314:
most drug and pharmacokinetic studies, animals like rats, are subjected to a new drug in order to probe how the substance metabolizes in the body. By analyzing the rat’s urine or plasma with a triple quadrupole coupled to liquid chromatography, the concentration and fragmentation pattern of the new drug can be determined. In environmental and biological studies, the triple quadrupole is useful for quantitative studies that involved identifying whether or not specific substances are present in a sample. One of the more common uses of a triple quadrupole mass analyzer is for structural elucidation, which provides information about fragmentation patterns. However, a mass spectrum only provides information about fragmentation, which isn't enough information to fully deduce the structure of a molecule or compound. So for the purpose of structural elucidation, it is paired with data obtained from other analytical methods, like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (IR), for a more accurate analysis.
20:
298:
sample leaves the ionization source. Any ions with mass-to-charge ratios other than the one selected for will not be allowed to infiltrate Q1. The collision cell, denoted as "q", is located between Q1 and Q3, is where fragmentation of the sample occurs in the presence of an inert gas like Ar, He, or N2. A characteristic daughter ion is produced as a result of the collisions of the inert gas with the analyte. Upon exiting the collision cell, the fragmented ions then travel onto the second quadrupole mass filter, Q3, where m/z selection can occur again.
267:
109:
1120:
1144:
1132:
305:, is often paired with the triple quadrupole. The electron multiplier allows for faster response time, increased sensitivity and higher gain. However, they have a limited lifetime due to overloading. Employing the TQMS provides enhanced selectivity, better accuracy, and greater reproducibility; all of which are limited in single quadrupole mass analyzers.
28:
146:
124:(rf) potentials, while the collision cell, q, is only subjected to RF potential. The RF potential associated with the collision cell (q) allows all ions that were selected for to pass through it. In some instruments, the normal quadrupole collision cell has been replaced by hexapole or octopole collision cells which improve efficiency.
297:
Both, the first mass analyzer and the collision cell are continuously exposed to ions from the source, in a time independent manner. It is once the ions move into the third mass analyzer that time dependence becomes a factor. The first quadrupole mass filter, Q1, is the primary m/z selector after the
313:
The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer allows for increased sensitivity and specificity yielding lower detection and quantitation limits. For these reasons, employment of the TQMS is a vital asset in the fields of drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, environmental studies, and biological analyses. In
590:
Peng, Youmei; Cheng, Tiefeng; Dong, Lihong; Chen, Xiaojing; Jihag, Jinhua; Zhang, Jingmin; Guo, Xiaohe; Guo, Mintong; Chang, Junbiao; Qingduan, Wang (September 2014). "Quantification of 2′-deoxy-2′-β-fluoro-4′-azidocytidine in rat and dog plasma using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight
127:
Unlike traditional MS techniques, MS/MS techniques allow for mass analysis to occur in a sequential manner in different regions of the instruments. The TQMS follows the tandem-in-space arrangement, due to ionization, primary mass selection, collision induced dissociation (CID), mass analysis of
179:
range, giving information on the sizes of the fragments made. The structure of the original ion can be deduced from the ion fragmentation information. This method is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS.
559:
Hail, M. E.; Berberich, D. W.; Yost, R.A. (1989). "Gas chromatographic sample introduction into the collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for mass-selection of reactant ions for charge exchange and chemical ionization".
91:, Morrison's linear arrangement of the three quadrupoles probed the construction of the first triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. In the years following, the first commercial triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was developed at
136:
mode, the TQMS has superior detection sensitivity as well as quantification. The triple quadrupole allows the study of low-energy low-molecule reactions, which is useful when small molecules are being analyzed.
99:
and Yost in the late 1970s. It was later found that the triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer could be utilized to study organic ions and molecules, thus expanding its capabilities as a tandem MS/MS technique.
132:
tend to surpass the TQMS in mass resolution and mass range. However, the triple quadrupole has the advantage of being cheaper, easy to operate and highly efficient. Also, when operated in the
301:
Because the triple quadrupole is a scanning instrument, the type of detection system it employs must be capable of detecting ions one m/z at a time. One of the most common detectors, the
864:
628:"Application of gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to the determination of sterol components in biological samples in consideration of the ionization mode"
153:
The arrangement of the TQMS allows for four different scan types to be performed: a precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan, product ion scan, and selected reaction monitoring.
