157:
42:
129:
102:
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140:, however cylindrical rods with a specific ratio of rod diameter-to-spacing provide an easier-to-manufacture adequate approximation to hyperbolas. Small variations in the ratio have large effects on resolution and peak shape. Different manufacturers choose slightly different ratios to fine-tune operating characteristics in context of anticipated application requirements. Since the 1980s, the
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113:(RF) voltage with a DC offset voltage is applied between one pair of rods and the other. Ions travel down the quadrupole between the rods. Only ions of a certain mass-to-charge ratio will reach the detector for a given ratio of voltages: other ions have unstable trajectories and will collide with the rods. This permits selection of an ion with a particular
353:
267:
A variant of the quadrupole mass analyzer called the monopole was invented by von Zahn which operates with two electrodes and generates one quarter of the quadrupole field. It has one circular electrode and one V-shaped electrode. The performance is, however, lower than that of a quadrupole mass
271:
An enhancement to the performance of the quadrupole mass analyzer has been demonstrated to occur when a magnetic field is applied to the instrument. Manifold improvements in resolution and sensitivity have been reported for a magnetic field applied in various orientations to a QMS.
289:
where they serve as exceptionally high specificity detectors. Quadrupole instruments are often reasonably priced and make good multi-purpose instruments. A single quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electron impact ionizer is used as a standalone analyzer in
280:
These mass spectrometers excel at applications where particular ions of interest are being studied because they can stay tuned on a single ion for extended periods of time. One place where this is useful is in
1105:
436:
264:(QTOF MS). Quadrupole-quadrupole-time-of-flight (QqTOF) configurations are also possible and used especially the mass spectrometry of peptides and other large biological polymers.
615:
Steen H; KĂĽster B; Mann M (July 2001). "Quadrupole time-of-flight versus triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry for the determination of phosphopeptides by precursor ion scanning".
351: & Steinwedel, Helmut, "Apparatus for separating charged particles of different specific charges", published 1960-06-07, assigned to Wolfgang Paul
818:
Maher S; Syed S; Hughes D; Gibson J; Taylor S (2013). "Mapping the stability diagram of a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a static transverse magnetic field applied".
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69:
and his student Helmut
Steinwedel. As the name implies, it consists of four cylindrical rods, set parallel to each other. In a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) the
1035:
889:
580:
Shevchenko A; Loboda A; Shevchenko A; Ens W; Standing KG (May 2000). "MALDI quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a powerful tool for proteomic research".
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used hyperbolic rods produced with a mechanical tolerance of 0.001 mm, whose exact production process was a well-kept secret within the company.
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180:) quadrupole is employed as a collision cell. This collision cell is an RF-only quadrupole (non-mass filtering) using Ar, He, or N
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145:
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545:; Ridley, T; Cooks, R (1982). "A new "hybrid" sector/quadrupole mass spectrometer for mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry".
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range, giving information on the intensities of the fragments. Thus, the structure of the original ion can be deduced.
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The quadrupole consists of four parallel metal rods. Each opposing rod pair is connected together electrically, and a
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Syed S.; Maher S.; Taylor S. (2013). "Quadrupole mass filter operation under the influence of magnetic field".
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of gas-phase ions. The first triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was developed at
Michigan State University by
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121:-values by continuously varying the applied voltage. Mathematically this can be modeled with the help of the
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223:
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can be combined with a collision quadrupole and quadrupole mass analyzer to form a hybrid instrument.
89:). Ions are separated in a quadrupole based on the stability of their trajectories in the oscillating
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82:
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Morrison, J. D. (1991). "Personal reminiscences of forty years of mass spectrometry in
Australia".
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31:
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851:
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Chernushevich, Igor V. (2001). "An introduction to quadrupole–time-of-flight mass spectrometry".
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Image from US Patent "Apparatus for separating charged particles of different specific charges"
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gas (~10 Torr, ~30 eV) for collision induced dissociation of selected parent ion(s) from Q
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U. von Zahn (1963). "Monopole
Spectrometer, a New Electric Field Mass Spectrometer".
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703:"On the use of ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS for the comparative sequencing of nucleic acids"
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may be set to 'filter' for a drug ion of known mass, which is fragmented in q
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was created from a revision of this article dated 8 September 2012
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(199704)11:6<694::AID-RCM888>3.0.CO;2-K
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513:
495:"Selected ion fragmentation with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer"
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Oberacher, Herbert; Pitterl, Florian (June 2009). Fabris, Dan (ed.).
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679:
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376:(Second ed.). Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 65.
77:– the component of the instrument responsible for selecting sample
195:
This process allows for the study of fragments that are useful in
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40:
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device as the second mass selection stage is a hybrid known as a
62:
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The arrangement of three quadrupoles was first developed by
547:
International
Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics
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A mass-selecting quadrupole and collision quadrupole with
820:
Journal of the
American Society for Mass Spectrometry
403:
176:) quadrupoles act as mass filters, and the middle (q
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1210:
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1006:
164:A linear series of three quadrupoles is known as a
160:Hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer
65:analyzer originally conceived by Nobel laureate
372:de Hoffmann, Edmond; Vincent Stroobant (2003).
898:
374:Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications
188:. Subsequent fragments are passed through to Q
117:or allows the operator to scan for a range of
945:
230:in Australia for the purpose of studying the
192:where they may be filtered or fully scanned.
