
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:Indo-Iranians
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
980:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
957:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
919:
918:Pontic Steppe
912:
909:
908:
901:
897:
894:
890:
889:
888:
885:
884:
883:
881:
875:
872:
870:
867:
864:
860:
859:
858:
856:
850:
847:
846:
845:
843:
837:
834:
833:
832:
830:
819:
815:
812:
808:
807:
805:
801:
798:
794:
791:
787:
784:
780:
777:
773:
770:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
752:
751:Kurgan stelae
749:
748:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
735:
734:Pontic Steppe
728:
725:
724:
718:
717:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
676:
675:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
652:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
622:
621:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
534:
533:
525:
524:Proto-Iranian
521:
518:
515:
511:
507:
504:
502:
499:
496:
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
407:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
367:Daco-Thracian
365:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
352:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:Reconstructed
318:
317:
310:
306:
303:
299:
296:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
261:
257:
256:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
234:
228:
224:
223:
222:
219:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
195:
194:
191:
186:
182:
181:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
162:
158:
155:
151:
150:
149:
146:
144:
141:
136:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
119:
115:
112:
111:
107:
102:
101:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2510:
2478:
2438:
2406:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2357:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2283:
2276:. Retrieved
2272:
2263:
2256:Kuzmina 2007
2251:
2244:Kuzmina 2007
2239:
2227:
2218:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2171:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2094:Swat culture
2038:
2018:
1987:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1907:
1903:
1902:cemetery of
1895:
1893:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1817:Publications
1816:
1802:
1783:
1737:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:Paleo-Balkan
1592:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1520:
1519:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1432:
1415:Greater Iran
1408:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1345:
1288:Paleo-Balkan
1253:Celtiberians
1232:
1231:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1188:
1187:
1116:
1115:
1103:
1102:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1036:
1035:
978:
977:
955:
954:
917:
916:
879:
878:
854:
853:
841:
840:
828:
827:
769:Bug–Dniester
733:
732:
598:Gothic Bible
514:Proto-Baltic
510:Proto-Slavic
495:Proto-Italic
491:Proto-Celtic
454:
409:
397:Italo-Celtic
392:Indo-Hittite
382:Graeco-Aryan
355:Hypothetical
354:
319:
254:Paleo-Balkan
236:
193:Indo-Iranian
148:Balto-Slavic
121:
2154:: 204–213.
2074:Yaz culture
1994:Tarim Basin
1900:Tarim Basin
1898:(after the
1695:Continental
1688:Anglo-Saxon
1391:Middle Ages
1341:Middle Ages
1196:Indo-Aryans
1189:Indo-Aryans
996:Bell Beaker
991:Corded ware
887:Corded ware
776:Sredny Stog
721:Archaeology
501:Proto-Greek
481:Proto-Norse
49:Tarim Basin
2537:Categories
2100:References
2002:Tocharians
1912:Bronze Age
1803:Institutes
1723:Lithuanian
1477:Indo-Aryan
1463:Historical
1397:Indo-Aryan
1354:Tocharians
1268:Cimmerians
1146:Bronze Age
1037:South Asia
911:Bronze Age
849:Afanasievo
653:Mainstream
417:Vocabulary
337:Sound laws
199:Indo-Aryan
60:Bronze Age
2331:1476-4687
2168:2352-2267
2029:Tocharian
2016:culture.
2006:Andronovo
1904:Qäwrighul
1738:Practices
1557:Yarsanism
1367:Albanians
1347:East Asia
1334:Scythians
1326:Phrygians
1319:Paeonians
1312:Illyrians
1298:Thracians
1215:East Asia
1166:Armenians
1093:Hallstatt
1075:Chernoles
1016:Terramare
1006:Trzciniec
973:Sintashta
968:Andronovo
869:Cernavodă
842:East Asia
797:Khvalynsk
537:Philology
447:Particles
333:Phonology
274:Liburnian
249:Tocharian
244:Anatolian
213:Nuristani
106:Languages
2508:(2008).
2436:(1997).