462:
Johnson, J. V.; Yost, R. A.; Kelley, P.E.; Bradford, D. C. (1990). "Tandem-in-space and tandem-in-time mass spectrometry: Triple quadrupoles and quadrupole ion traps".
1047:
1042:
23:
Waters
Quattro II triple quadropole mass spectrometer (center). This photo was taken in the old mass spec facility in Whitmore Lab of Pennsylvania State University.
794:
250:
are set at a specific mass, allowing only a distinct fragment ion from a certain precursor ion to be detected. This method results in increased sensitivity. If Q
899:
849:
1037:
859:
710:
291:
665:
Perchalski, Robert J.; Yost, Richard A.; Wilder, B.J. (August 1982). "Structural elucidation of drug metabolites by triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry".
874:
1148:
1065:
955:
1032:
774:
287:
120:. Each of the two mass filters (Q1 and Q3) contains four parallel, cylindrical metal rods. Both Q1 and Q3 are controlled by direct current (dc) and
1100:
1090:
854:
779:
784:
510:
228:). Similar to the precursor ion scan, this method is useful in the selective identification of closely related compounds in a mixture.
814:
804:
756:
523:
Anderson, L.; Hunter, C. L. (2006), "Quantitative Mass
Spectrometric Multiple Reaction Monitoring Assays for Major Plasma Proteins",
216:
are scanned together, but with a constant mass offset. This allows the selective recognition of all ions which, by fragmentation in q
1170:
1095:
1057:
879:
439:
196:. This method is selective for ions having a particular functional group (e.g., a phenyl group) released by the fragmentation in q
1080:
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809:
884:
703:
1085:
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56:
591:
and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry: Application to bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies".
1075:
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996:
1105:
799:
238:
133:
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19:
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83:, Australia for the purpose of studying the photodissociation of gas-phase ions. After coming into contact with Prof.
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323:
117:
44:
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375:
829:
149:
Settings associated with selecting m/z values in both mass filters of a triple quadrupole mass analyzer
498:
116:
Essentially the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operates under the same principle as the single
976:
945:
819:
789:
348:
Morrison, J. D. (1991), "Personal reminiscences of forty years of mass spectrometry in
Australia",
302:
283:
279:
80:
904:
129:
266:
128:
fragments produced during CID, and detection occurring in separate segments of the instrument.
719:
647:
608:
542:
435:
258:
is set to more than a single mass, this configuration is called multiple reaction monitoring.
889:
869:
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537:
274:
In the TQMS, several ionization methods can be employed. Some of these include
766:
431:
79:
The arrangement of three quadrupoles was first developed by J.D. Morrison of
651:
612:
546:
424:
Tandem Mass
Spectrometry, in Fundamentals of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry
361:
511:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199602)31:2<129::AID-JMS305>3.0.CO;2-T
960:
678:
573:
475:
394:
145:
376:"Selected ion fragmentation with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer"
188:
When utilizing a precursor scan, a certain product ion is selected in Q
27:
688:
627:
426:. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 132–133.
265:
18:
165:
is set to select an ion of a known mass, which is fragmented in q
31:
Quadrupole from a Waters TQ-S triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
692:
735:
489:
de
Hoffmann, E. (1996), "Tandem mass spectrometry: a Primer",
175:
242:(SRM) or multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes, both Q
220:, lead to the loss of a given neutral fragment (e.g., H
59:. This configuration is often abbreviated QqQ, here Q
294:, all of which produce a continuous supply of ions.
1056:
1005:
969:
918:
765:
270:Schematic of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
593:Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
457:
455:
453:
451:
343:
341:
339:
704:
422:Dass, C. (2007). "Tandem Mass Spectrometry".
8:
626:Matysik, Silke; Schmitz, Gerd (March 2013).
292:matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
192:, and the precursor masses are scanned in Q
161:In the product scan, the first quadrupole Q
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697:
689:
585:
583:
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383:Journal of the American Chemical Society
288:atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
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107:
26:
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51:in series, with a (non-mass-resolving)
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411:
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208:In the neutral loss scan method both Q
7:
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53:radio frequency (RF)–only quadrupole
1143:
525:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
37:triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
55:between them to act as a cell for
14:
374:Yost, R. A.; Enke, C. G. (1978),
1142:
1130:
1119:
1118:
173:is then set to scan the entire
87:and his then graduate student
57:collision-induced dissociation
1:
644:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.015
491:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
239:selected reaction monitoring
232:Selected reaction monitoring
134:selected reaction monitoring
982:Microchannel plate detector
1192:
605:10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.019
538:10.1074/mcp.M500331-MCP200
1114:
726:
432:10.1002/9780470118498.ch4
350:Organic Mass Spectrometry
93:Michigan State University
49:quadrupole mass analyzers
16:Type of mass spectrometer
1171:Tandem mass spectrometry
997:Langmuir–Taylor detector
324:Hybrid mass spectrometer
169:. The third quadrupole Q
118:quadrupole mass analyzer
112:Paul Patent 2939952 Fig5
45:tandem mass spectrometer
276:electrospray ionization
941:Quadrupole mass filter
362:10.1002/oms.1210260404
271:
150:
113:
104:Principle of operation
32:
24:
269:
148:
111:
30:
22:
667:Analytical Chemistry
562:Analytical Chemistry
464:Analytical Chemistry
977:Electron multiplier
946:Quadrupole ion trap
679:10.1021/ac00246a006
574:10.1021/ac00192a019
503:1996JMSp...31..129D
476:10.1021/ac00219a003
395:10.1021/ja00475a072
303:electron multiplier
284:electron ionization
280:chemical ionization
81:La Trobe University
272:
151:
130:Sector instruments
114:
47:consisting of two
33:
25:
1176:Mass spectrometry
1158:
1157:
720:Mass spectrometry
568:(17): 1874–1879.
470:(20): 2162–2172.
204:Neutral loss scan
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673:(9): 1466–1471.
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262:Instrumentation
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122:radio-frequency
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1006:MS combination
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936:Time-of-flight
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638:(3): 489–495.
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184:Precursor scan
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1058:Fragmentation
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987:Daly detector
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919:Mass analyzer
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747:Mass spectrum
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531:(4): 573–88,
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441:9780470118498
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951:Penning trap
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312:
309:Applications
300:
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187:
174:
160:
157:Product scan
152:
126:
115:
89:Richard Yost
78:
40:
36:
34:
1149:WikiProject
992:Faraday cup
931:Wien filter
752:MS software
599:: 379–386.
389:(7): 2274,
1165:Categories
767:Ion source
497:(2): 129,
356:(4): 183,
330:References
141:Scan modes
1028:Hybrid MS
632:Biochimie
1125:Category
970:Detector
961:Orbitrap
757:Acronyms
652:23041445
613:24999865
547:16332733
318:See also
254:and/or Q
43:), is a
1137:Commons
865:MALDESI
499:Bibcode
75:History
1043:IMS/MS
956:FT-ICR
926:Sector
650:
611:
545:
438:
290:, and
1096:IRMPD
1048:CE-MS
1038:LC/MS
1033:GC/MS
1013:MS/MS
900:SELDI
860:MALDI
855:LAESI
795:DAPPI
379:(PDF)
246:and Q
224:O, NH
212:and Q
1101:NETD
1066:BIRD
885:SIMS
880:SESI
815:EESI
810:DIOS
805:DESI
800:DART
785:APPI
780:APLI
775:APCI
731:Mass
648:PMID
609:PMID
543:PMID
436:ISBN
97:Enke
41:TQMS
1106:SID
1091:HCD
1086:ETD
1081:EDD
1076:ECD
1071:CID
1023:AMS
1018:QqQ
895:SSI
875:PTR
870:MIP
850:ICP
830:FAB
825:ESI
675:doi
640:doi
601:doi
570:doi
533:doi
507:doi
472:doi
428:doi
391:doi
387:100
358:doi
176:m/z
95:by
1167::
910:TS
905:TI
890:SS
845:IA
840:GD
835:FD
820:EI
790:CI
671:54
669:.
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636:95
634:.
630:.
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