8:
152:Multiple quadrupoles, hybrids and variations
262:quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer
952:
938:
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441:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
312:Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
915:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
502:Journal of the American Chemical Society
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283:liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
367:
365:
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322:Radio-frequency quadrupole beam cooler
215:) can then be set to scan the entire
7:
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339:
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287:gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
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166:triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
25:
493:Yost, R. A.; Enke, C. G. (1978).
455:– via Wiley Online Library.
1383:
1371:
1360:
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897:
146:Finnigan Instrument Corporation
435:Brunnée, Curt (May 27, 1997).
93:that are applied to the rods.
1:
412:American Mathematical Society
132:Ion path through a quadrupole
123:Mathieu differential equation
777:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
660:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
567:10.1016/0020-7381(82)85032-8
18:Quadrupole mass spectrometer
1223:Microchannel plate detector
437:"50 Years of MAT in Bremen"
294:, real-time gas analyzers,
245:Quadrupoles can be used in
1428:
36:Radio frequency quadrupole
29:
1355:
967:
840:10.1007/s13361-013-0654-5
468:Organic Mass Spectrometry
247:hybrid mass spectrometers
211:. The third quadrupole (Q
144:company and subsequently
27:Type of mass spectrometer
1238:Langmuir–Taylor detector
201:tandem mass spectrometry
55:quadrupole mass analyzer
30:Not to be confused with
1182:Quadrupole mass filter
893:
873:Listen to this article
480:10.1002/oms.1210260404
292:residual gas analyzers
197:structural elucidation
161:
136:Ideally, the rods are
133:
106:
97:Principle of operation
59:quadrupole mass filter
46:
892:
300:SIMS surface analysis
238:and graduate student
159:
131:
104:
44:
924:More spoken articles
203:. For example, the Q
83:mass-to-charge ratio
1218:Electron multiplier
1187:Quadrupole ion trap
832:2013JASMS..24.1307M
789:2013JMSp...48.1325S
754:1963RScI...34....1V
672:2001JMSp...36..849C
629:2001JMSp...36..782S
559:1982IJMSI..41..157G
514:10.1021/ja00475a072
242:in the late 1970s.
228:La Trobe University
45:Quadrupole elements
32:Quadrupole ion trap
894:
296:plasma diagnostics
162:
134:
107:
47:
1412:Mass spectrometry
1399:
1398:
961:Mass spectrometry
890:
783:(12): 1325–1339.
762:10.1063/1.1718110
742:Rev. Sci. Instrum
719:10.1002/bip.21156
594:10.1021/ac9913659
543:Scott A. McLuckey
421:978-0-8218-8328-0
383:978-0-471-48566-7
317:Quadrupole magnet
251:sector instrument
249:. For example, a
232:photodissociation
51:mass spectrometry
16:(Redirected from
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617:J Mass Spectrom
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588:(9): 2132–41.
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523:on 2012-02-19
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75:mass analyzer
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68:
67:Wolfgang Paul
64:
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1192:Penning trap
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525:. Retrieved
518:the original
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279:
276:Applications
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240:Richard Yost
224:Jim Morrison
221:
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135:
118:
114:
108:
86:
74:
58:
54:
48:
1390:WikiProject
1233:Faraday cup
1172:Wien filter
993:MS software
707:Biopolymers
541:Glish, G.;
508:(7): 2274.
1008:Ion source
920:Audio help
911:2012-09-08
748:(1): 1–4.
582:Anal. Chem
553:(3): 157.
527:2008-12-06
408:Providence
345:US 2939952
328:References
268:analyzer.
138:hyperbolic
71:quadrupole
1269:Hybrid MS
302:systems.
1406:Category
1366:Category
1211:Detector
1202:Orbitrap
998:Acronyms
922: ·
856:45734248
848:23720050
805:24338888
727:19189378
688:11523084
645:11473401
602:10815976
400:(2012).
306:See also
1378:Commons
1106:MALDESI
909: (
880:minutes
828:Bibcode
785:Bibcode
750:Bibcode
668:Bibcode
625:Bibcode
555:Bibcode
73:is the
1284:IMS/MS
1197:FT-ICR
1167:Sector
854:
846:
803:
725:
686:
643:
600:
418:
380:
355:
347:,
53:, the
1337:IRMPD
1289:CE-MS
1279:LC/MS
1274:GC/MS
1254:MS/MS
1141:SELDI
1101:MALDI
1096:LAESI
1036:DAPPI
852:S2CID
521:(PDF)
498:(PDF)
1342:NETD
1307:BIRD
1126:SIMS
1121:SESI
1056:EESI
1051:DIOS
1046:DESI
1041:DART
1026:APPI
1021:APLI
1016:APCI
972:Mass
844:PMID
801:PMID
723:PMID
684:PMID
641:PMID
598:PMID
416:ISBN
378:ISBN
298:and
79:ions
63:mass
57:(or
1347:SID
1332:HCD
1327:ETD
1322:EDD
1317:ECD
1312:CID
1264:AMS
1259:QqQ
1136:SSI
1116:PTR
1111:MIP
1091:ICP
1071:FAB
1066:ESI
836:doi
793:doi
758:doi
715:doi
676:doi
633:doi
590:doi
563:doi
510:doi
506:100
476:doi
449:doi
285:or
226:of
217:m/z
199:by
142:MAT
119:m/z
115:m/z
87:m/z
49:In
34:or
1408::
1151:TS
1146:TI
1131:SS
1086:IA
1081:GD
1076:FD
1061:EI
1031:CI
850:.
842:.
834:.
824:24
822:.
799:.
791:.
781:48
779:.
756:.
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