2400:(2007).
2377:: 1–39.
2349:34707286
2063:See also
2045:Xinjiang
1990:Europoid
1920:Xinjiang
1784:Scholars
1682:Germanic
1653:Scottish
1618:Thracian
1612:Illyrian
1606:Albanian
1594:European
1587:Armenian
1571:Ossetian
1565:Scythian
1550:Yazidism
1500:Buddhism
1491:Hinduism
1382:Norsemen
1292:Anatolia
1209:Iranians
1202:Iranians
1183:Iron Age
1158:Hittites
1111:Colchian
1104:Caucasus
1062:Iron Age
1031:Lusatian
1026:Urnfield
950:Srubnaya
945:Poltavka
935:Catacomb
874:Cucuteni
829:Caucasus
646:Religion
631:Homeland
573:Behistun
553:Linear B
442:Numerals
437:Pronouns
362:Balkanic
309:Thracian
302:Phrygian
295:Paeonian
281:Messapic
267:Illyrian
179:Hellenic
174:Germanic
143:Armenian
135:Albanian
129:Albanoid
80:a series
78:Part of
2404:(ed.).
2390:Sources
2340:8580821
2311:Bibcode
2278:4 April
2214:8580821
2173:region.
1972:mummies
1908:Gumugou
1716:Latvian
1674:Cornish
1544:Kurdish
1530:Persian
1522:Iranian
1514:Sikhism
1507:Jainism
1470:Hittite
1409:Iranian
1305:Dacians
1098:Jastorf
1021:Tumulus
1001:Únětice
930:Yamnaya
925:Chariot
863:Usatovo
804:Yamnaya
641:Society
625:Origins
558:Rigveda
410:Grammar
237:Extinct
227:Romance
206:Iranian
18:Gumugou
2522:
2490:
2450:
2418:
2347:
2337:
2329:
2303:Nature
2273:Scribd
2211:
2191:Nature
2166:
1731:Slavic
1710:Baltic
1660:Breton
1640:Celtic
1624:Dacian
1580:Others
1360:Europe
1233:Europe
1227:Yuezhi
1081:Europe
1068:Steppe
979:Europe
836:Maykop
790:Samara
746:Kurgan
563:Avesta
345:Ablaut
341:Accent
288:Mysian
260:Dacian
221:Italic
169:Celtic
161:Slavic
154:Baltic
122:Extant
55:Period
2412:BRILL
2367:(PDF)
2049:Gansu
1702:Norse
1667:Welsh
1646:Irish
1635:Roman
1630:Greek
1485:Vedic
1377:Slavs
1372:Balts
1246:Gauls
1240:Celts
1222:Wusun
1117:India
893:Baden
593:Ogham
568:Homer
455:Other
432:Nouns
427:Verbs
185:Greek
66:Dates
58:Late
2520:ISBN
2488:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2345:PMID
2327:ISSN
2280:2023
2164:ISSN
2055:and
2043:and
2014:BMAC
2008:and
1894:The
1764:Yule
1755:Sati
1044:BMAC
422:Root
2375:121
2335:PMC
2319:doi
2307:599
2209:PMC
2199:doi
2195:599
2156:doi
2059:).
1918:in
1049:Yaz
2539::
2518:.
2514:.
2504:;
2482:.
2472:;
2446:.
2442:.
2432:;
2414:.
2410:.
2373:.
2369:.
2343:.
2333:.
2325:.
2317:.
2305:.
2301:.
2282:.
2271:.
2217:.
2207:.
2193:.
2189:.
2170:.
2162:.
2152:17
2150:.
2146:.
2108:^
1951:.
1161:)
512:·
493:·
343:,
339:,
335::
82:on
2528:.
2496:.
2456:.
2424:.
2351:.
2321::
2313::
2201::
2158::
1883:e
1876:t
1869:v
1762:/
1626:)
1621:·
1615:·
1609:·
1604:(
1384:/
1290:/
1155:(
526:)
522:(
516:)
508:(
497:)
489:(
483:)
479:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
